Effect size in meta-analysis

 array:22 [
  "pii" => "S2173507724001686"
  "issn" => "21735077"
  "doi" => "10.1016/j.cireng.2024.06.007"
  "estado" => "S200"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-07-15"
  "aid" => "30054"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2024"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 0
  "subdocumento" => "sco"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => false
    "ES2" => false
    "LATM" => false
  ]
  "gratuito" => false
  "lecturas" => array:1 [
    "total" => 0
  ]
  "Traduccion" => array:1 [
    "es" => array:18 [
      "pii" => "S0009739X24001593"
      "issn" => "0009739X"
      "doi" => "10.1016/j.ciresp.2024.06.004"
      "estado" => "S200"
      "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-07-24"
      "aid" => "30054"
      "copyright" => "AEC"
      "documento" => "article"
      "crossmark" => 0
      "subdocumento" => "sco"
      "abierto" => array:3 [
        "ES" => false
        "ES2" => false
        "LATM" => false
      ]
      "gratuito" => false
      "lecturas" => array:1 [
        "total" => 0
      ]
      "es" => array:9 [
        "idiomaDefecto" => true
        "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Carta metodol&#243;gica</span>"
        "titulo" => "El tama&#241;o del efecto en el metaan&#225;lisis"
        "tienePdf" => "es"
        "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es"
        "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
          "en" => array:1 [
            "titulo" => "Effect size in meta-analysis"
          ]
        ]
        "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
          "es" => true
        ]
        "contienePdf" => array:1 [
          "es" => true
        ]
        "autores" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "autoresLista" => "Marina Iniesta-Sep&#250;lveda, Jos&#233; Antonio Pereira-Rodr&#237;guez"
            "autores" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "nombre" => "Marina"
                "apellidos" => "Iniesta-Sep&#250;lveda"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "nombre" => "Jos&#233; Antonio"
                "apellidos" => "Pereira-Rodr&#237;guez"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
      "Traduccion" => array:1 [
        "en" => array:9 [
          "pii" => "S2173507724001686"
          "doi" => "10.1016/j.cireng.2024.06.007"
          "estado" => "S200"
          "subdocumento" => ""
          "abierto" => array:3 [
            "ES" => false
            "ES2" => false
            "LATM" => false
          ]
          "gratuito" => false
          "lecturas" => array:1 [
            "total" => 0
          ]
          "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
          "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173507724001686?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
        ]
      ]
      "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0009739X24001593?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
      "url" => "/0009739X/unassign/S0009739X24001593/v1_202407240414/es/main.assets"
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:16 [
    "pii" => "S2173507724001716"
    "issn" => "21735077"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.cireng.2024.06.009"
    "estado" => "S5"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2024-07-25"
    "aid" => "30057"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "subdocumento" => "sco"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:1 [
      "total" => 0
    ]
    "en" => array:8 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Image of the month</span>"
      "titulo" => "Incidental discovery of pulmonary arteriovenous fistula in a patient with long-standing palpitations&#58; A case report"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => 0
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Hallazgo incidental de f&#237;stula arteriovenosa pulmonar en paciente con palpitaciones de a&#241;os de evoluci&#243;n"
        ]
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Ver&#243;nica Albarr&#225;n Vidal, Lidia Sotillo Valenzuela, Paula Hern&#225;ndez Mateo, Elena Fern&#225;ndez Mart&#237;n"
          "autores" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Ver&#243;nica"
              "apellidos" => "Albarr&#225;n Vidal"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Lidia"
              "apellidos" => "Sotillo Valenzuela"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Paula"
              "apellidos" => "Hern&#225;ndez Mateo"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Elena"
              "apellidos" => "Fern&#225;ndez Mart&#237;n"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173507724001716?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/21735077/unassign/S2173507724001716/v1_202407250423/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:16 [
    "pii" => "S2173507722002939"
    "issn" => "21735077"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.cireng.2022.07.033"
    "estado" => "S200"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2022-10-07"
    "aid" => "268701"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => false
      "ES2" => false
      "LATM" => false
    ]
    "gratuito" => false
    "lecturas" => array:1 [
      "total" => 0
    ]
    "en" => array:13 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>"
      "titulo" => "Development and validation of a low-cost laparoscopic simulation box"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => array:3 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "en"
        2 => "es"
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Desarrollo y validaci&#243;n de un simulador laparosc&#243;pico de bajo coste"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 1
        "multimedia" => array:5 [
          "identificador" => "fig0020"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => false
          "mostrarDisplay" => true
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "fx1.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 754
              "Ancho" => 1333
              "Tamanyo" => 134241
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Nerea Mart&#237;n-Calvo, Beatriz G&#243;mez, Nieves D&#237;ez, Marcos Llorente, Secundino Fern&#225;ndez, Ane Ferreiro Abal, Francisco Javier Pueyo"
          "autores" => array:7 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Nerea"
              "apellidos" => "Mart&#237;n-Calvo"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Beatriz"
              "apellidos" => "G&#243;mez"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Nieves"
              "apellidos" => "D&#237;ez"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Marcos"
              "apellidos" => "Llorente"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Secundino"
              "apellidos" => "Fern&#225;ndez"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Ane"
              "apellidos" => "Ferreiro Abal"
            ]
            6 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Francisco Javier"
              "apellidos" => "Pueyo"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "resumen" => array:1 [
        0 => array:3 [
          "titulo" => "Graphical abstract"
          "clase" => "graphical"
          "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0020"></elsevierMultimedia></p></span>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173507722002939?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/21735077/unassign/S2173507722002939/v1_202210070516/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:12 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Methodological letter</span>"
    "titulo" => "Effect size in meta-analysis"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => true
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "Marina Iniesta-Sep&#250;lveda, Jos&#233; Antonio Pereira-Rodr&#237;guez"
        "autores" => array:2 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "Marina"
            "apellidos" => "Iniesta-Sep&#250;lveda"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "miniesta@ucam.edu"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Jos&#233; Antonio"
            "apellidos" => "Pereira-Rodr&#237;guez"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:2 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Departamento de Psicolog&#237;a&#44; Facultad de Medicina&#44; UCAM Universidad Cat&#243;lica de Murcia&#44; Murcia&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "a"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Departamento de Medicina y Ciencias de la Vida&#44; Universidad Pompeu Fabra&#44; Barcelona&#44; Unidad de Pared Abdominal&#44; Parc de Salut Mar&#44; Hospital del Mar&#44; Barcelona&#44; Spain"
            "etiqueta" => "b"
            "identificador" => "aff0010"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
            "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding author at</span>&#58; UCAM&#44; Campus de los Jer&#243;nimos&#44; 30010 Guadalupe &#40;Murcia&#41;&#44; Spain&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "El tama&#241;o del efecto en el metaan&#225;lisis"
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Effect size indices</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The effect size is the statistical value that reports the magnitude at which a phenomenon occurs or exists in a given population&#44; providing information on the practical or clinical significance of a result&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;2</span></a> In meta-analyses&#44; effect size enables the results of different studies to be expressed in a common metric and presented as a global index&#46; To this end&#44; the effect size of an outcome of interest and its variance are calculated for each of the individual studies&#46; The numerous effect size indices depend on the level of measurement of the outcome variables&#44; the type of analysis&#44; and the objectives of the study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Some of the most commonly used indices in meta-analysis are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">For the comparison of groups in quantitative variables&#44; the <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">d</span> family indices are most appropriate&#44; as they are based on the difference between the means and allow for 2 groups to be compared with a quantitative variable &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; a 10-point pain scale&#41;&#46; These can be used with both experimental and quasi-experimental designs by selecting the most appropriate index&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To compare 2 groups regarding a dichotomous variable&#44; such as survival&#47;mortality rate&#44; indices based on hazard ratios are used&#46; Hazard ratios refer to the probability that an event of interest &#40;favorable or unfavorable&#41; will occur in the presence or absence of a specific factor&#46; The most common of these indices are the risk ratio &#40;RR&#41; and the advantage ratio or odds ratio &#40;OR&#41;&#44; along with their logarithmic transformations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding effect size indices to evaluate the degree of association between variables&#44; the most widely known is the Pearson correlation &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span>&#41;&#46; In a meta-analysis of correlations&#44; it is possible to use 2 different analytical strategies&#46; In the first&#44; the Pearson correlations would be combined directly&#44; while in the second the Fisher <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">z</span> transformation would be applied first&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When the study does not report the complete set of necessary statistics &#40;a fairly common situation in practice&#41;&#44; there are formulas to calculate effect sizes from partial data&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Statistical models&#58; Fixed effect vs&#46; Random effects</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The main purpose of meta-analysis is usually to obtain an average or overall effect size&#46; When conducting a meta-analysis&#44; one of the decisions that researchers must make is the selection of the most appropriate statistical model&#44; with important implications for both the analysis and interpretation of the results&#46; From the fixed-effect model&#44; it is assumed that all studies estimate a single true effect size in the population and that the differences between the effects observed in the studies are due to sampling errors&#46; From the random-effect model&#44; it is assumed that the different studies estimate parametric effect sizes belonging to different populations&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The fixed-effect model is appropriate when the studies have been carried out following identical procedures and the participants belong to the same defined population &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; patients from the same hospital&#41;&#46; On the other hand&#44; the random-effect model is more appropriate when the studies are heterogeneous&#46; This last situation is the most common in practice&#44; especially in the context of bibliographic reviews&#44; so the random-effect model is the appropriate choice in most cases&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Interpretation of effect size</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To interpret the magnitude of the effect&#44; an effect can be classified as low&#44; moderate or high in magnitude according to value ranges&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Despite the existence of these mathematical criteria&#44; researchers must take into account the context and the nature of the phenomenon studied by explaining the meaning of the effect in the real world&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another factor to consider when interpreting the effect size is the accuracy of the estimate&#44; which is determined by the confidence interval&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> The range of this interval indicates the value range of the average effect size in a universe of comparable populations at a 95&#37; confidence level&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> The confidence interval also provides information about the statistical significance of the effect size&#46; When this does not include the null value &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; 0 in the case of the standardized mean&#41;&#44; the effect is statistically significant&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The confidence interval should not be confused with the prediction interval&#44; which provides information about the dispersion of the population effects&#44; indicating the minimum and maximum values between which 95&#37; of the population effect sizes would be found&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> This heterogeneity of effect sizes also has important implications for the interpretation of the results&#46; If there is little dispersion between the true effects of the studies&#44; the overall effect size will be a good estimator of the average effect of each of the different populations&#46; In contrast&#44; if the dispersion is high&#44; the meta-analysis should focus on the factors responsible for this variability&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
      "secciones" => array:4 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Effect size indices"
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Statistical models&#58; Fixed effect vs&#46; Random effects"
        ]
        2 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0015"
          "titulo" => "Interpretation of effect size"
        ]
        3 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "multimedia" => array:1 [
      0 => array:8 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "detalles" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "at0045"
            "detalle" => "Table "
            "rol" => "short"
          ]
        ]
        "tabla" => array:1 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Index&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Example of use&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Measurement of result&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Statistic for calculation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Standardized mean difference&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Magnitude of the difference between the means of 2 groups on a pain scale &#40;1&#8211;10 points&#41; after a surgical procedure&#46;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Quantitative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">n&#44; means and standard deviation post-test in each group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Standardized mean change&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Magnitude of change pre-test to post-test on a pain scale &#40;1&#8211;10 points&#41; in a single group after a surgical procedure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Quantitative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">n&#44; means and standard deviation pre-test and post-test&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Standardized mean difference&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Magnitude of the difference between the pre-test and post-test changes of 2 groups on a pain scale &#40;1&#8211;10 points&#41; after a surgical procedure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Quantitative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">n&#44; means and standard deviations pre-test and post-test in each group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Relative risk&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Magnitude of the difference between mortality rates in 2 groups&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dichotomous&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Total n and n with the event of interest in each group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Odds ratio&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Ratio between the mortality advantages in 2 groups&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Dichotomous&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Total n and n with the event of interest in each group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Pearson correlation coefficient&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Magnitude of the correlation between the pain scale score &#40;1&#8211;10 points&#41; and the time since the surgical intervention&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Quantitative&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">n and correlation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab3593935.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Effect size indices and examples of their use&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Understanding the new statistics&#58; effect sizes&#44; confidence intervals&#44; and meta-analysis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "G&#46; Cumming"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "editorial" => "Routledge&#47;Taylor &#38; Francis Group"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "New York&#44; NY"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The essential guide to effect sizes&#58; statistical power&#44; meta-analysis&#44; and the interpretation of research results"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "P&#46;D&#46; Ellis"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "editorial" => "Cambridge University Press"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "New York&#44; NY"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0015"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Introduction to meta-analysis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Borenstein"
                            1 => "L&#46;V&#46; Hedges"
                            2 => "J&#46;P&#46;T&#46; Higgins"
                            3 => "H&#46;R&#46; Rothstein"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "editorial" => "John Wiley &#38; Sons"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Chichester&#44; UK"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "J&#46;P&#46;T&#46; Higgins"
                            1 => "J&#46; Thomas"
                            2 => "J&#46; Chandler"
                            3 => "M&#46; Cumpston"
                            4 => "T&#46; Li"
                            5 => "M&#46;J&#46; Page"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "editorial" => "Wiley"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Chichester&#44; UK"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0025"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Estimating effect sizes from pretest-posttest-control group designs"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "S&#46;B&#46; Morris"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1177/1094428106291059"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Organ Res Methods"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "11"
                        "paginaInicial" => "364"
                        "paginaFinal" => "386"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0030"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effect-size indices for dichotomized outcomes in meta-analysis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "J&#46; S&#225;nchez-Meca"
                            1 => "F&#46; Mar&#237;n-Mart&#237;nez"
                            2 => "S&#46; Chac&#243;n-Moscoso"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1037/1082-989X.8.4.448"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Psychol Methods"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "8"
                        "numero" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "448"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14664682"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0035"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Meta-analysis of correlations revisited&#58; attempted replication and extension of Field&#8217;s &#40;2001&#41; simulation studies"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => "A&#46;R&#46; Hafdahl"
                            1 => "M&#46;A&#46; Williams"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1037/a0014697"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Psychol Methods"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "14"
                        "paginaInicial" => "24"
                        "paginaFinal" => "42"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19271846"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0040"
              "etiqueta" => "8"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A basic introduction to fixed&#8208;effect and random&#8208;effects models for meta&#8208;analysis"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Borenstein"
                            1 => "L&#46;V&#46; Hedges"
                            2 => "J&#46;P&#46; Higgins"
                            3 => "H&#46;R&#46; Rothstein"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1002/jrsm.12"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Res Synth Methods"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "1"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "97"
                        "paginaFinal" => "111"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26061376"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0045"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Cohen"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [
                        "edicion" => "2nd ed&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1988"
                        "editorial" => "Lawrence Erlbaum Associates"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "New Jersey"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0050"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Common mistakes in meta-analysis and how to avoid them"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Borenstein"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:3 [
                        "fecha" => "2019"
                        "editorial" => "Biostat"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "New Jersey&#44; USA"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/21735077/unassign/S2173507724001686/v1_202407150441/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => null
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/21735077/unassign/S2173507724001686/v1_202407150441/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2173507724001686?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
]
Indexed in:

Follow us:

Subscribe:

Article

Indexed in:

Follow us:

Subscribe:

Article

Subscribe to our newsletter
