Zinc, vitamin A, and glutamine supplementation in Brazilian shantytown children at risk for diarrhea results in sex-specific improvements in verbal learning

array:24 ["pii" => "S1807593222020737" "issn" => "18075932" "doi" => "10.6061/clinics/2013(03)OA11" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-01-01" "aid" => "2073" "copyright" => "CLINICS" "copyrightAnyo" => "2013" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Clinics. 2013;68:351-8" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S1807593222020749" "issn" => "18075932" "doi" => "10.6061/clinics/2013(03)OA12" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-01-01" "aid" => "2074" "copyright" => "CLINICS" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Clinics. 2013;68:359-64" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "CLINICAL SCIENCE" "titulo" => "Association between muscle strength and the cardiopulmonary status of individuals living with HIV/AIDS" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "359" "paginaFinal" => "364" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "cln-68-03-359-g001.jpeg" "Alto" => 1816 "Ancho" => 732 "Tamanyo" => 95926 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Relationship between peak muscle torque (Nm·kg-1) and V˙O2 at (A) the anaerobic threshold, (B) the respiratory compensation point and (C) the peak oxygen intake (mL·kg·-1min-1)." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Vagner Raso, Roy J. Shephard, Jorge Casseb, Alberto José da Silva Duarte, Paulo Roberto Santos Silva, Júlia Maria D′Andréa Greve" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Vagner" "apellidos" => "Raso" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Roy J." "apellidos" => "Shephard" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jorge" "apellidos" => "Casseb" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alberto José" "apellidos" => "da Silva Duarte" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Paulo Roberto Santos" "apellidos" => "Silva" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Júlia Maria D′Andréa" "apellidos" => "Greve" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1807593222020749?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/18075932/0000006800000003/v1_202212011730/S1807593222020749/v1_202212011730/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S1807593222020725" "issn" => "18075932" "doi" => "10.6061/clinics/2013(03)OA10" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-01-01" "aid" => "2072" "copyright" => "CLINICS" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "licencia" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/" "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Clinics. 2013;68:345-50" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "CLINICAL SCIENCE" "titulo" => "Electrical impedance tomography to evaluate air distribution prior to extubation in very-low-birth-weight infants: a feasibility study" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "345" "paginaFinal" => "350" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "cln-68-03-345-g001.jpeg" "Alto" => 599 "Ancho" => 787 "Tamanyo" => 87670 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "The “functional map” (FM) screen used to evaluate upper/lower ventilation ratio (U/L) during image acquisition and off-line analysis and to determine ventilation homogeneity (VH). U/L (regional ventilation ratio) displays the calculated ratio at a certain window of data collection. Of note is the variability of the impedance presented in the lower black box, which was detected during the first half of data acquisition." ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Felipe de Souza Rossi, Ana Cristina Zanon Yagui, Luciana Branco Haddad, Alice D'Agostini Deutsch, Celso Moura Rebello" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Felipe" "apellidos" => "de Souza Rossi" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana Cristina Zanon" "apellidos" => "Yagui" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Luciana Branco" "apellidos" => "Haddad" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alice D'Agostini" "apellidos" => "Deutsch" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Celso Moura" "apellidos" => "Rebello" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1807593222020725?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/18075932/0000006800000003/v1_202212011730/S1807593222020725/v1_202212011730/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "CLINICAL SCIENCE" "titulo" => "Zinc, vitamin A, and glutamine supplementation in Brazilian shantytown children at risk for diarrhea results in sex-specific improvements in verbal learning" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "351" "paginaFinal" => "358" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Aldo A.M. Lima, Michelle P. Kvalsund, Paula P.E. de Souza, Ítalo L. Figueiredo, Alberto M. Soares, Rosa M S Mota, Noélia L Lima, Relana C. Pinkerton, Peter P. Patrick, Richard L. Guerrant, Reinaldo B. Oriá" "autores" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Aldo A.M." "apellidos" => "Lima" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "I" "identificador" => "aff1" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Michelle P." "apellidos" => "Kvalsund" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "II" "identificador" => "aff2" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Paula P.E." "apellidos" => "de Souza" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "I" "identificador" => "aff1" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Ítalo L." "apellidos" => "Figueiredo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "I" "identificador" => "aff1" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Alberto M." "apellidos" => "Soares" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "I" "identificador" => "aff1" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Rosa M S" "apellidos" => "Mota" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "I" "identificador" => "aff1" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Noélia L" "apellidos" => "Lima" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "I" "identificador" => "aff1" ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Relana C." "apellidos" => "Pinkerton" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "I" "identificador" => "aff1" ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Peter P." "apellidos" => "Patrick" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "III" "identificador" => "aff3" ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Richard L." "apellidos" => "Guerrant" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "I" "identificador" => "aff1" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "II" "identificador" => "aff2" ] ] ] 10 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Reinaldo B." "apellidos" => "Oriá" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "rbo5u@virginia.edu" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "I" "identificador" => "aff1" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor1" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Federal University of Ceará, School of Medicine, Clinical Research Unit and Institute of Biomedicine/Center for Global Health and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fortaleza/CE, Brazil" "etiqueta" => "I" "identificador" => "aff1" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Charlottesville, VA, USA" "etiqueta" => "II" "identificador" => "aff2" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Kluge Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Charlottesville, VA, USA" "etiqueta" => "III" "identificador" => "aff3" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor1" "etiqueta" => "*" "correspondencia" => "Tel.: 55 85 3366-8239" ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "cln-68-03-351-g001.jpeg" "Alto" => 573 "Ancho" => 753 "Tamanyo" => 59042 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Flow of Study Children to Micronutrient Supplementation Groups and Cognitive Testing." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "INTRODUCTIONThe vicious cycle of diarrhea/malnutrition in early childhood acts synergistically to impair the child's full developmental potential. A series of cohort studies from our group, enrolling children under diarrhea and enteric disease surveillance in the first two years of life, has documented significant growth shortfalls (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1">1</a>), blighted cognitive potential (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib2">2</a>), and subsequent poor school performance during the developmental childhood years (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib3">3</a>). While these long-term negative outcomes have been well documented, our understanding of measures that could prevent or reverse these cognitive short falls is very limited. Micronutrients, such as zinc, vitamin A, and glutamine, hold promise to avert these deficits due to these compounds' potential role in protecting the brain and in intestinal development (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib4">4</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib5">5</a>).Numerous clinical zinc supplementation trials have revealed decreased diarrheal mortality and morbidity in children following supplementation (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib6">6</a>). In addition, a pooled analysis of 37 supplementation trials regarding the impact of zinc supplementation on growth shortfalls revealed a highly significant impact on linear growth in prepubertal children (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib7">7</a>). The mechanisms by which zinc acts to protect against diarrhea and growth deficits are not fully understood, but they are likely multi-factorial, including anti-bactericidal and antioxidant effects (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib8">8</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a>), with improved mucosal immune response and recovery (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib10">10</a>). Zinc is also involved in neurogenesis, neuronal migration, and synaptogenesis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib11">11</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib12">12</a>), and oral zinc supplementation improved behavioral and hippocampal development in a murine model of under-nutrition early in life (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a>).Vitamin A deficiency is a well-recognized cause of preventable blindness, but it now is also being recognized for its maintenance of intestinal epithelial integrity and the immune response (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib14">14</a>). These effects could explain the reductions of the mortality and severity of diarrheal episodes seen following vitamin A supplementation in children.Further, while the importance of vitamin A in embryogenesis and congenital abnormalities has been well documented, very little is known about the importance of post-natal vitamin A deficiency in the healthy functioning of the central nervous system. Studies of retinoid knockout mice and mice subjected to post-natal vitamin A deprivation have suggested that retinoid signaling pathways play critical roles in higher cognitive functioning in the central nervous system (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib15">15</a>). No studies have been conducted regarding the impact of vitamin A supplementation alone on cognitive outcomes in humans.Glutamine is a major energy source for the intestinal mucosa, and it plays a key role in nucleic acid biosynthesis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib16">16</a>). Glutamine supplementation has been associated with improved gastrointestinal function in a variety of clinical scenarios, including ameliorating mucosal atrophy after parenteral nutrition (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib17">17</a>), improving gut mucosal healing following cancer therapy (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib18">18</a>), and enhancing enteric immune responses (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib16">16</a>). Glutamine is also found abundantly in the central nervous system, where it acts as a precursor of neurotransmitter amino acids, an oxidative energy source, and an ammonia detoxifier (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib19">19</a>). To the best of our knowledge the impact of glutamine supplementation on cognition has never been investigated in children.This prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigated the impact of supplemental zinc, vitamin A, and glutamine, alone or in combination, on long-term cognitive outcomes in a group of high-risk children identified as below the median height-for-age z-score (HAZ) in a slum community in Fortaleza-Ceará, Brazil.METHODSPopulationThis study was undertaken in the urban shanty compound community of Parque Universitário, Fortaleza, the capital of the state of Ceará in northeast Brazil. All children (identified through a community census) between three months and nine years of age and below the median height-for-age z-score (HAZ, population median = -0.06) were eligible to participate. The latter eligibility criterion was selected because of the high predictive value of HAZ scores in identifying children with chronic, persistent diarrheal episodes in the first two years of life (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib20">20</a>). The exclusion criteria included children being exclusively breast-fed, participants in any study over the previous two years, and children having illnesses with fevers greater than 38°C at the time of enrollment.Study Design and Baseline EvaluationThis study was a prospective, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial and was registered as a clinical trial (NCT00133406) with the US National Library of Medicine (<a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov">http://www.clinicaltrials.gov</a>). Enrollment/recruitment was conducted from June 2000 to August 2004. After parental consent was obtained, the parents and children were interviewed by an experienced field study team (one nurse and two community health workers) to collect demographic information, including age, sex, birth weight, level of maternal education, family income, and baseline anthropometric information. Weight was measured using a calibrated digital weighing scale with 100 g precision (Tanita Solar Scale, Tanita Corporation of American Inc., Arlington, IL, USA). Height was measured in the supine position for children younger than 24 months of age and standing for children aged 24 months old or older using an anthropometric rod with an accuracy of 0.1 cm. HAZ, weight-for-age z-scores (WAZ), and weight-for-height z-scores (WHZ) were calculated using the Epi-Info anthropometric software (Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA, USA) as markers of physical development and nutritional status. These anthropometric z-scores are the numbers of standard deviations greater or less than the median values for the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and International Reference Population (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib21">21</a>).Sample Size CalculationA sample size was calculated to allow for appropriate power to detect group differences in cognitive scores between children receiving zinc plus vitamin A compared with children receiving no vitamin A or zinc, averaging the difference in children receiving glutamine and children not receiving glutamine. Using a two-tailed test with type I error = 5%, 35 children per cell were calculated to be sufficient to have 80% power to detect a difference of 0.36 (small to medium effect size) and 90% power to detect a difference of 0.42 (medium effect size).Nutritional Intervention and SurveillanceThree hundred and fourteen children were randomized with regard to receiving vitamin A (100,000 IU retinyl palmitate if <12 months old or 200,000 IU retinyl palmitate if ≥12 months old every four months), one dose at 0, four, and eight months of the study protocol; zinc (40 mg twice weekly); or both for one year. Half of each group received glutamine (16 g daily given over ten days started during the first month of the study protocol) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib22">22</a>), of whom one hundred and sixty-seven were available and eligible for cognitive testing. Only trained health care agents of the study surveillance team administered all of the micronutrients. The health workers administered the micronutrients during home visits with direct observation of intake. L-glutamine was obtained from Rexim (Courbevoie, France); L-glycine was obtained from Spectrum Chemicals (Gardena, CA, USA); zinc acetate was obtained from Spectrum Chemicals; and vitamin A (retinyl palmitate in vegetable oil with 40 IU of alpha-tochopherol as an antioxidant) was obtained from Hoffman-La Roche (Basel, Switzerland). Isomolar glycine (8.3 g/daily) was used as a placebo for glutamine. Tanjal juice was used as the placebo for zinc, and the same amounts of alpha-tocopherol and vegetable oil were used as the placebo for vitamin A. Tocopherol was chosen as the placebo for vitamin A because it is also a fat-soluble vitamin, and the tocopherol-dosing preparation is similar to vitamin A capsule dosing. The vitamin A and placebo capsules were the same color, size, and taste.A computer-generated random number list assigned the children to one of eight treatment arms, including: 1) placebo; 2) glutamine; 3) zinc; 4) vitamin A; 5) glutamine+zinc; 6) glutamine+vitamin A; 7) zinc+vitamin A; or 8) glutamine+zinc+vitamin A. The treatment groups and oral treatment regimens, including dose, frequency, and duration of supplementation, are outlined in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl1">Table 1</a>. A member of the field study team blinded to treatment group administered the supplementations and visited each child twice weekly to assess tolerance and any adverse effects of supplementation. No significant differences in the rates of adverse events were found among the treatment groups.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl1"></elsevierMultimedia>Neuropsychological AssessmentChildren who completed the supplementation protocol and were at least five years of age (appropriate age for testing) underwent five cognitive tests at an average of four years later (range 1.4-6.6). The following tests with Brazilian adaptations were included: the Test of Non-Verbal Intelligence, 3rd Edition (TONI-3); the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning, 2nd Edition (WRAML-2); Verbal Learning and Delayed Recall; the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) Coding A (for children ages 5-7) and Coding B (for children ages 8-13); and the Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment (NEPSY) Verbal Fluency test. The cognitive assessment chosen covered the cognitive domains of non-verbal intelligence and abstraction, psychomotor speed, verbal memory and recall ability, and semantic and phonetic verbal fluency. These tests have been used in previous studies in this population (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib2">2</a>) and in other non-English-speaking populations (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib23">23</a>). All of the tests were administered in a standardized manner and scored by a Brazilian developmental psychologist who was blinded to treatment group. The tests were administered in a silent room located in a school facility within the community.Ethical ApprovalThe study protocol and informed consent form were approved by the Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa e Complexo Hospitalar (COMEPE) at the Federal University of Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil; Conselho Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa (CONEP) at the Ministry of Health, Brasília, Brazil; and the University of Virginia IRB for Health Services Research. In addition, the study was followed and approved by the Data Safety and Management Board (DSMB) at the National Institutes of Health.Statistical AnalysisThe data were double-entered by independent persons and validated using Excel software, version 4.0. All of the data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical software package (SPSS, Inc. Chicago, IL, USA). A one-way analysis of variance with post-hoc least significant difference (LSD) tests for two-by-two group comparisons was used to identify simple main effect differences in age at study entry, age at cognitive testing, time between cognitive testing and study enrollment, sex, birth weight, maternal education, family income, and nutritional parameters at study entry and conclusion, including weight-for-age WAZ, HAZ, and WHZ z-scores, as well as performance on the neuropsychological assessments. The treatment groups were further categorized into four micronutrient exposure groups, including zinc, vitamin A, zinc+vitamin A, or glutamine, and compared with regard to these variables to identify the impact of simple single or combination micronutrient exposures on study variables. An analysis of covariance was used to adjust for the influence on cognitive performance in terms of sex and the time between study enrollment and cognitive assessment. Continuous variables in tables are presented as the means±standard deviations. Categorical variables are presented as percentages of the total population. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTSA flow chart of the study children is provided in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig1">Figure 1</a>. A total of 324 children were identified and screened for study eligibility, of whom 201 (64%) completed nutrient supplementation during the 12-month study protocol. Among children completing the supplementation protocol, 167 (83%) children underwent the cognitive examinations. The most common reason for not undergoing the cognitive testing was that the child was younger than five years of age and thus too young to undergo the tests (n = 30). Children who completed the cognitive testing did not differ significantly from children who did not undergo cognitive testing with regard to sex, birth weight or length, or baseline WAZ or WHZ. However, the children who completed cognitive testing were significantly older (p<0.001), weighed more and were taller at baseline (both p-values <0.001), and had better baseline HAZ scores (p = 0.026) than those who did not complete the cognitive testing.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig1"></elsevierMultimedia><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl2">Table 2</a> outlines the demographic and other characteristics of the children who completed cognitive testing, overall and by treatment group. The study children ranged from five to 13 years of age at the time of cognitive testing. Slightly more than half of the study children were female (53%). Only 30 children (18%) had mothers with more than a primary school education. Data on family income were available for 123 children, of whom 59 (48%) were living in a household earning the Brazilian minimum wage of 415 Brazilian Reais per month (equivalent to 265 USD per month) or less. No significant group differences were identified regarding age at study entry, age at cognitive testing, time between cognitive testing and study entry, sex, birth weight, maternal education, or family income. Regarding nutritional parameters, no significant group differences were identified at study entry or conclusion regarding HAZ, WAZ, or WHZ scores, with the exception that children in the combination glutamine, zinc, and vitamin A group had higher WAZ scores at study entry compared with placebo children (p = 0.04). This placebo versus combination glutamine, zinc, and vitamin A group difference in WAZ scores almost reached significance at the end of the study (p = 0.06).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl2"></elsevierMultimedia>Cognitive PerformanceThe mean age-adjusted cognitive test scores for all eight treatment arms are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl3">Table 3</a>. No significant group differences were found regarding the age-adjusted TONI-3 Intelligence Quotient (IQ), WISC-III Coding, WRAML-2 Delayed Verbal Learning, or NEPSY Verbal Fluency mean scores. z-scores for semantic and phonetic fluency among children aged 6-12 years old were also compared across treatment groups to identify any differential impact of supplementation group on verbal fluency categories. No significant group differences were identified based on verbal fluency subtest z-scores. However, children receiving combination glutamine, zinc, and vitamin A performed significantly better on WRAML-2 verbal learning than the placebo group, with mean age-adjusted scores of 9.28 (SD 3.41) and 7.28 (SD 3.34), respectively (p = 0.02). After controlling for time between study entry and cognitive assessment, sex stratification revealed that this improvement in verbal learning was highly significant among the girls (p = 0.007) but not among the boys (p = 0.43) who received combination glutamine, zinc, and vitamin A versus placebo (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl4">Table 4</a>. In addition, female children receiving combination glutamine, zinc, and vitamin A performed significantly better on verbal learning than female children receiving zinc and vitamin A alone (p = 0.006). These group differences persisted after controlling for differences in baseline WAZ scores. However, within the placebo group, the girls had worse verbal learning scores than the boys (p<0.05).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl3"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl4"></elsevierMultimedia>No significant between group differences were identified before or after sex stratification on the WRAML-2 delayed verbal learning score. This combination group effect also almost reached statistical significance compared with female children receiving glutamine and zinc alone (p = 0.08).The treatment arms were also categorized into four groups based on micronutrient exposure (i.e., zinc, vitamin A, combination zinc+vitamin A, or glutamine) to assess the differential impact of exposure to a specific single micronutrient or combination of micronutrients on cognitive test performance. The results of cognitive testing revealed no significant between group differences based on micronutrient exposure categories.DISCUSSIONThis study found a superior impact of combination glutamine, zinc, and vitamin A supplementation on the WRAML-2 verbal learning in a group of children with low to median HAZ scores (and thus at high risk for the cognitive deficits seen in children with childhood diarrhea and malnutrition). These findings were statistically significant overall, but sex stratification identified highly significant differences only between female children receiving combination therapy and girls receiving zinc and vitamin A alone or placebo. Supplementation was found to be beneficial in girls compared with the placebo group. Thus, the combined intervention with glutamine, zinc, and vitamin A was more important to the female group because the girls were more affected than the boys.No other differences were identified between supplementation treatment groups or following the categorization of treatment groups into one of four exposure groups. Previous studies from our group have shown improvements in intestinal barrier function after a ten day treatment regimen of glutamine-enriched formula (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib22">22</a>). A recent meta-analysis showed that zinc supplementation reduces diarrhea morbidity in children, especially after six months of age (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib24">24</a>); both of these effects could be helpful during the critical time window for brain development in the study children, who live in endemic areas of enteric infections and malnutrition.This sex-specific benefit of combination glutamine, zinc, and vitamin A supplementation was an unexpected finding. Studies of recovery following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children have shown a female recovery advantage in verbal list learning (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib25">25</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib26">26</a>). In a study of 60 children (aged 6-16 years) with TBI identified through a private rehabilitation center in the midwestern U.S., female children performed significantly better than male children on the California Verbal Learning Test-Children's Version, even after controlling for the impact of the severity of head injury (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib25">25</a>). In contrast with these findings, there have been studies reporting a sex-specific decrease in intelligence test results in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, with girls showing lower IQ scores than boys (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib27">27</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib28">28</a>), in contrast with the specific deficits in verbal learning seen in our study and the verbal intelligence deficits seen in pediatric intracranial hemorrhage and TBI studies.Our study, which included children at high risk for the long-term cognitive deficits seen with childhood diarrhea and malnutrition (based on low baseline HAZ scores), supports the findings of verbal list learning advantages following combination glutamine, zinc, and vitamin A supplementation.There is accumulating evidence that β-estradiol (the primary biological form of estrogen) not only has a neuroprotective role but might also activate restorative processes, improving learning and memory, and promote the formation of synapses in the nervous system during aging and early development, as seen in animal models (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib29">29</a>,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib30">30</a>). However, estradiol-based hormonal treatment in post-menopausal women has been found to be detrimental, increasing the risk of dementia and stroke (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib30">30</a>). Furthermore, sex differences during cognitive development remain controversial (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib31">31</a>). One potential explanation for these contradictory findings is the requirement that β-estradiol interact with IGF-1 for its neuroprotective effects (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib32">32</a>). This study did not evaluate IGF-1 serum levels in these children (a study that is under way by our group); however, early weight gain and subsequent linear growth were associated with increments in serum IGF-1 levels. The neuroprotective effects of the combination nutritional therapy seen in the girls in this study might be related to improved IGF-1 interactions. More studies are warranted to test this hypothesis.Zinc supplementation trials in human children have not consistently shown improvement in cognitive outcomes. A randomized, controlled zinc supplementation trial in 740 Chinese children aged six to nine years attending three peri-urban schools found that children receiving micronutrient supplementation plus 20 mg of zinc six days/week for ten weeks had significantly improved fine and gross motor skills, attention, abstract concept formation, and abstract reasoning skills compared with children who received micronutrient supplementation without zinc or who received zinc supplementation alone (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib23">23</a>). However, a study of 162 Guatemalan school children aged seven to eight years receiving 20 mg zinc/day for 25 weeks failed to find any significant differences after six months of follow-up in mental concentration or short-term memory compared with children receiving a placebo (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib24">24</a>). Similarly, no significant differences in attention were found among 60 Canadian boys with low height percentiles attending first grade (aged 5-7 years) in 47 schools in southern Ontario who received 10 mg of zinc in a 1 mL solution of ZnSO4 added to apple/orange juice compared with children receiving a similar placebo solution (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib25">25</a>). These differences might be related to the prevalence and severity of zinc deficiencies in the study population, the impact of other concurrent micronutrient deficiencies, the simultaneous use of other supplements, the dose and duration of the supplementation, and the sensitivity and appropriateness of the neuropsychological testing employed.The finding of a verbal learning benefit among female children receiving combination glutamine, zinc, and vitamin A supplementation addresses previous concerns that multiple micronutrient deficiencies present in undernourished children could reduce or obscure the clinical benefits of supplementation with single micronutrients (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib33">33</a>). However, it should be noted that the present study did not conduct serial micronutrient serum assessments, and thus, the reasons for the positive effect of the full combination of supplements compared with single supplements or other combinations of supplementation remain speculative.Simultaneous supplementation with multiple micronutrients could act synergistically to improve long-term growth and cognitive outcomes in high-risk children by acting on multiple organ systems, including the gastrointestinal tract, systemic immune system, central nervous system, and neuroendocrine axes. Previous clinical studies of multiple micronutrient supplementation have produced divergent results, with some reporting positive benefits on attention, learning, and IQ, and others reporting no effects (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib34">34</a>). Comparisons of these trials are difficult due to variations in population sampling, supplementation regimens (including some macronutrient and energy supplementation), routes of administration, durations of supplementation, and neuropsychological assessment instruments. No previous studies have applied supplementation with a combination of glutamine, zinc, and vitamin A.It is noteworthy that the WAZ at the start of the study was higher in the zinc+vitamin A+glutamine groups compared with the placebo groups, which might have explained the improved verbal learning scores in that group; however, WAZ at start of the study was not a significant predictor of verbal learning scores and therefore cannot be used to explain that improvement.Regarding limitations, we acknowledge that due to the small size of each interventional group at the end of follow-up, this study lost power and could have incorporated unexpected bias in the statistical analyses; therefore, our findings should be interpreted with caution and should be confirmed with larger study designs.In conclusion, we documented sex-specific improvements in selected cognitive tests after combined nutrient supplementation in at-risk children living in impoverished settings in northeastern Brazil. More studies (now being planned by our group) are warranted to evaluate the potential mechanisms of nutrient-to-nutrient interactions underlying these findings and the potential associations with IGF-1 levels in children.AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONSKvalsund MP, Souza PP, and Patrick PP conducted and supervised the cognitive assessments. Lima NL coordinated the surveillance team. Soares AM, Mota RM, and Pinkerton RC were responsible for data safety, monitoring, and the statistical analyses. Figueredo IL conducted the data analyses and prepared the manuscript. Lima AA, Guerrant RL, and Oria RB were responsible for the study design and coordination. All of the authors have read and contributed significantly to the manuscript." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1582898" "titulo" => "KEYWORDS" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec10" "titulo" => "INTRODUCTION" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cesec20" "titulo" => "METHODS" "secciones" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec30" "titulo" => "Population" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec40" "titulo" => "Study Design and Baseline Evaluation" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec50" "titulo" => "Sample Size Calculation" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec60" "titulo" => "Nutritional Intervention and Surveillance" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec70" "titulo" => "Neuropsychological Assessment" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec80" "titulo" => "Ethical Approval" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec90" "titulo" => "Statistical Analysis" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cesec100" "titulo" => "RESULTS" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec110" "titulo" => "Cognitive Performance" ] ] ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec120" "titulo" => "DISCUSSION" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec130" "titulo" => "AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack639600" "titulo" => "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" ] 7 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "REFERENCES" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2012-09-12" "fechaAceptado" => "2012-11-19" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "KEYWORDS" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1582898" "palabras" => array:6 [ 0 => "Malnutrition" 1 => "Cognition" 2 => "Zinc" 3 => "Vitamin A" 4 => "Glutamine" 5 => "Child" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:2 [ "resumen" => "OBJECTIVETo identify the impact of supplemental zinc, vitamin A, and glutamine, alone or in combination, on long-term cognitive outcomes among Brazilian shantytown children with low median height-for-age z-scores. METHODSA randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in children aged three months to nine years old from the urban shanty compound community of Fortaleza, Brazil. Demographic and anthropometric information was assessed. The random treatment groups available for cognitive testing (total of 167 children) were: (1) placebo, n = 25; (2) glutamine, n = 23; (3) zinc, n = 18; (4) vitamin A, n = 19; (5) glutamine+zinc, n = 20; (6) glutamine+vitamin A, n = 21; (7) zinc+vitamin A, n = 23; and (8) glutamine+zinc+vitamin A, n = 18. Neuropsychological tests were administered for the cognitive domains of non-verbal intelligence and abstraction, psychomotor speed, verbal memory and recall ability, and semantic and phonetic verbal fluency. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS, version 16.0. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00133406. RESULTSGirls receiving a combination of glutamine, zinc, and vitamin A had higher mean age-adjusted verbal learning scores than girls receiving only placebo (9.5 versus 6.4, p = 0.007) and girls receiving zinc+vitamin A (9.5 versus 6.5, p = 0.006). Similar group differences were not found between male study children. CONCLUSIONSThe findings suggest that combination therapy offers a sex-specific advantage on tests of verbal learning, similar to that seen among female patients following traumatic brain injury." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "ceabs10" "titulo" => "OBJECTIVE" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "ceabs20" "titulo" => "METHODS" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "ceabs30" "titulo" => "RESULTS" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "ceabs40" "titulo" => "CONCLUSIONS" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "nota" => "No potential conflict of interest was reported." ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "cln-68-03-351-g001.jpeg" "Alto" => 573 "Ancho" => 753 "Tamanyo" => 59042 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Flow of Study Children to Micronutrient Supplementation Groups and Cognitive Testing." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl1" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Treatment Group \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Oral Treatment Regimen \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Placebo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Placebo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN01t01">*</a>) (Placebo glutamine+Placebo zinc+Placebo vitamin A) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Glutamine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Glutamine<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN02t01">**</a>)+Placebo zinc+Placebo vitamin A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Zinc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Zinc†+Placebo glutamine+Placebo vitamin A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vitamin A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Vitamin A<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN03t01">†</a>)+Placebo zinc+Placebo glutamine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Glutamine+Zinc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Glutamine<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN02t01">**</a>)+Zinc†+Placebo vitamin A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Glutamine+Vitamin A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Glutamine<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN02t01">**</a>)+Vitamin A<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN03t01">†</a>)+Placebo zinc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Zinc+Vitamin A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Zinc†+Vitamin A<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN03t01">†</a>)+Placebo glutamine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Glutamine+Zinc+Vitamin A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Glutamine<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN02t01">**</a>)+Zinc†+Vitamin A<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN03t01">†</a>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "TFN01t01" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "Isomolar glycine doses (8.3 g/day) over ten days started at one month of the study protocol; zinc vehicle (Tanjal juice) twice weekly for twelve months; placebo retinol = vitamin E (tocopherol 40 IU) each for four months at 0, four, and eight months." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "TFN02t01" "etiqueta" => "**" "nota" => "Oral glutamine (16.2 g/day) for ten days starting at one month of the study protocol. † Zinc (zinc acetate) 40 mg twice weekly for 12 months." ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "TFN03t01" "etiqueta" => "‡" "nota" => "Vitamin A (retinyl palmitate) 100,000 IU for children <12 months or 200,000 IU for children at least 12 months old, given as one dose at 0, four, and eight months of the study protocol." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Treatment groups and oral treatment regimens of the study participants. A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trial of zinc, vitamin A, and glutamine supplementation in Brazilian shanty-town children from Fortaleza, CE, northeastern Brazil, during June 2000 and August 2004, with follow-up between June 2000 and December 2007." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl2" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"></th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Placebo (n = 25) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Glutamine (n = 23) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Zinc (n = 18) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Vitamin A (n = 19) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Glutamine+Zinc (n = 20) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Glutamine+Vitamin A (n = 21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Zinc+Vitamin A (n = 23) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Glutamine+Zinc+Vitamin A (n = 18) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Total (n = 167) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age at Study Entry (months)</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">48.8±29.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">53.9±28.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">62.2±26.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">43.3±25.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">55.2±28.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">54.8±29.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">59.5±26.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">56.0±25.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">54.1±27.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Age at Cognitive Testing (years)</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.43±2.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.73±2.18 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.20±2.20 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.55±2.14 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.76±1.87 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.61±1.99 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.98±2.30 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.34±1.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.58±2.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Time between Cognitive Testing and Study Entry (years)</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.42±1.46 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.29±1.31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.09±1.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.99±1.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.22±1.34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.10±1.32 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.09±1.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.73±1.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4.13±1.33 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Female n (%)</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 (48) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 (39) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11(61) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 (47.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 (45) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 (43) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16 (70) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13 (72) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">88 (53) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Birth weight</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.93±0.63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.18±0.45 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.13±0.68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.10±0.52 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.19±0.41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.13±0.54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.22±0.37 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.2±0.42 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3.13±0.51 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Maternal Education (< primary school) n (%)</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (20) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (33) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (16) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (11) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (29) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (14) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (18) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30 (18) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Family Income>than Minimum Wage n (%)</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 (53) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 (65) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (60) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (31) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 (60) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11(61) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 (50) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (35) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">67 (55) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="11" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Nutritional Parameters at Study Baseline</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Weight-for-Agezscore</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-1.00±1.10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-0.42±0.84 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-0.55±0.82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-0.47±1.04 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-0.54±0.92 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-0.85±0.81 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-0.99±0.98 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-0.41±0.80<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN04t01">*</a>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-0.67±0.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Height-for-Agezscore</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-1.26±0.97 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-0.69±0.89 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-0.80±1.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-0.86±0.79 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-0.95±0.90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-1.01±0.91 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-1.07±0.95 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-0.82±0.69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-0.95±0.90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Weight-for-Heightzscore</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-0.25±1.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.10±0.87 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-0.07±0.82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.15±1.01 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.12±0.93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-0.33±1.00 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-0.42±0.93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.25±1.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-0.07+0.99 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "TFN04t01" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "Combination Zinc+Vitamin A+Glutamine versus Placebo, p = 0.04." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Demographics and other characteristics of the study participants. A randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled clinical trial of zinc, vitamin A, and glutamine supplementation in Brazilian shanty-town children from Fortaleza, CE, northeastern Brazil, during June 2000-August 2004, with follow-up between June 2000 and December 2007." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl3" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "IQ = intelligence quotient.NEPSY = A developmental neuropsychological assessment." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Cognitive Tests \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Placebo (n = 25) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Glutamine (n = 23) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Zinc (n = 18) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Vitamin A (n = 19) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Glutamine+Zinc (n = 20) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Glutamine+Vitamin A (n = 21) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Zinc+Vitamin A (n = 23) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Glutamine+Zinc+Vitamin A (n = 18) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">IQ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">79.1±9.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">81.8±7.76 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">79.9±6.92 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">82.2±5.87 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">80.4±8.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">81.91±7.12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">82.5±9.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">82.1±9.78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Coding \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.45±3.51 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.4±3.13 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.67±3.66 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.84±3.15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.75±3.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.71±3.78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.78±4.17 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.8±3.38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Verbal Learning \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.28±3.34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.43±2.41 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.61±2.40 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.74±2.47 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.15±2.83 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.9±2.77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.57±2.81 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.28±3.41** \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Delayed Verbal Learning \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.20±2.69 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.78±1.57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.00±1.88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.79±2.22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.35±2.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.71±2.43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.52±2.64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.11±3.08 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Verbal Fluency \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.22±2.70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.67±2.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.11±3.59 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.74±2.35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.95±2.81 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.75±2.65 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6.36±2.95 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.33±2.63 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="9" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NEPSY Verbal Fluency Subtest Z-scores<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN05t01">*</a>)</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Semantic Fluency \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-1.17±0.84 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-0.63±0.78 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-0.43±0.82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-1.15±0.49 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-0.63±0.86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-0.36±0.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-0.82±0.73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-1.24±1.38 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Phonetic Fluency \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-1.38±0.67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-1.48±0.71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-1.04±1.19 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-1.56±0.80 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-1.49±0.70 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-1.18±0.88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-1.54±0.87 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">-1.14±0.83 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "TFN05t01" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "Children aged 6-12 years old only; **Comparison of Combination Glutamine+Zinc+Vitamin A versus placebo, p = 0.02." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Mean age-adjusted (scaled) performance on cognitive tests by treatment group. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of zinc, vitamin A, and glutamine supplementation in Brazilian shanty-town children from Fortaleza, CE, northeastern Brazil, during June 2000-August 2004, with follow-up between June 2000 and December 2007." ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl4" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "IQ = intelligence quotient." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Cognitive Tests \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Placebo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Glutamine \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Vitamin A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Zinc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Glutamine+Zinc \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Glutamine+Vitamin A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Zinc +Vitamin A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Glutamine+Zinc+Vitamin A \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">IQ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">82.6 (2.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">83.2 (2.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">81.1 (2.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">80.0 (2.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">83.7 (2.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">83.3 (2.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">81.7 (2.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">81.1 (2.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Coding \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">10.1 (1.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">11.0 (1.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">11.2 (1.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">10.7 (1.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">10.1 (1.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">10.4 (1.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">9.7 (0.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">11.4 (1.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle">Verbal Learning \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">6.4 (0.8)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN08t01">*</a>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">7.6 (0.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">8.3 (0.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">8.3 (0.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">7.3 (0.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">7.5 (0.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">6.5 (0.7)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN09t01">**</a>) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">9.5 (0.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle">Delayed Verbal Learning \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">5.0 (8.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">7.5 (11.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">6.7 (8.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">6.6 (10.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">7.1 (10.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">7.8 (11.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">6.7 (10.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">6.2 (8.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Verbal Fluency \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">6.2 (0.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">6.0 (1.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">6.0 (1.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">7.4 (0.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">6.3 (1.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">7.1 (1.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">6.2 (0.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">7.5 (0.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">IQ \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">75.9 (2.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">80.9 (2.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">82.1 (2.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">79.7 (3.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">77.7 (2.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">80.7 (2.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">84.4 (3.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">84.8 (3.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Coding \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">8.8 (1.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">10.0 (0.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">8.6 (1.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">8.0 (1.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">9.4 (1.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">9.2 (1.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">10.0 (1.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">9.6 (1.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle">Verbal Learning \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">8.0 (0.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">8.9 (0.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">9.2 (0.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">6.6 (1.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">8.8 (0.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">8.2 (0.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">9.9 (1.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">9.0 (1.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle">Delayed Verbal Learning \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">6.7 (0.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">9.3 (0.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">7.8 (0.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">8.7 (1.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">9.0 (0.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">9.7 (1.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">8.7 (1.0) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">7.4 (0.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="middle">Verbal Fluency \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">6.1 (0.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">7.1 (0.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">5.5 (0.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">6.5 (1.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">5.7 (0.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">6.5 (0.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">6.7 (1.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="middle">7.0 (1.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "TFN08t01" "etiqueta" => "*" "nota" => "Glutamine+Zinc+Vitamin A versus Placebo, p = 0.007." ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "TFN09t01" "etiqueta" => "**" "nota" => "Glutamine+Zinc+Vitamin A versus Zinc+Vitamin A, p = 0.006." ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Mean and standard deviations of age-adjusted performance on cognitive tests by sex after adjusting for time between study enrollment and cognitive evaluation. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of zinc, vitamin A, and glutamine supplementation in Brazilian shanty-town children from Fortaleza, CE, northeastern Brazil, during June 2000-August 2004, with follow-up between June 2000 and December 2007." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "REFERENCES" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cebibsec10" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:34 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Malnutrition as an enteric infectious disease with long-term effects on child development" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => """ RL Guerrant \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ RB Oria \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ SR Moore \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ MO Oria \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 4 => """ AA Lima \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00082.x" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nutr Rev" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "66" "numero" => "9" "paginaInicial" => "487" "paginaFinal" => "505" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18752473" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib2" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Limitations in verbal fluency following heavy burdens of early childhood diarrhea in Brazilian shantytown children" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => """ PD Patrick \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ RB Oria \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ V Madhavan \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ RC Pinkerton \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 4 => """ B Lorntz \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 5 => """ AA Lima \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1080/092970490911252" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Child Neuropsychol" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "11" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "233" "paginaFinal" => "244" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16036449" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib3" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Early childhood diarrhea predicts impaired school performance" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => """ B Lorntz \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ AM Soares \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ SR Moore \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ R Pinkerton \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 4 => """ B Gansneder \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 5 => """ VE Bovbjerg \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/01.inf.0000219524.64448.90" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Infect Dis J" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "25" "numero" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "513" "paginaFinal" => "520" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16732149" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib4" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Micronutrient status, cognition and behavioral problems in childhood" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => """ D Benton \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00394-008-3004-9" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Nutr" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "47" "numero" => "Suppl 3" "paginaInicial" => "38" "paginaFinal" => "50" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18683028" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib5" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Decreased brain zinc availability reduces hippocampal neurogenesis in mice and rats" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => """ SW Suh \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ SJ Won \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ AM Hamby \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ BH Yoo \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 4 => """ Y Fan \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 5 => """ CT Sheline \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1038/jcbfm.2009.80" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Cereb Blood Flow Metab" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "29" "numero" => "9" "paginaInicial" => "1579" "paginaFinal" => "1588" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19536073" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib6" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Therapeutic effects of oral zinc in acute and persistent diarrhea in children in developing countries: pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => """ ZA Bhutta \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ SM Bird \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ RE Black \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ KH Brown \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 4 => """ JM Gardner \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 5 => """ A Hidayat \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/ajcn/72.6.1516" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Clin Nutr" "fecha" => "2000" "volumen" => "72" "numero" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "1516" "paginaFinal" => "1522" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11101480" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib7" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Effect of supplemental zinc on the growth and serum zinc concentrations of prepubertal children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => """ KH Brown \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ JM Peerson \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ J Rivera \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ LH Allen \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/ajcn/75.6.1062" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Clin Nutr" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "75" "numero" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "1062" "paginaFinal" => "1071" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12036814" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib8" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Quantitative evaluation of antibacterial activities of metallic oxide powders (ZnO, MgO and CaO) by conductimetric assay" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => """ J Sawai \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/s0167-7012(03)00037-x" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Microbiol Methods" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "54" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "177" "paginaFinal" => "182" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12782373" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib9" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Antibacterial effect of zinc oxide in vitro" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => """ TA Soderberg \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ B Sunzel \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ S Holm \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ T Elmros \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 4 => """ G Hallmans \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 5 => """ S Sjoberg \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3109/02844319009041278" "Revista" => array:8 [ "tituloSerie" => "Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg" "fecha" => "1990" "volumen" => "24" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "193" "paginaFinal" => "197" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2281305" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S2215036614000820" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "22150366" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib10" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Amino acids: metabolism, functions, and nutrition" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => """ G Wu \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00726-009-0269-0" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Amino Acids" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "37" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "1" "paginaFinal" => "17" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19301095" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib11" "etiqueta" => "11" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Zinc transport in the brain: routes of zinc influx and efflux in neurons" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => """ RA Colvin \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ N Davis \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ RW Nipper \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ PA Carter \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/jn/130.5.1484S" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Nutr" "fecha" => "2000" "volumen" => "130" "numero" => "5S Suppl" "paginaInicial" => "1484S" "paginaFinal" => "1487S" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10801963" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib12" "etiqueta" => "12" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Zinc-containing neurons in hippocampus and related CNS structures" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => """ CJ Frederickson \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ G Danscher \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61242-x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Prog Brain Res" "fecha" => "1990" "volumen" => "83" "paginaInicial" => "71" "paginaFinal" => "84" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2203108" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib13" "etiqueta" => "13" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Zinc and glutamine improve brain development in suckling mice subjected to early postnatal malnutrition" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => """ FV Ladd \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ AA Ladd \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ AA Ribeiro \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ SB Costa \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 4 => """ BP Coutinho \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 5 => """ GA Feitosa \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.nut.2009.11.020" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nutrition" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "26" "numero" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "662" "paginaFinal" => "670" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20371167" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib14" "etiqueta" => "14" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Effects of vitamin A supplementation on intestinal barrier function, growth, total parasitic, and specific Giardia spp infections in Brazilian children: a prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => """ AA Lima \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ AM Soares \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ NL Lima \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ RM Mota \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 4 => """ BL Maciel \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 5 => """ MP Kvalsund \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181a96489" "Revista" => array:8 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "50" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "309" "paginaFinal" => "315" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20038852" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0140673618319482" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "01406736" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib15" "etiqueta" => "15" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Vitamin A deficiency and relational memory deficit in adult mice: relationships with changes in brain retinoid signalling" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => """ N Etchamendy \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ V Enderlin \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ A Marighetto \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ V Pallet \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 4 => """ P Higueret \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 5 => """ R Jaffard \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/s0166-4328(03)00099-8" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Behav Brain Res" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "145" "numero" => "1-2" "paginaInicial" => "37" "paginaFinal" => "49" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14529804" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib16" "etiqueta" => "16" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Glutamine Analogues As Adjunctive Therapy for Infectious Diarrhea" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => """ BA Carneiro-Filho \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ OY Bushen \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ GA Brito \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ AA Lima \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 4 => """ RL Guerrant \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s11908-003-0046-2" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Curr Infect Dis Rep" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "5" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "114" "paginaFinal" => "119" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12641996" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib17" "etiqueta" => "17" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Glutamine supplemented parenteral nutrition prevents intestinal ischemia- reperfusion injury in rats" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => """ GH Wu \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ H Wang \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ YW Zhang \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ ZH Wu \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 4 => """ ZG Wu \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.3748/wjg.v10.i17.2592" "Revista" => array:8 [ "tituloSerie" => "World J Gastroenterol" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "10" "numero" => "17" "paginaInicial" => "2592" "paginaFinal" => "2594" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15300914" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S2215036618300610" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "22150366" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib18" "etiqueta" => "18" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Alanyl-glutamine hastens morphologic recovery from 5-fluorouracil-induced mucositis in mice" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => """ BA Carneiro-Filho \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ RB Oria \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ RK Wood \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ GA Brito \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 4 => """ J Fujii \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 5 => """ T Obrig \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.nut.2004.06.016" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nutrition" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "20" "numero" => "10" "paginaInicial" => "934" "paginaFinal" => "941" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15474885" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib19" "etiqueta" => "19" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Roles of glutamine in neurotransmission" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => """ J Albrecht \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ M Sidoryk-Wegrzynowicz \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ M Zielinska \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ M Aschner \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Neuron Glia Biol" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "6" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "263" "paginaFinal" => "276" "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S221503661830467X" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "22150366" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib20" "etiqueta" => "20" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Association of early childhood diarrhea and cryptosporidiosis with impaired physical fitness and cognitive function four-seven years later in a poor urban community in northeast Brazil" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => """ DI Guerrant \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ SR Moore \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ AA Lima \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ PD Patrick \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 4 => """ JB Schorling \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 5 => """ RL Guerrant \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.4269/ajtmh.1999.61.707" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Trop Med Hyg" "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "61" "numero" => "5" "paginaInicial" => "707" "paginaFinal" => "713" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10586898" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib21" "etiqueta" => "21" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Comparison of the World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards and the National Center for Health Statistics/WHO international growth reference: implications for child health programmes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => """ M de Onis \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ AW Onyango \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ E Borghi \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ C Garza \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 4 => """ H Yang \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1017/phn20062005" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Public Health Nutr" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "9" "numero" => "7" "paginaInicial" => "942" "paginaFinal" => "947" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17010261" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib22" "etiqueta" => "22" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Intestinal barrier function and weight gain in malnourished children taking glutamine supplemented enteral formula" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => """ AA Lima \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ LF Brito \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ HB Ribeiro \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ MC Martins \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 4 => """ AP Lustosa \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 5 => """ EM Rocha \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/00005176-200501000-00006" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "40" "numero" => "1" "paginaInicial" => "28" "paginaFinal" => "35" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15625423" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib23" "etiqueta" => "23" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Test of nonverbal intelligence" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => """ L Brown \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ RJ Sherbenou \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ SK Johnsen \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:4 [ "edicion" => "3rd ed." "fecha" => "1997" "editorial" => "PRO-ED" "editorialLocalizacion" => "Austin (TX)" ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib24" "etiqueta" => "24" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Oral zinc for treating diarrhoea in children" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => """ M Lazzerini \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ L Ronfani \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Cochrane Database Syst Rev" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "6" ] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib25" "etiqueta" => "25" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Gender differences in learning and memory after pediatric traumatic brain injury" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => """ J Donders \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ NM Hoffman \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1037//0894-4105.16.4.491" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Neuropsychology" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "16" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "491" "paginaFinal" => "499" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12382988" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib26" "etiqueta" => "26" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Gender as a moderator of memory after traumatic brain injury in children" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => """ J Donders \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ HR Woodward \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/00001199-200303000-00002" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Head Trauma Rehabil" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "18" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "106" "paginaFinal" => "115" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12802220" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib27" "etiqueta" => "27" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Factors associated with IQ scores in long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => """ LL Robison \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ ME Nesbit Jr \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ HN Sather \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ AT Meadows \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 4 => """ JA Ortega \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 5 => """ GD Hammond \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/00043426-198406020-00001" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol" "fecha" => "1984" "volumen" => "6" "numero" => "2" "paginaInicial" => "115" "paginaFinal" => "121" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6589968" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 27 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib28" "etiqueta" => "28" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Late effects of central nervous system treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood are sex-dependent" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => """ DP Waber \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ DK Urion \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ NJ Tarbell \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ C Niemeyer \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 4 => """ R Gelber \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 5 => """ SE Sallan \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1469-8749.1990.tb16930.x" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Dev Med Child Neurol" "fecha" => "1990" "volumen" => "32" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "238" "paginaFinal" => "248" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2311827" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 28 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib29" "etiqueta" => "29" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Estrogen receptor-alpha gene expression in the cortex: sex differences during development and in adulthood" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => """ ME Wilson \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ JM Westberry \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ AL Trout \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.08.004" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Horm Behav" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "59" "numero" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "353" "paginaFinal" => "357" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20713055" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 29 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib30" "etiqueta" => "30" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Neuroprotective actions of estradiol revisited" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => """ I Azcoitia \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ MA Arevalo \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ AF De Nicola \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ LM Garcia-Segura \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.tem.2011.08.002" "Revista" => array:8 [ "tituloSerie" => "Trends Endocrinol Metab" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "22" "numero" => "12" "paginaInicial" => "467" "paginaFinal" => "473" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21889354" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0165032715305383" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "01650327" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 30 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib31" "etiqueta" => "31" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Gender differences in cognitive development" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => """ A Ardila \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ M Rosselli \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ E Matute \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ O Inozemtseva \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1037/a0023819" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Dev Psychol" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "47" "numero" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "984" "paginaFinal" => "990" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21744957" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 31 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib32" "etiqueta" => "32" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The neurotoxic effects of estrogen on ischemic stroke in older female rats is associated with age-dependent loss of insulin-like growth factor-1" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => """ A Selvamani \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ F Sohrabji \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0761-10.2010" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Neurosci" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "30" "numero" => "20" "paginaInicial" => "6852" "paginaFinal" => "6861" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20484627" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 32 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib33" "etiqueta" => "33" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Micronutrient deficiencies and cognitive functioning" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => """ MM Black \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/jn/133.11.3927S" "Revista" => array:8 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Nutr" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "133" "numero" => "11 Suppl 2" "paginaInicial" => "3927S" "paginaFinal" => "3931S" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14672291" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0165032716319012" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "01650327" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 33 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib34" "etiqueta" => "34" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Effect of micronutrient supplement on health and nutritional status of schoolchildren: mental function" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => """ S Vazir \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ B Nagalla \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ V Thangiah \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ V Kamasamudram \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 4 => """ S Bhattiprolu \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.nut.2004.07.021" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nutrition" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "22" "numero" => "1 Suppl" "paginaInicial" => "S26" "paginaFinal" => "S32" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16426960" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "agradecimientos" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "identificador" => "xack639600" "titulo" => "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" "texto" => "The authors would like to thank Sayonara Bezerra de Alencar, Fátima Alves, Rosiana Maria de Paula Silva, and Maria Luzia F. Melo for all of their hard work and dedication to the Parque Universitário community and the Clinical Research Unit of the Federal University of Ceará. The study was supported by a Brazilian funding agency, CNPq, and an ICIDR program grant, #5 U01 AI026512, from the NIH, USA." "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/18075932/0000006800000003/v1_202212011730/S1807593222020737/v1_202212011730/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => null "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/18075932/0000006800000003/v1_202212011730/S1807593222020737/v1_202212011730/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1807593222020737?idApp=UINPBA00004N"]

Statistics

CLINICAL SCIENCE

Aldo A.M. LimaI, Michelle P. KvalsundII, Paula P.E. de SouzaI, Ítalo L. FigueiredoI, Alberto M. SoaresI, Rosa M S MotaI, Noélia L LimaI, Relana C. PinkertonI, Peter P. PatrickIII, Richard L. GuerrantI,II, Reinaldo B. OriáI,

Corresponding author

rbo5u@virginia.edu

Tel.: 55 85 3366-8239

I Federal University of Ceará, School of Medicine, Clinical Research Unit and Institute of Biomedicine/Center for Global Health and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Fortaleza/CE, Brazil

II University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases, Charlottesville, VA, USA

III University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Kluge Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Charlottesville, VA, USA

Read

1012

Times
was read the article

369

Total PDF

643

Total HTML

Share statistics

 array:24 [
  "pii" => "S1807593222020737"
  "issn" => "18075932"
  "doi" => "10.6061/clinics/2013(03)OA11"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-01-01"
  "aid" => "2073"
  "copyright" => "CLINICS"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2013"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 0
  "licencia" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/"
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "Clinics. 2013;68:351-8"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => true
    "ES2" => true
    "LATM" => true
  ]
  "gratuito" => true
  "lecturas" => array:1 [
    "total" => 0
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S1807593222020749"
    "issn" => "18075932"
    "doi" => "10.6061/clinics/2013(03)OA12"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-01-01"
    "aid" => "2074"
    "copyright" => "CLINICS"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "licencia" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Clinics. 2013;68:359-64"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:1 [
      "total" => 0
    ]
    "en" => array:12 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">CLINICAL SCIENCE</span>"
      "titulo" => "Association between muscle strength and the cardiopulmonary status of individuals living with HIV&#47;AIDS"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => "en"
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "359"
          "paginaFinal" => "364"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:7 [
          "identificador" => "fig1"
          "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "cln-68-03-359-g001.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 1816
              "Ancho" => 732
              "Tamanyo" => 95926
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spara10" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Relationship between peak muscle torque &#40;Nm&#183;kg<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41; and V&#729;O<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2</span> at &#40;A&#41; the anaerobic threshold&#44; &#40;B&#41; the respiratory compensation point and &#40;C&#41; the peak oxygen intake &#40;mL&#183;kg&#183;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>min<span class="elsevierStyleSup">-1</span>&#41;&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Vagner Raso, Roy J&#46; Shephard, Jorge Casseb, Alberto Jos&#233; da Silva Duarte, Paulo Roberto Santos Silva, J&#250;lia Maria D&#8242;Andr&#233;a Greve"
          "autores" => array:6 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Vagner"
              "apellidos" => "Raso"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Roy J&#46;"
              "apellidos" => "Shephard"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Jorge"
              "apellidos" => "Casseb"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Alberto Jos&#233;"
              "apellidos" => "da Silva Duarte"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Paulo Roberto Santos"
              "apellidos" => "Silva"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "J&#250;lia Maria D&#8242;Andr&#233;a"
              "apellidos" => "Greve"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1807593222020749?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/18075932/0000006800000003/v1_202212011730/S1807593222020749/v1_202212011730/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:19 [
    "pii" => "S1807593222020725"
    "issn" => "18075932"
    "doi" => "10.6061/clinics/2013(03)OA10"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2013-01-01"
    "aid" => "2072"
    "copyright" => "CLINICS"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "licencia" => "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Clinics. 2013;68:345-50"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:1 [
      "total" => 0
    ]
    "en" => array:12 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">CLINICAL SCIENCE</span>"
      "titulo" => "Electrical impedance tomography to evaluate air distribution prior to extubation in very-low-birth-weight infants&#58; a feasibility study"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => "en"
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "345"
          "paginaFinal" => "350"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:7 [
          "identificador" => "fig1"
          "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "cln-68-03-345-g001.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 599
              "Ancho" => 787
              "Tamanyo" => 87670
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spara10" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The &#8220;functional map&#8221; &#40;FM&#41; screen used to evaluate upper&#47;lower ventilation ratio &#40;U&#47;L&#41; during image acquisition and off-line analysis and to determine ventilation homogeneity &#40;VH&#41;&#46; U&#47;L &#40;regional ventilation ratio&#41; displays the calculated ratio at a certain window of data collection&#46; Of note is the variability of the impedance presented in the lower black box&#44; which was detected during the first half of data acquisition&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Felipe de Souza Rossi, Ana Cristina Zanon Yagui, Luciana Branco Haddad, Alice D&#39;Agostini Deutsch, Celso Moura Rebello"
          "autores" => array:5 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Felipe"
              "apellidos" => "de Souza Rossi"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Ana Cristina Zanon"
              "apellidos" => "Yagui"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Luciana Branco"
              "apellidos" => "Haddad"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Alice D&#39;Agostini"
              "apellidos" => "Deutsch"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Celso Moura"
              "apellidos" => "Rebello"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1807593222020725?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/18075932/0000006800000003/v1_202212011730/S1807593222020725/v1_202212011730/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:20 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">CLINICAL SCIENCE</span>"
    "titulo" => "Zinc&#44; vitamin A&#44; and glutamine supplementation in Brazilian shantytown children at risk for diarrhea results in sex-specific improvements in verbal learning"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => true
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "351"
        "paginaFinal" => "358"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "Aldo A&#46;M&#46; Lima, Michelle P&#46; Kvalsund, Paula P&#46;E&#46; de Souza, &#205;talo L&#46; Figueiredo, Alberto M&#46; Soares, Rosa M S Mota, No&#233;lia L Lima, Relana C&#46; Pinkerton, Peter P&#46; Patrick, Richard L&#46; Guerrant, Reinaldo B&#46; Ori&#225;"
        "autores" => array:11 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Aldo A&#46;M&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Lima"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">I</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff1"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Michelle P&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Kvalsund"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">II</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff2"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Paula P&#46;E&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "de Souza"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">I</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff1"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          3 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "&#205;talo L&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Figueiredo"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">I</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff1"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          4 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Alberto M&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Soares"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">I</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff1"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          5 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Rosa M S"
            "apellidos" => "Mota"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">I</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff1"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          6 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "No&#233;lia L"
            "apellidos" => "Lima"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">I</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff1"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          7 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Relana C&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Pinkerton"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">I</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff1"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          8 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Peter P&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Patrick"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">III</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff3"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          9 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Richard L&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Guerrant"
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">I</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff1"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">II</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff2"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          10 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "Reinaldo B&#46;"
            "apellidos" => "Ori&#225;"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "rbo5u@virginia.edu"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">I</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff1"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
                "identificador" => "cor1"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:3 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Federal University of Cear&#225;&#44; School of Medicine&#44; Clinical Research Unit and Institute of Biomedicine&#47;Center for Global Health and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology&#44; Fortaleza&#47;CE&#44; Brazil"
            "etiqueta" => "I"
            "identificador" => "aff1"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "University of Virginia&#44; School of Medicine&#44; Center for Global Health&#44; Division of Infectious Diseases&#44; Charlottesville&#44; VA&#44; USA"
            "etiqueta" => "II"
            "identificador" => "aff2"
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "University of Virginia&#44; School of Medicine&#44; Kluge Children&#39;s Hospital&#44; Department of Pediatrics&#44; Charlottesville&#44; VA&#44; USA"
            "etiqueta" => "III"
            "identificador" => "aff3"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor1"
            "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
            "correspondencia" => "Tel&#46;&#58; 55 85 3366-8239"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
      "original" => 0
      "multimedia" => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig1"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "cln-68-03-351-g001.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 573
            "Ancho" => 753
            "Tamanyo" => 59042
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara10" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Flow of Study Children to Micronutrient Supplementation Groups and Cognitive Testing&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="cesec10" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle60">INTRODUCTION</span><p id="para10" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The vicious cycle of diarrhea&#47;malnutrition in early childhood acts synergistically to impair the child&#39;s full developmental potential&#46; A series of cohort studies from our group&#44; enrolling children under diarrhea and enteric disease surveillance in the first two years of life&#44; has documented significant growth shortfalls &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib1">1</a>&#41;&#44; blighted cognitive potential &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib2">2</a>&#41;&#44; and subsequent poor school performance during the developmental childhood years &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib3">3</a>&#41;&#46; While these long-term negative outcomes have been well documented&#44; our understanding of measures that could prevent or reverse these cognitive short falls is very limited&#46; Micronutrients&#44; such as zinc&#44; vitamin A&#44; and glutamine&#44; hold promise to avert these deficits due to these compounds&#39; potential role in protecting the brain and in intestinal development &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib4">4</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib5">5</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para20" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Numerous clinical zinc supplementation trials have revealed decreased diarrheal mortality and morbidity in children following supplementation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib6">6</a>&#41;&#46; In addition&#44; a pooled analysis of 37 supplementation trials regarding the impact of zinc supplementation on growth shortfalls revealed a highly significant impact on linear growth in prepubertal children &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib7">7</a>&#41;&#46; The mechanisms by which zinc acts to protect against diarrhea and growth deficits are not fully understood&#44; but they are likely multi-factorial&#44; including anti-bactericidal and antioxidant effects &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib8">8</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a>&#41;&#44; with improved mucosal immune response and recovery &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib10">10</a>&#41;&#46; Zinc is also involved in neurogenesis&#44; neuronal migration&#44; and synaptogenesis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib11">11</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib12">12</a>&#41;&#44; and oral zinc supplementation improved behavioral and hippocampal development in a murine model of under-nutrition early in life &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a>&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para30" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Vitamin A deficiency is a well-recognized cause of preventable blindness&#44; but it now is also being recognized for its maintenance of intestinal epithelial integrity and the immune response &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib14">14</a>&#41;&#46; These effects could explain the reductions of the mortality and severity of diarrheal episodes seen following vitamin A supplementation in children&#46;</p><p id="para40" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Further&#44; while the importance of vitamin A in embryogenesis and congenital abnormalities has been well documented&#44; very little is known about the importance of post-natal vitamin A deficiency in the healthy functioning of the central nervous system&#46; Studies of retinoid knockout mice and mice subjected to post-natal vitamin A deprivation have suggested that retinoid signaling pathways play critical roles in higher cognitive functioning in the central nervous system &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib15">15</a>&#41;&#46; No studies have been conducted regarding the impact of vitamin A supplementation alone on cognitive outcomes in humans&#46;</p><p id="para50" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Glutamine is a major energy source for the intestinal mucosa&#44; and it plays a key role in nucleic acid biosynthesis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib16">16</a>&#41;&#46; Glutamine supplementation has been associated with improved gastrointestinal function in a variety of clinical scenarios&#44; including ameliorating mucosal atrophy after parenteral nutrition &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib17">17</a>&#41;&#44; improving gut mucosal healing following cancer therapy &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib18">18</a>&#41;&#44; and enhancing enteric immune responses &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib16">16</a>&#41;&#46; Glutamine is also found abundantly in the central nervous system&#44; where it acts as a precursor of neurotransmitter amino acids&#44; an oxidative energy source&#44; and an ammonia detoxifier &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib19">19</a>&#41;&#46; To the best of our knowledge the impact of glutamine supplementation on cognition has never been investigated in children&#46;</p><p id="para60" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This prospective&#44; randomized&#44; double-blind&#44; placebo-controlled trial investigated the impact of supplemental zinc&#44; vitamin A&#44; and glutamine&#44; alone or in combination&#44; on long-term cognitive outcomes in a group of high-risk children identified as below the median height-for-age z-score &#40;HAZ&#41; in a slum community in Fortaleza-Cear&#225;&#44; Brazil&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec20" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle70">METHODS</span><span id="cesec30" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle80">Population</span><p id="para70" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was undertaken in the urban shanty compound community of Parque Universit&#225;rio&#44; Fortaleza&#44; the capital of the state of Cear&#225; in northeast Brazil&#46; All children &#40;identified through a community census&#41; between three months and nine years of age and below the median height-for-age z-score &#40;HAZ&#44; population median&#8202;&#61;&#8202;-0&#46;06&#41; were eligible to participate&#46; The latter eligibility criterion was selected because of the high predictive value of HAZ scores in identifying children with chronic&#44; persistent diarrheal episodes in the first two years of life &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib20">20</a>&#41;&#46; The exclusion criteria included children being exclusively breast-fed&#44; participants in any study over the previous two years&#44; and children having illnesses with fevers greater than 38&#176;C at the time of enrollment&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec40" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle90">Study Design and Baseline Evaluation</span><p id="para80" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was a prospective&#44; double-blind&#44; randomized&#44; placebo-controlled trial and was registered as a clinical trial &#40;NCT00133406&#41; with the US National Library of Medicine &#40;<a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;clinicaltrials&#46;gov</a>&#41;&#46; Enrollment&#47;recruitment was conducted from June 2000 to August 2004&#46; After parental consent was obtained&#44; the parents and children were interviewed by an experienced field study team &#40;one nurse and two community health workers&#41; to collect demographic information&#44; including age&#44; sex&#44; birth weight&#44; level of maternal education&#44; family income&#44; and baseline anthropometric information&#46; Weight was measured using a calibrated digital weighing scale with 100 g precision &#40;Tanita Solar Scale&#44; Tanita Corporation of American Inc&#46;&#44; Arlington&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41;&#46; Height was measured in the supine position for children younger than 24 months of age and standing for children aged 24 months old or older using an anthropometric rod with an accuracy of 0&#46;1 cm&#46; HAZ&#44; weight-for-age z-scores &#40;WAZ&#41;&#44; and weight-for-height z-scores &#40;WHZ&#41; were calculated using the Epi-Info anthropometric software &#40;Center for Disease Control&#44; Atlanta&#44; GA&#44; USA&#41; as markers of physical development and nutritional status&#46; These anthropometric z-scores are the numbers of standard deviations greater or less than the median values for the National Center for Health Statistics &#40;NCHS&#41; and International Reference Population &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib21">21</a>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec50" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle100">Sample Size Calculation</span><p id="para90" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A sample size was calculated to allow for appropriate power to detect group differences in cognitive scores between children receiving zinc plus vitamin A compared with children receiving no vitamin A or zinc&#44; averaging the difference in children receiving glutamine and children not receiving glutamine&#46; Using a two-tailed test with type I error&#8202;&#61;&#8202;5&#37;&#44; 35 children per cell were calculated to be sufficient to have 80&#37; power to detect a difference of 0&#46;36 &#40;small to medium effect size&#41; and 90&#37; power to detect a difference of 0&#46;42 &#40;medium effect size&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec60" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle110">Nutritional Intervention and Surveillance</span><p id="para100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Three hundred and fourteen children were randomized with regard to receiving vitamin A &#40;100&#44;000 IU retinyl palmitate if &#60;12 months old or 200&#44;000 IU retinyl palmitate if &#8805;12 months old every four months&#41;&#44; one dose at 0&#44; four&#44; and eight months of the study protocol&#59; zinc &#40;40 mg twice weekly&#41;&#59; or both for one year&#46; Half of each group received glutamine &#40;16 g daily given over ten days started during the first month of the study protocol&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib22">22</a>&#41;&#44; of whom one hundred and sixty-seven were available and eligible for cognitive testing&#46; Only trained health care agents of the study surveillance team administered all of the micronutrients&#46; The health workers administered the micronutrients during home visits with direct observation of intake&#46; L-glutamine was obtained from Rexim &#40;Courbevoie&#44; France&#41;&#59; L-glycine was obtained from Spectrum Chemicals &#40;Gardena&#44; CA&#44; USA&#41;&#59; zinc acetate was obtained from Spectrum Chemicals&#59; and vitamin A &#40;retinyl palmitate in vegetable oil with 40 IU of alpha-tochopherol as an antioxidant&#41; was obtained from Hoffman-La Roche &#40;Basel&#44; Switzerland&#41;&#46; Isomolar glycine &#40;8&#46;3 g&#47;daily&#41; was used as a placebo for glutamine&#46; Tanjal juice was used as the placebo for zinc&#44; and the same amounts of alpha-tocopherol and vegetable oil were used as the placebo for vitamin A&#46; Tocopherol was chosen as the placebo for vitamin A because it is also a fat-soluble vitamin&#44; and the tocopherol-dosing preparation is similar to vitamin A capsule dosing&#46; The vitamin A and placebo capsules were the same color&#44; size&#44; and taste&#46;</p><p id="para110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A computer-generated random number list assigned the children to one of eight treatment arms&#44; including&#58; 1&#41; placebo&#59; 2&#41; glutamine&#59; 3&#41; zinc&#59; 4&#41; vitamin A&#59; 5&#41; glutamine&#43;zinc&#59; 6&#41; glutamine&#43;vitamin A&#59; 7&#41; zinc&#43;vitamin A&#59; or 8&#41; glutamine&#43;zinc&#43;vitamin A&#46; The treatment groups and oral treatment regimens&#44; including dose&#44; frequency&#44; and duration of supplementation&#44; are outlined in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl1">Table 1</a>&#46; A member of the field study team blinded to treatment group administered the supplementations and visited each child twice weekly to assess tolerance and any adverse effects of supplementation&#46; No significant differences in the rates of adverse events were found among the treatment groups&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl1"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="cesec70" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle120">Neuropsychological Assessment</span><p id="para120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Children who completed the supplementation protocol and were at least five years of age &#40;appropriate age for testing&#41; underwent five cognitive tests at an average of four years later &#40;range 1&#46;4-6&#46;6&#41;&#46; The following tests with Brazilian adaptations were included&#58; the Test of Non-Verbal Intelligence&#44; 3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">rd</span> Edition &#40;TONI-3&#41;&#59; the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning&#44; 2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">nd</span> Edition &#40;WRAML-2&#41;&#59; Verbal Learning and Delayed Recall&#59; the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children &#40;WISC&#41; Coding A &#40;for children ages 5-7&#41; and Coding B &#40;for children ages 8-13&#41;&#59; and the Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment &#40;NEPSY&#41; Verbal Fluency test&#46; The cognitive assessment chosen covered the cognitive domains of non-verbal intelligence and abstraction&#44; psychomotor speed&#44; verbal memory and recall ability&#44; and semantic and phonetic verbal fluency&#46; These tests have been used in previous studies in this population &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib2">2</a>&#41; and in other non-English-speaking populations &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib23">23</a>&#41;&#46; All of the tests were administered in a standardized manner and scored by a Brazilian developmental psychologist who was blinded to treatment group&#46; The tests were administered in a silent room located in a school facility within the community&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec80" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle130">Ethical Approval</span><p id="para130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study protocol and informed consent form were approved by the Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa e Complexo Hospitalar &#40;COMEPE&#41; at the Federal University of Cear&#225; &#40;UFC&#41;&#44; Fortaleza&#44; Cear&#225;&#44; Brazil&#59; Conselho Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa &#40;CONEP&#41; at the Ministry of Health&#44; Bras&#237;lia&#44; Brazil&#59; and the University of Virginia IRB for Health Services Research&#46; In addition&#44; the study was followed and approved by the Data Safety and Management Board &#40;DSMB&#41; at the National Institutes of Health&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec90" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle140">Statistical Analysis</span><p id="para140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The data were double-entered by independent persons and validated using Excel software&#44; version 4&#46;0&#46; All of the data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical software package &#40;SPSS&#44; Inc&#46; Chicago&#44; IL&#44; USA&#41;&#46; A one-way analysis of variance with post-hoc least significant difference &#40;LSD&#41; tests for two-by-two group comparisons was used to identify simple main effect differences in age at study entry&#44; age at cognitive testing&#44; time between cognitive testing and study enrollment&#44; sex&#44; birth weight&#44; maternal education&#44; family income&#44; and nutritional parameters at study entry and conclusion&#44; including weight-for-age WAZ&#44; HAZ&#44; and WHZ z-scores&#44; as well as performance on the neuropsychological assessments&#46; The treatment groups were further categorized into four micronutrient exposure groups&#44; including zinc&#44; vitamin A&#44; zinc&#43;vitamin A&#44; or glutamine&#44; and compared with regard to these variables to identify the impact of simple single or combination micronutrient exposures on study variables&#46; An analysis of covariance was used to adjust for the influence on cognitive performance in terms of sex and the time between study enrollment and cognitive assessment&#46; Continuous variables in tables are presented as the means&#177;standard deviations&#46; Categorical variables are presented as percentages of the total population&#46; A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value &#60;0&#46;05 was considered statistically significant&#46;</p></span></span><span id="cesec100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle150">RESULTS</span><p id="para150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A flow chart of the study children is provided in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig1">Figure 1</a>&#46; A total of 324 children were identified and screened for study eligibility&#44; of whom 201 &#40;64&#37;&#41; completed nutrient supplementation during the 12-month study protocol&#46; Among children completing the supplementation protocol&#44; 167 &#40;83&#37;&#41; children underwent the cognitive examinations&#46; The most common reason for not undergoing the cognitive testing was that the child was younger than five years of age and thus too young to undergo the tests &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;30&#41;&#46; Children who completed the cognitive testing did not differ significantly from children who did not undergo cognitive testing with regard to sex&#44; birth weight or length&#44; or baseline WAZ or WHZ&#46; However&#44; the children who completed cognitive testing were significantly older &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; weighed more and were taller at baseline &#40;both <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-values &#60;0&#46;001&#41;&#44; and had better baseline HAZ scores &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8202;&#61;&#8202;0&#46;026&#41; than those who did not complete the cognitive testing&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig1"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl2">Table 2</a> outlines the demographic and other characteristics of the children who completed cognitive testing&#44; overall and by treatment group&#46; The study children ranged from five to 13 years of age at the time of cognitive testing&#46; Slightly more than half of the study children were female &#40;53&#37;&#41;&#46; Only 30 children &#40;18&#37;&#41; had mothers with more than a primary school education&#46; Data on family income were available for 123 children&#44; of whom 59 &#40;48&#37;&#41; were living in a household earning the Brazilian minimum wage of 415 Brazilian Reais per month &#40;equivalent to 265 USD per month&#41; or less&#46; No significant group differences were identified regarding age at study entry&#44; age at cognitive testing&#44; time between cognitive testing and study entry&#44; sex&#44; birth weight&#44; maternal education&#44; or family income&#46; Regarding nutritional parameters&#44; no significant group differences were identified at study entry or conclusion regarding HAZ&#44; WAZ&#44; or WHZ scores&#44; with the exception that children in the combination glutamine&#44; zinc&#44; and vitamin A group had higher WAZ scores at study entry compared with placebo children &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8202;&#61;&#8202;0&#46;04&#41;&#46; This placebo <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> combination glutamine&#44; zinc&#44; and vitamin A group difference in WAZ scores almost reached significance at the end of the study &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8202;&#61;&#8202;0&#46;06&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl2"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="cesec110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle160">Cognitive Performance</span><p id="para170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The mean age-adjusted cognitive test scores for all eight treatment arms are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl3">Table 3</a>&#46; No significant group differences were found regarding the age-adjusted TONI-3 Intelligence Quotient &#40;IQ&#41;&#44; WISC-III Coding&#44; WRAML-2 Delayed Verbal Learning&#44; or NEPSY Verbal Fluency mean scores&#46; z-scores for semantic and phonetic fluency among children aged 6-12 years old were also compared across treatment groups to identify any differential impact of supplementation group on verbal fluency categories&#46; No significant group differences were identified based on verbal fluency subtest z-scores&#46; However&#44; children receiving combination glutamine&#44; zinc&#44; and vitamin A performed significantly better on WRAML-2 verbal learning than the placebo group&#44; with mean age-adjusted scores of 9&#46;28 &#40;SD 3&#46;41&#41; and 7&#46;28 &#40;SD 3&#46;34&#41;&#44; respectively &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8202;&#61;&#8202;0&#46;02&#41;&#46; After controlling for time between study entry and cognitive assessment&#44; sex stratification revealed that this improvement in verbal learning was highly significant among the girls &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8202;&#61;&#8202;0&#46;007&#41; but not among the boys &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8202;&#61;&#8202;0&#46;43&#41; who received combination glutamine&#44; zinc&#44; and vitamin A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> placebo &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl4">Table 4</a>&#46; In addition&#44; female children receiving combination glutamine&#44; zinc&#44; and vitamin A performed significantly better on verbal learning than female children receiving zinc and vitamin A alone &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8202;&#61;&#8202;0&#46;006&#41;&#46; These group differences persisted after controlling for differences in baseline WAZ scores&#46; However&#44; within the placebo group&#44; the girls had worse verbal learning scores than the boys &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;05&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl3"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl4"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="para180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No significant between group differences were identified before or after sex stratification on the WRAML-2 delayed verbal learning score&#46; This combination group effect also almost reached statistical significance compared with female children receiving glutamine and zinc alone &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8202;&#61;&#8202;0&#46;08&#41;&#46;</p><p id="para190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The treatment arms were also categorized into four groups based on micronutrient exposure &#40;i&#46;e&#46;&#44; zinc&#44; vitamin A&#44; combination zinc&#43;vitamin A&#44; or glutamine&#41; to assess the differential impact of exposure to a specific single micronutrient or combination of micronutrients on cognitive test performance&#46; The results of cognitive testing revealed no significant between group differences based on micronutrient exposure categories&#46;</p></span></span><span id="cesec120" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle170">DISCUSSION</span><p id="para200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study found a superior impact of combination glutamine&#44; zinc&#44; and vitamin A supplementation on the WRAML-2 verbal learning in a group of children with low to median HAZ scores &#40;and thus at high risk for the cognitive deficits seen in children with childhood diarrhea and malnutrition&#41;&#46; These findings were statistically significant overall&#44; but sex stratification identified highly significant differences only between female children receiving combination therapy and girls receiving zinc and vitamin A alone or placebo&#46; Supplementation was found to be beneficial in girls compared with the placebo group&#46; Thus&#44; the combined intervention with glutamine&#44; zinc&#44; and vitamin A was more important to the female group because the girls were more affected than the boys&#46;</p><p id="para210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No other differences were identified between supplementation treatment groups or following the categorization of treatment groups into one of four exposure groups&#46; Previous studies from our group have shown improvements in intestinal barrier function after a ten day treatment regimen of glutamine-enriched formula &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib22">22</a>&#41;&#46; A recent meta-analysis showed that zinc supplementation reduces diarrhea morbidity in children&#44; especially after six months of age &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib24">24</a>&#41;&#59; both of these effects could be helpful during the critical time window for brain development in the study children&#44; who live in endemic areas of enteric infections and malnutrition&#46;</p><p id="para220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This sex-specific benefit of combination glutamine&#44; zinc&#44; and vitamin A supplementation was an unexpected finding&#46; Studies of recovery following traumatic brain injury &#40;TBI&#41; in children have shown a female recovery advantage in verbal list learning &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib25">25</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib26">26</a>&#41;&#46; In a study of 60 children &#40;aged 6-16 years&#41; with TBI identified through a private rehabilitation center in the midwestern U&#46;S&#46;&#44; female children performed significantly better than male children on the California Verbal Learning Test-Children&#39;s Version&#44; even after controlling for the impact of the severity of head injury &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib25">25</a>&#41;&#46; In contrast with these findings&#44; there have been studies reporting a sex-specific decrease in intelligence test results in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia&#44; with girls showing lower IQ scores than boys &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib27">27</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib28">28</a>&#41;&#44; in contrast with the specific deficits in verbal learning seen in our study and the verbal intelligence deficits seen in pediatric intracranial hemorrhage and TBI studies&#46;</p><p id="para230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study&#44; which included children at high risk for the long-term cognitive deficits seen with childhood diarrhea and malnutrition &#40;based on low baseline HAZ scores&#41;&#44; supports the findings of verbal list learning advantages following combination glutamine&#44; zinc&#44; and vitamin A supplementation&#46;</p><p id="para240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is accumulating evidence that &#946;-estradiol &#40;the primary biological form of estrogen&#41; not only has a neuroprotective role but might also activate restorative processes&#44; improving learning and memory&#44; and promote the formation of synapses in the nervous system during aging and early development&#44; as seen in animal models &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib29">29</a>&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib30">30</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; estradiol-based hormonal treatment in post-menopausal women has been found to be detrimental&#44; increasing the risk of dementia and stroke &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib30">30</a>&#41;&#46; Furthermore&#44; sex differences during cognitive development remain controversial &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib31">31</a>&#41;&#46; One potential explanation for these contradictory findings is the requirement that &#946;-estradiol interact with IGF-1 for its neuroprotective effects &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib32">32</a>&#41;&#46; This study did not evaluate IGF-1 serum levels in these children &#40;a study that is under way by our group&#41;&#59; however&#44; early weight gain and subsequent linear growth were associated with increments in serum IGF-1 levels&#46; The neuroprotective effects of the combination nutritional therapy seen in the girls in this study might be related to improved IGF-1 interactions&#46; More studies are warranted to test this hypothesis&#46;</p><p id="para250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Zinc supplementation trials in human children have not consistently shown improvement in cognitive outcomes&#46; A randomized&#44; controlled zinc supplementation trial in 740 Chinese children aged six to nine years attending three peri-urban schools found that children receiving micronutrient supplementation plus 20 mg of zinc six days&#47;week for ten weeks had significantly improved fine and gross motor skills&#44; attention&#44; abstract concept formation&#44; and abstract reasoning skills compared with children who received micronutrient supplementation without zinc or who received zinc supplementation alone &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib23">23</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; a study of 162 Guatemalan school children aged seven to eight years receiving 20 mg zinc&#47;day for 25 weeks failed to find any significant differences after six months of follow-up in mental concentration or short-term memory compared with children receiving a placebo &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib24">24</a>&#41;&#46; Similarly&#44; no significant differences in attention were found among 60 Canadian boys with low height percentiles attending first grade &#40;aged 5-7 years&#41; in 47 schools in southern Ontario who received 10 mg of zinc in a 1 mL solution of ZnSO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">4</span> added to apple&#47;orange juice compared with children receiving a similar placebo solution &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib25">25</a>&#41;&#46; These differences might be related to the prevalence and severity of zinc deficiencies in the study population&#44; the impact of other concurrent micronutrient deficiencies&#44; the simultaneous use of other supplements&#44; the dose and duration of the supplementation&#44; and the sensitivity and appropriateness of the neuropsychological testing employed&#46;</p><p id="para260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The finding of a verbal learning benefit among female children receiving combination glutamine&#44; zinc&#44; and vitamin A supplementation addresses previous concerns that multiple micronutrient deficiencies present in undernourished children could reduce or obscure the clinical benefits of supplementation with single micronutrients &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib33">33</a>&#41;&#46; However&#44; it should be noted that the present study did not conduct serial micronutrient serum assessments&#44; and thus&#44; the reasons for the positive effect of the full combination of supplements compared with single supplements or other combinations of supplementation remain speculative&#46;</p><p id="para270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Simultaneous supplementation with multiple micronutrients could act synergistically to improve long-term growth and cognitive outcomes in high-risk children by acting on multiple organ systems&#44; including the gastrointestinal tract&#44; systemic immune system&#44; central nervous system&#44; and neuroendocrine axes&#46; Previous clinical studies of multiple micronutrient supplementation have produced divergent results&#44; with some reporting positive benefits on attention&#44; learning&#44; and IQ&#44; and others reporting no effects &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib34">34</a>&#41;&#46; Comparisons of these trials are difficult due to variations in population sampling&#44; supplementation regimens &#40;including some macronutrient and energy supplementation&#41;&#44; routes of administration&#44; durations of supplementation&#44; and neuropsychological assessment instruments&#46; No previous studies have applied supplementation with a combination of glutamine&#44; zinc&#44; and vitamin A&#46;</p><p id="para280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is noteworthy that the WAZ at the start of the study was higher in the zinc&#43;vitamin A&#43;glutamine groups compared with the placebo groups&#44; which might have explained the improved verbal learning scores in that group&#59; however&#44; WAZ at start of the study was not a significant predictor of verbal learning scores and therefore cannot be used to explain that improvement&#46;</p><p id="para290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Regarding limitations&#44; we acknowledge that due to the small size of each interventional group at the end of follow-up&#44; this study lost power and could have incorporated unexpected bias in the statistical analyses&#59; therefore&#44; our findings should be interpreted with caution and should be confirmed with larger study designs&#46;</p><p id="para300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; we documented sex-specific improvements in selected cognitive tests after combined nutrient supplementation in at-risk children living in impoverished settings in northeastern Brazil&#46; More studies &#40;now being planned by our group&#41; are warranted to evaluate the potential mechanisms of nutrient-to-nutrient interactions underlying these findings and the potential associations with IGF-1 levels in children&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec130" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle180">AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS</span><p id="para310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Kvalsund MP&#44; Souza PP&#44; and Patrick PP conducted and supervised the cognitive assessments&#46; Lima NL coordinated the surveillance team&#46; Soares AM&#44; Mota RM&#44; and Pinkerton RC were responsible for data safety&#44; monitoring&#44; and the statistical analyses&#46; Figueredo IL conducted the data analyses and prepared the manuscript&#46; Lima AA&#44; Guerrant RL&#44; and Oria RB were responsible for the study design and coordination&#46; All of the authors have read and contributed significantly to the manuscript&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
      "secciones" => array:8 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1582898"
          "titulo" => "KEYWORDS"
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "cesec10"
          "titulo" => "INTRODUCTION"
        ]
        2 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "cesec20"
          "titulo" => "METHODS"
          "secciones" => array:7 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec30"
              "titulo" => "Population"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec40"
              "titulo" => "Study Design and Baseline Evaluation"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec50"
              "titulo" => "Sample Size Calculation"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec60"
              "titulo" => "Nutritional Intervention and Surveillance"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec70"
              "titulo" => "Neuropsychological Assessment"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec80"
              "titulo" => "Ethical Approval"
            ]
            6 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec90"
              "titulo" => "Statistical Analysis"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        3 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "cesec100"
          "titulo" => "RESULTS"
          "secciones" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec110"
              "titulo" => "Cognitive Performance"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "cesec120"
          "titulo" => "DISCUSSION"
        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "cesec130"
          "titulo" => "AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS"
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xack639600"
          "titulo" => "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"
        ]
        7 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "REFERENCES"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2012-09-12"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2012-11-19"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "KEYWORDS"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1582898"
          "palabras" => array:6 [
            0 => "Malnutrition"
            1 => "Cognition"
            2 => "Zinc"
            3 => "Vitamin A"
            4 => "Glutamine"
            5 => "Child"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "resumen" => "<span id="ceabs10" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle10">OBJECTIVE</span><p id="spara90" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To identify the impact of supplemental zinc&#44; vitamin A&#44; and glutamine&#44; alone or in combination&#44; on long-term cognitive outcomes among Brazilian shantytown children with low median height-for-age z-scores&#46;</p></span> <span id="ceabs20" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle20">METHODS</span><p id="spara100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A randomized&#44; double-blind&#44; placebo-controlled trial was conducted in children aged three months to nine years old from the urban shanty compound community of Fortaleza&#44; Brazil&#46; Demographic and anthropometric information was assessed&#46; The random treatment groups available for cognitive testing &#40;total of 167 children&#41; were&#58; &#40;1&#41; placebo&#44; n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;25&#59; &#40;2&#41; glutamine&#44; n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;23&#59; &#40;3&#41; zinc&#44; n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;18&#59; &#40;4&#41; vitamin A&#44; n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;19&#59; &#40;5&#41; glutamine&#43;zinc&#44; n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;20&#59; &#40;6&#41; glutamine&#43;vitamin A&#44; n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;21&#59; &#40;7&#41; zinc&#43;vitamin A&#44; n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;23&#59; and &#40;8&#41; glutamine&#43;zinc&#43;vitamin A&#44; n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;18&#46; Neuropsychological tests were administered for the cognitive domains of non-verbal intelligence and abstraction&#44; psychomotor speed&#44; verbal memory and recall ability&#44; and semantic and phonetic verbal fluency&#46; Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS&#44; version 16&#46;0&#46; ClinicalTrials&#46;gov&#58; NCT00133406&#46;</p></span> <span id="ceabs30" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle30">RESULTS</span><p id="spara110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Girls receiving a combination of glutamine&#44; zinc&#44; and vitamin A had higher mean age-adjusted verbal learning scores than girls receiving only placebo &#40;9&#46;5 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 6&#46;4&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8202;&#61;&#8202;0&#46;007&#41; and girls receiving zinc&#43;vitamin A &#40;9&#46;5 <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> 6&#46;5&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8202;&#61;&#8202;0&#46;006&#41;&#46; Similar group differences were not found between male study children&#46;</p></span> <span id="ceabs40" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle40">CONCLUSIONS</span><p id="spara120" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The findings suggest that combination therapy offers a sex-specific advantage on tests of verbal learning&#44; similar to that seen among female patients following traumatic brain injury&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "ceabs10"
            "titulo" => "OBJECTIVE"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "ceabs20"
            "titulo" => "METHODS"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "ceabs30"
            "titulo" => "RESULTS"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "ceabs40"
            "titulo" => "CONCLUSIONS"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:1 [
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="cenpara80">No potential conflict of interest was reported&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:5 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig1"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "cln-68-03-351-g001.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 573
            "Ancho" => 753
            "Tamanyo" => 59042
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara10" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Flow of Study Children to Micronutrient Supplementation Groups and Cognitive Testing&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl1"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Treatment Group&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Oral Treatment Regimen&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Placebo</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Placebo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN01t01">&#42;</a>&#41; &#40;Placebo glutamine&#43;Placebo zinc&#43;Placebo vitamin A&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Glutamine</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Glutamine<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN02t01">&#42;&#42;</a>&#41;&#43;Placebo zinc&#43;Placebo vitamin A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Zinc</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Zinc&#8224;&#43;Placebo glutamine&#43;Placebo vitamin A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Vitamin A</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Vitamin A<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN03t01">&#8224;</a>&#41;&#43;Placebo zinc&#43;Placebo glutamine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Glutamine&#43;Zinc</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Glutamine<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN02t01">&#42;&#42;</a>&#41;&#43;Zinc&#8224;&#43;Placebo vitamin A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Glutamine&#43;Vitamin A</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Glutamine<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN02t01">&#42;&#42;</a>&#41;&#43;Vitamin A<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN03t01">&#8224;</a>&#41;&#43;Placebo zinc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Zinc&#43;Vitamin A</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Zinc&#8224;&#43;Vitamin A<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN03t01">&#8224;</a>&#41;&#43;Placebo glutamine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Glutamine&#43;Zinc&#43;Vitamin A</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Glutamine<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN02t01">&#42;&#42;</a>&#41;&#43;Zinc&#8224;&#43;Vitamin A<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN03t01">&#8224;</a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:3 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "TFN01t01"
              "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="cenpara10">Isomolar glycine doses &#40;8&#46;3 g&#47;day&#41; over ten days started at one month of the study protocol&#59; zinc vehicle &#40;Tanjal juice&#41; twice weekly for twelve months&#59; placebo retinol&#8202;&#61;&#8202;vitamin E &#40;tocopherol 40 IU&#41; each for four months at 0&#44; four&#44; and eight months&#46;</p>"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "TFN02t01"
              "etiqueta" => "&#42;&#42;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="cenpara20">Oral glutamine &#40;16&#46;2 g&#47;day&#41; for ten days starting at one month of the study protocol&#46; &#8224; Zinc &#40;zinc acetate&#41; 40 mg twice weekly for 12 months&#46;</p>"
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "TFN03t01"
              "etiqueta" => "&#8225;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="cenpara30">Vitamin A &#40;retinyl palmitate&#41; 100&#44;000 IU for children &#60;12 months or 200&#44;000 IU for children at least 12 months old&#44; given as one dose at 0&#44; four&#44; and eight months of the study protocol&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara20" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Treatment groups and oral treatment regimens of the study participants&#46; A randomized&#44; double-blind&#44; and placebo-controlled clinical trial of zinc&#44; vitamin A&#44; and glutamine supplementation in Brazilian shanty-town children from Fortaleza&#44; CE&#44; northeastern Brazil&#44; during June 2000 and August 2004&#44; with follow-up between June 2000 and December 2007&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl2"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col"></th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Placebo &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Glutamine &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Zinc &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Vitamin A &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Glutamine&#43;Zinc &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Glutamine&#43;Vitamin A &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Zinc&#43;Vitamin A &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Glutamine&#43;Zinc&#43;Vitamin A &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Total &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;167&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Age at Study Entry &#40;months&#41;</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">48&#46;8&#177;29&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">53&#46;9&#177;28&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">62&#46;2&#177;26&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">43&#46;3&#177;25&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">55&#46;2&#177;28&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">54&#46;8&#177;29&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">59&#46;5&#177;26&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">56&#46;0&#177;25&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">54&#46;1&#177;27&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Age at Cognitive Testing &#40;years&#41;</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;43&#177;2&#46;02&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;73&#177;2&#46;18&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;20&#177;2&#46;20&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;55&#177;2&#46;14&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;76&#177;1&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;61&#177;1&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;98&#177;2&#46;30&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;34&#177;1&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;58&#177;2&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Time between Cognitive Testing and Study Entry &#40;years&#41;</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;42&#177;1&#46;46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;29&#177;1&#46;31&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;09&#177;1&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;99&#177;1&#46;48&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;22&#177;1&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;10&#177;1&#46;32&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;09&#177;1&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;73&#177;1&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&#46;13&#177;1&#46;33&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Female n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;48&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;39&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#40;61&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;47&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;45&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;43&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">16 &#40;70&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13 &#40;72&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">88 &#40;53&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Birth weight</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;93&#177;0&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;18&#177;0&#46;45&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;13&#177;0&#46;68&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;10&#177;0&#46;52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;19&#177;0&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;13&#177;0&#46;54&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;22&#177;0&#46;37&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;2&#177;0&#46;42&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&#46;13&#177;0&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Maternal Education &#40;&#60; primary school&#41; n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;33&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;16&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;11&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;29&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;14&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">30 &#40;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Family Income&#62;than Minimum Wage n &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;53&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11 &#40;65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;60&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;31&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;60&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&#40;61&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;50&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;35&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">67 &#40;55&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="11" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nutritional Parameters at Study Baseline</span></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Weight-for-Age</span><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">z</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">score</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-1&#46;00&#177;1&#46;10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;42&#177;0&#46;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;55&#177;0&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;47&#177;1&#46;04&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;54&#177;0&#46;92&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;85&#177;0&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;99&#177;0&#46;98&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;41&#177;0&#46;80<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN04t01">&#42;</a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;67&#177;0&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Height-for-Age</span><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">z</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">score</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-1&#46;26&#177;0&#46;97&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;69&#177;0&#46;89&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;80&#177;1&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;86&#177;0&#46;79&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;95&#177;0&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-1&#46;01&#177;0&#46;91&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-1&#46;07&#177;0&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;82&#177;0&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;95&#177;0&#46;90&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Weight-for-Height</span><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">z</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleBold">score</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;25&#177;1&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;10&#177;0&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;07&#177;0&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;15&#177;1&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;12&#177;0&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;33&#177;1&#46;00&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;42&#177;0&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;25&#177;1&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;07&#43;0&#46;99&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "TFN04t01"
              "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="cenpara40">Combination Zinc&#43;Vitamin A&#43;Glutamine <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> Placebo&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8202;&#61;&#8202;0&#46;04&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara30" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Demographics and other characteristics of the study participants&#46; A randomized&#44; double-blind&#44; and placebo-controlled clinical trial of zinc&#44; vitamin A&#44; and glutamine supplementation in Brazilian shanty-town children from Fortaleza&#44; CE&#44; northeastern Brazil&#44; during June 2000-August 2004&#44; with follow-up between June 2000 and December 2007&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl3"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara50" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">IQ&#8202;&#61;&#8202;intelligence quotient&#46;</p><p id="spara60" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">NEPSY&#8202;&#61;&#8202;A developmental neuropsychological assessment&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Cognitive Tests&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Placebo &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;25&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Glutamine &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Zinc &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Vitamin A &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;19&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Glutamine&#43;Zinc &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;20&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Glutamine&#43;Vitamin A &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;21&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Zinc&#43;Vitamin A &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;23&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Glutamine&#43;Zinc&#43;Vitamin A &#40;n&#8202;&#61;&#8202;18&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">IQ</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">79&#46;1&#177;9&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">81&#46;8&#177;7&#46;76&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">79&#46;9&#177;6&#46;92&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">82&#46;2&#177;5&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">80&#46;4&#177;8&#46;05&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">81&#46;91&#177;7&#46;12&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">82&#46;5&#177;9&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">82&#46;1&#177;9&#46;78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Coding</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;45&#177;3&#46;51&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;4&#177;3&#46;13&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;67&#177;3&#46;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;84&#177;3&#46;15&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;75&#177;3&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;71&#177;3&#46;78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;78&#177;4&#46;17&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&#46;8&#177;3&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Verbal Learning</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;28&#177;3&#46;34&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;43&#177;2&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;61&#177;2&#46;40&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;74&#177;2&#46;47&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;15&#177;2&#46;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;9&#177;2&#46;77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;57&#177;2&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&#46;28&#177;3&#46;41&#42;&#42;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Delayed Verbal Learning</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;20&#177;2&#46;69&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;78&#177;1&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;00&#177;1&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;79&#177;2&#46;22&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;35&#177;2&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;71&#177;2&#46;43&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;52&#177;2&#46;64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&#46;11&#177;3&#46;08&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Verbal Fluency</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;22&#177;2&#46;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;67&#177;2&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;11&#177;3&#46;59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;74&#177;2&#46;35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&#46;95&#177;2&#46;81&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;75&#177;2&#46;65&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&#46;36&#177;2&#46;95&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&#46;33&#177;2&#46;63&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="9" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">NEPSY Verbal Fluency Subtest Z-scores</span></span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN05t01">&#42;</a>&#41;</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Semantic Fluency</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-1&#46;17&#177;0&#46;84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;63&#177;0&#46;78&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;43&#177;0&#46;82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-1&#46;15&#177;0&#46;49&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;63&#177;0&#46;86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;36&#177;0&#46;94&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-0&#46;82&#177;0&#46;73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-1&#46;24&#177;1&#46;38&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Phonetic Fluency</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-1&#46;38&#177;0&#46;67&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-1&#46;48&#177;0&#46;71&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-1&#46;04&#177;1&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-1&#46;56&#177;0&#46;80&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-1&#46;49&#177;0&#46;70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-1&#46;18&#177;0&#46;88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-1&#46;54&#177;0&#46;87&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">-1&#46;14&#177;0&#46;83&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:1 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "TFN05t01"
              "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="cenpara50">Children aged 6-12 years old only&#59; &#42;&#42;Comparison of Combination Glutamine&#43;Zinc&#43;Vitamin A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> placebo&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8202;&#61;&#8202;0&#46;02&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara40" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean age-adjusted &#40;scaled&#41; performance on cognitive tests by treatment group&#46; A randomized&#44; double-blind&#44; placebo-controlled clinical trial of zinc&#44; vitamin A&#44; and glutamine supplementation in Brazilian shanty-town children from Fortaleza&#44; CE&#44; northeastern Brazil&#44; during June 2000-August 2004&#44; with follow-up between June 2000 and December 2007&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl4"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 4"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:3 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara80" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">IQ&#8202;&#61;&#8202;intelligence quotient&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">Cognitive Tests&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Placebo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Glutamine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Vitamin A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Zinc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Glutamine&#43;Zinc&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Glutamine&#43;Vitamin A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Zinc &#43;Vitamin A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="bottom" scope="col">Glutamine&#43;Zinc&#43;Vitamin A&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Female</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">IQ</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">82&#46;6 &#40;2&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">83&#46;2 &#40;2&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">81&#46;1 &#40;2&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">80&#46;0 &#40;2&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">83&#46;7 &#40;2&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">83&#46;3 &#40;2&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">81&#46;7 &#40;2&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">81&#46;1 &#40;2&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Coding</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">10&#46;1 &#40;1&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">11&#46;0 &#40;1&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">11&#46;2 &#40;1&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">10&#46;7 &#40;1&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">10&#46;1 &#40;1&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">10&#46;4 &#40;1&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">9&#46;7 &#40;0&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">11&#46;4 &#40;1&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Verbal Learning</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">6&#46;4 &#40;0&#46;8&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN08t01">&#42;</a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">7&#46;6 &#40;0&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">8&#46;3 &#40;0&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">8&#46;3 &#40;0&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">7&#46;3 &#40;0&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">7&#46;5 &#40;0&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">6&#46;5 &#40;0&#46;7&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#TFN09t01">&#42;&#42;</a>&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">9&#46;5 &#40;0&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Delayed Verbal Learning</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">5&#46;0 &#40;8&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">7&#46;5 &#40;11&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">6&#46;7 &#40;8&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">6&#46;6 &#40;10&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">7&#46;1 &#40;10&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">7&#46;8 &#40;11&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">6&#46;7 &#40;10&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">6&#46;2 &#40;8&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Verbal Fluency</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">6&#46;2 &#40;0&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">6&#46;0 &#40;1&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">6&#46;0 &#40;1&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">7&#46;4 &#40;0&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">6&#46;3 &#40;1&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">7&#46;1 &#40;1&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">6&#46;2 &#40;0&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">7&#46;5 &#40;0&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleBold"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Male</span></span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">IQ</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">75&#46;9 &#40;2&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">80&#46;9 &#40;2&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">82&#46;1 &#40;2&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">79&#46;7 &#40;3&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">77&#46;7 &#40;2&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">80&#46;7 &#40;2&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">84&#46;4 &#40;3&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">84&#46;8 &#40;3&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Coding</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">8&#46;8 &#40;1&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">10&#46;0 &#40;0&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">8&#46;6 &#40;1&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">8&#46;0 &#40;1&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">9&#46;4 &#40;1&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">9&#46;2 &#40;1&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">10&#46;0 &#40;1&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">9&#46;6 &#40;1&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Verbal Learning</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">8&#46;0 &#40;0&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">8&#46;9 &#40;0&#46;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">9&#46;2 &#40;0&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">6&#46;6 &#40;1&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">8&#46;8 &#40;0&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">8&#46;2 &#40;0&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">9&#46;9 &#40;1&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">9&#46;0 &#40;1&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Delayed Verbal Learning</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">6&#46;7 &#40;0&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">9&#46;3 &#40;0&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">7&#46;8 &#40;0&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">8&#46;7 &#40;1&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">9&#46;0 &#40;0&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">9&#46;7 &#40;1&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">8&#46;7 &#40;1&#46;0&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">7&#46;4 &#40;0&#46;6&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="middle"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Verbal Fluency</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">6&#46;1 &#40;0&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">7&#46;1 &#40;0&#46;8&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">5&#46;5 &#40;0&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">6&#46;5 &#40;1&#46;2&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">5&#46;7 &#40;0&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">6&#46;5 &#40;0&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">6&#46;7 &#40;1&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="middle">7&#46;0 &#40;1&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
          "notaPie" => array:2 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "TFN08t01"
              "etiqueta" => "&#42;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="cenpara60">Glutamine&#43;Zinc&#43;Vitamin A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> Placebo&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8202;&#61;&#8202;0&#46;007&#46;</p>"
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "TFN09t01"
              "etiqueta" => "&#42;&#42;"
              "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="cenpara70">Glutamine&#43;Zinc&#43;Vitamin A <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">versus</span> Zinc&#43;Vitamin A&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#8202;&#61;&#8202;0&#46;006&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara70" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Mean and standard deviations of age-adjusted performance on cognitive tests by sex after adjusting for time between study enrollment and cognitive evaluation&#46; A randomized&#44; double-blind&#44; placebo-controlled clinical trial of zinc&#44; vitamin A&#44; and glutamine supplementation in Brazilian shanty-town children from Fortaleza&#44; CE&#44; northeastern Brazil&#44; during June 2000-August 2004&#44; with follow-up between June 2000 and December 2007&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "REFERENCES"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "cebibsec10"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:34 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib1"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Malnutrition as an enteric infectious disease with long-term effects on child development"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => """
                              RL Guerrant \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              RB Oria \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            2 => """
                              SR Moore \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            3 => """
                              MO Oria \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            4 => """
                              AA Lima \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00082.x"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Nutr Rev"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "66"
                        "numero" => "9"
                        "paginaInicial" => "487"
                        "paginaFinal" => "505"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18752473"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib2"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Limitations in verbal fluency following heavy burdens of early childhood diarrhea in Brazilian shantytown children"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => """
                              PD Patrick \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              RB Oria \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            2 => """
                              V Madhavan \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            3 => """
                              RC Pinkerton \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            4 => """
                              B Lorntz \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            5 => """
                              AA Lima \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1080/092970490911252"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Child Neuropsychol"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "11"
                        "numero" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "233"
                        "paginaFinal" => "244"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16036449"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib3"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Early childhood diarrhea predicts impaired school performance"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => """
                              B Lorntz \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              AM Soares \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            2 => """
                              SR Moore \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            3 => """
                              R Pinkerton \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            4 => """
                              B Gansneder \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            5 => """
                              VE Bovbjerg \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1097/01.inf.0000219524.64448.90"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pediatr Infect Dis J"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "25"
                        "numero" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "513"
                        "paginaFinal" => "520"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16732149"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib4"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Micronutrient status&#44; cognition and behavioral problems in childhood"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => """
                              D Benton \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00394-008-3004-9"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Nutr"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "47"
                        "numero" => "Suppl 3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "38"
                        "paginaFinal" => "50"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18683028"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib5"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Decreased brain zinc availability reduces hippocampal neurogenesis in mice and rats"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => """
                              SW Suh \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              SJ Won \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            2 => """
                              AM Hamby \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            3 => """
                              BH Yoo \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            4 => """
                              Y Fan \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            5 => """
                              CT Sheline \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1038/jcbfm.2009.80"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "29"
                        "numero" => "9"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1579"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1588"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19536073"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib6"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Therapeutic effects of oral zinc in acute and persistent diarrhea in children in developing countries&#58; pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => """
                              ZA Bhutta \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              SM Bird \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            2 => """
                              RE Black \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            3 => """
                              KH Brown \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            4 => """
                              JM Gardner \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            5 => """
                              A Hidayat \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1093/ajcn/72.6.1516"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Clin Nutr"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "72"
                        "numero" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1516"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1522"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11101480"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib7"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effect of supplemental zinc on the growth and serum zinc concentrations of prepubertal children&#58; a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => """
                              KH Brown \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              JM Peerson \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            2 => """
                              J Rivera \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            3 => """
                              LH Allen \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1093/ajcn/75.6.1062"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Clin Nutr"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "75"
                        "numero" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1062"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1071"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12036814"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib8"
              "etiqueta" => "8"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Quantitative evaluation of antibacterial activities of metallic oxide powders &#40;ZnO&#44; MgO and CaO&#41; by conductimetric assay"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => """
                              J Sawai \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/s0167-7012(03)00037-x"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Microbiol Methods"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "54"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "177"
                        "paginaFinal" => "182"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12782373"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib9"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Antibacterial effect of zinc oxide in vitro"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => """
                              TA Soderberg \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              B Sunzel \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            2 => """
                              S Holm \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            3 => """
                              T Elmros \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            4 => """
                              G Hallmans \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            5 => """
                              S Sjoberg \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3109/02844319009041278"
                      "Revista" => array:8 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg"
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "24"
                        "numero" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "193"
                        "paginaFinal" => "197"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2281305"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S2215036614000820"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "22150366"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib10"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Amino acids&#58; metabolism&#44; functions&#44; and nutrition"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => """
                              G Wu \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00726-009-0269-0"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Amino Acids"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "37"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "17"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19301095"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib11"
              "etiqueta" => "11"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Zinc transport in the brain&#58; routes of zinc influx and efflux in neurons"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => """
                              RA Colvin \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              N Davis \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            2 => """
                              RW Nipper \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            3 => """
                              PA Carter \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1093/jn/130.5.1484S"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Nutr"
                        "fecha" => "2000"
                        "volumen" => "130"
                        "numero" => "5S Suppl"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1484S"
                        "paginaFinal" => "1487S"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10801963"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib12"
              "etiqueta" => "12"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Zinc-containing neurons in hippocampus and related CNS structures"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => """
                              CJ Frederickson \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              G Danscher \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61242-x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Prog Brain Res"
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "83"
                        "paginaInicial" => "71"
                        "paginaFinal" => "84"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2203108"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib13"
              "etiqueta" => "13"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Zinc and glutamine improve brain development in suckling mice subjected to early postnatal malnutrition"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => """
                              FV Ladd \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              AA Ladd \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            2 => """
                              AA Ribeiro \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            3 => """
                              SB Costa \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            4 => """
                              BP Coutinho \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            5 => """
                              GA Feitosa \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.nut.2009.11.020"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Nutrition"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "26"
                        "numero" => "6"
                        "paginaInicial" => "662"
                        "paginaFinal" => "670"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20371167"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib14"
              "etiqueta" => "14"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effects of vitamin A supplementation on intestinal barrier function&#44; growth&#44; total parasitic&#44; and specific Giardia spp infections in Brazilian children&#58; a prospective randomized&#44; double-blind&#44; placebo-controlled trial"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => """
                              AA Lima \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              AM Soares \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            2 => """
                              NL Lima \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            3 => """
                              RM Mota \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            4 => """
                              BL Maciel \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            5 => """
                              MP Kvalsund \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1097/MPG.0b013e3181a96489"
                      "Revista" => array:8 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "50"
                        "numero" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "309"
                        "paginaFinal" => "315"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20038852"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0140673618319482"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "01406736"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib15"
              "etiqueta" => "15"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Vitamin A deficiency and relational memory deficit in adult mice&#58; relationships with changes in brain retinoid signalling"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => """
                              N Etchamendy \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              V Enderlin \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            2 => """
                              A Marighetto \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            3 => """
                              V Pallet \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            4 => """
                              P Higueret \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            5 => """
                              R Jaffard \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/s0166-4328(03)00099-8"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Behav Brain Res"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "145"
                        "numero" => "1-2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "37"
                        "paginaFinal" => "49"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14529804"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib16"
              "etiqueta" => "16"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Glutamine Analogues As Adjunctive Therapy for Infectious Diarrhea"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => """
                              BA Carneiro-Filho \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              OY Bushen \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            2 => """
                              GA Brito \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            3 => """
                              AA Lima \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            4 => """
                              RL Guerrant \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s11908-003-0046-2"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Curr Infect Dis Rep"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "5"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "114"
                        "paginaFinal" => "119"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12641996"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib17"
              "etiqueta" => "17"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Glutamine supplemented parenteral nutrition prevents intestinal ischemia- reperfusion injury in rats"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => """
                              GH Wu \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              H Wang \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            2 => """
                              YW Zhang \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            3 => """
                              ZH Wu \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            4 => """
                              ZG Wu \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.3748/wjg.v10.i17.2592"
                      "Revista" => array:8 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "World J Gastroenterol"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "10"
                        "numero" => "17"
                        "paginaInicial" => "2592"
                        "paginaFinal" => "2594"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15300914"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S2215036618300610"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "22150366"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib18"
              "etiqueta" => "18"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Alanyl-glutamine hastens morphologic recovery from 5-fluorouracil-induced mucositis in mice"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => """
                              BA Carneiro-Filho \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              RB Oria \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            2 => """
                              RK Wood \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            3 => """
                              GA Brito \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            4 => """
                              J Fujii \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            5 => """
                              T Obrig \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.nut.2004.06.016"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Nutrition"
                        "fecha" => "2004"
                        "volumen" => "20"
                        "numero" => "10"
                        "paginaInicial" => "934"
                        "paginaFinal" => "941"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15474885"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib19"
              "etiqueta" => "19"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Roles of glutamine in neurotransmission"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => """
                              J Albrecht \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              M Sidoryk-Wegrzynowicz \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            2 => """
                              M Zielinska \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            3 => """
                              M Aschner \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Neuron Glia Biol"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "6"
                        "numero" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "263"
                        "paginaFinal" => "276"
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S221503661830467X"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "22150366"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib20"
              "etiqueta" => "20"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Association of early childhood diarrhea and cryptosporidiosis with impaired physical fitness and cognitive function four-seven years later in a poor urban community in northeast Brazil"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => """
                              DI Guerrant \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              SR Moore \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            2 => """
                              AA Lima \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            3 => """
                              PD Patrick \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            4 => """
                              JB Schorling \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            5 => """
                              RL Guerrant \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.4269/ajtmh.1999.61.707"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Trop Med Hyg"
                        "fecha" => "1999"
                        "volumen" => "61"
                        "numero" => "5"
                        "paginaInicial" => "707"
                        "paginaFinal" => "713"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10586898"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib21"
              "etiqueta" => "21"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Comparison of the World Health Organization &#40;WHO&#41; Child Growth Standards and the National Center for Health Statistics&#47;WHO international growth reference&#58; implications for child health programmes"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => """
                              M de Onis \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              AW Onyango \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            2 => """
                              E Borghi \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            3 => """
                              C Garza \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            4 => """
                              H Yang \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1017/phn20062005"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Public Health Nutr"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "9"
                        "numero" => "7"
                        "paginaInicial" => "942"
                        "paginaFinal" => "947"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17010261"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib22"
              "etiqueta" => "22"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Intestinal barrier function and weight gain in malnourished children taking glutamine supplemented enteral formula"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => """
                              AA Lima \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              LF Brito \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            2 => """
                              HB Ribeiro \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            3 => """
                              MC Martins \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            4 => """
                              AP Lustosa \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            5 => """
                              EM Rocha \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1097/00005176-200501000-00006"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "40"
                        "numero" => "1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "28"
                        "paginaFinal" => "35"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15625423"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            22 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib23"
              "etiqueta" => "23"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Test of nonverbal intelligence"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => """
                              L Brown \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              RJ Sherbenou \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            2 => """
                              SK Johnsen \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Libro" => array:4 [
                        "edicion" => "3<span class="elsevierStyleSup">rd</span> ed&#46;"
                        "fecha" => "1997"
                        "editorial" => "PRO-ED"
                        "editorialLocalizacion" => "Austin &#40;TX&#41;"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            23 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib24"
              "etiqueta" => "24"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Oral zinc for treating diarrhoea in children"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => """
                              M Lazzerini \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              L Ronfani \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:3 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Cochrane Database Syst Rev"
                        "fecha" => "2012"
                        "volumen" => "6"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            24 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib25"
              "etiqueta" => "25"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Gender differences in learning and memory after pediatric traumatic brain injury"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => """
                              J Donders \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              NM Hoffman \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1037//0894-4105.16.4.491"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Neuropsychology"
                        "fecha" => "2002"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "numero" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "491"
                        "paginaFinal" => "499"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12382988"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            25 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib26"
              "etiqueta" => "26"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Gender as a moderator of memory after traumatic brain injury in children"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => """
                              J Donders \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              HR Woodward \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1097/00001199-200303000-00002"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Head Trauma Rehabil"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "18"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "106"
                        "paginaFinal" => "115"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12802220"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            26 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib27"
              "etiqueta" => "27"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Factors associated with IQ scores in long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => """
                              LL Robison \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              ME Nesbit Jr \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            2 => """
                              HN Sather \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            3 => """
                              AT Meadows \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            4 => """
                              JA Ortega \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            5 => """
                              GD Hammond \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1097/00043426-198406020-00001"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"
                        "fecha" => "1984"
                        "volumen" => "6"
                        "numero" => "2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "115"
                        "paginaFinal" => "121"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6589968"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            27 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib28"
              "etiqueta" => "28"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Late effects of central nervous system treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood are sex-dependent"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => """
                              DP Waber \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              DK Urion \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            2 => """
                              NJ Tarbell \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            3 => """
                              C Niemeyer \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            4 => """
                              R Gelber \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            5 => """
                              SE Sallan \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1469-8749.1990.tb16930.x"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Dev Med Child Neurol"
                        "fecha" => "1990"
                        "volumen" => "32"
                        "numero" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "238"
                        "paginaFinal" => "248"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2311827"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            28 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib29"
              "etiqueta" => "29"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Estrogen receptor-alpha gene expression in the cortex&#58; sex differences during development and in adulthood"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => """
                              ME Wilson \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              JM Westberry \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            2 => """
                              AL Trout \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.08.004"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Horm Behav"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "59"
                        "numero" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "353"
                        "paginaFinal" => "357"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20713055"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            29 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib30"
              "etiqueta" => "30"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Neuroprotective actions of estradiol revisited"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => """
                              I Azcoitia \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              MA Arevalo \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            2 => """
                              AF De Nicola \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            3 => """
                              LM Garcia-Segura \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.tem.2011.08.002"
                      "Revista" => array:8 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Trends Endocrinol Metab"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "22"
                        "numero" => "12"
                        "paginaInicial" => "467"
                        "paginaFinal" => "473"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21889354"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0165032715305383"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "01650327"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            30 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib31"
              "etiqueta" => "31"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Gender differences in cognitive development"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => """
                              A Ardila \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              M Rosselli \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            2 => """
                              E Matute \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            3 => """
                              O Inozemtseva \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1037/a0023819"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Dev Psychol"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "47"
                        "numero" => "4"
                        "paginaInicial" => "984"
                        "paginaFinal" => "990"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21744957"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            31 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib32"
              "etiqueta" => "32"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "The neurotoxic effects of estrogen on ischemic stroke in older female rats is associated with age-dependent loss of insulin-like growth factor-1"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
                            0 => """
                              A Selvamani \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              F Sohrabji \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0761-10.2010"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Neurosci"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "30"
                        "numero" => "20"
                        "paginaInicial" => "6852"
                        "paginaFinal" => "6861"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20484627"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            32 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib33"
              "etiqueta" => "33"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Micronutrient deficiencies and cognitive functioning"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => """
                              MM Black \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1093/jn/133.11.3927S"
                      "Revista" => array:8 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "J Nutr"
                        "fecha" => "2003"
                        "volumen" => "133"
                        "numero" => "11 Suppl 2"
                        "paginaInicial" => "3927S"
                        "paginaFinal" => "3931S"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14672291"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0165032716319012"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "01650327"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            33 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib34"
              "etiqueta" => "34"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Effect of micronutrient supplement on health and nutritional status of schoolchildren&#58; mental function"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => """
                              S Vazir \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            1 => """
                              B Nagalla \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            2 => """
                              V Thangiah \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            3 => """
                              V Kamasamudram \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                            4 => """
                              S Bhattiprolu \n
                              \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
                              """
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1016/j.nut.2004.07.021"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Nutrition"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "22"
                        "numero" => "1 Suppl"
                        "paginaInicial" => "S26"
                        "paginaFinal" => "S32"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16426960"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "agradecimientos" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "identificador" => "xack639600"
        "titulo" => "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"
        "texto" => "<p id="para320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors would like to thank Sayonara Bezerra de Alencar&#44; F&#225;tima Alves&#44; Rosiana Maria de Paula Silva&#44; and Maria Luzia F&#46; Melo for all of their hard work and dedication to the Parque Universit&#225;rio community and the Clinical Research Unit of the Federal University of Cear&#225;&#46; The study was supported by a Brazilian funding agency&#44; CNPq&#44; and an ICIDR program grant&#44; &#35;5 U01 AI026512&#44; from the NIH&#44; USA&#46;</p>"
        "vista" => "all"
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/18075932/0000006800000003/v1_202212011730/S1807593222020737/v1_202212011730/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => null
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/18075932/0000006800000003/v1_202212011730/S1807593222020737/v1_202212011730/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1807593222020737?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
]

Article information

ISSN: 18075932
Original language: English

DOI:10.6061/clinics/2013(03)OA11

The statistics are updated each day

Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	7	3	10
2024 October	35	41	76
2024 September	20	18	38
2024 August	33	21	54
2024 July	22	26	48
2024 June	45	17	62
2024 May	47	12	59
2024 April	42	26	68
2024 March	28	14	42
2024 February	21	10	31
2024 January	11	20	31
2023 December	30	26	56
2023 November	26	25	51
2023 October	22	30	52
2023 September	25	21	46
2023 August	19	12	31
2023 July	17	21	38
2023 June	30	18	48
2023 May	40	0	40
2023 April	41	2	43
2023 March	30	1	31
2023 February	9	0	9
2023 January	32	3	35
2022 December	11	2	13

Show all

Indexed in:

Follow us:

Statistics

Indexed in:

Follow us:

Statistics

Subscribe to our newsletter