Do Omega-3 fatty acids prevent atrial fibrillation after open heart surgery? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

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Morillo" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Luciana" "apellidos" => "Armaganijan" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "I" "identificador" => "aff1" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "II" "identificador" => "aff2" ] ] ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Renato D." "apellidos" => "Lopes" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "renato.lopes@duke.edu" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "III" "identificador" => "aff3" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor1" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Jeff S." "apellidos" => "Healey" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "II" "identificador" => "aff2" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Jonathan P." "apellidos" => "Piccini" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "III" "identificador" => "aff3" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Girish M." "apellidos" => "Nair" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "II" "identificador" => "aff2" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Carlos A." "apellidos" => "Morillo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "II" "identificador" => "aff2" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Electrophysiology and Cardiac Arrhythmias, Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, São Paulo/SP, Brazil." "etiqueta" => "I" "identificador" => "aff1" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Arrhythmia Service, McMaster University, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada." "etiqueta" => "II" "identificador" => "aff2" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA." "etiqueta" => "III" "identificador" => "aff3" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor1" "etiqueta" => "*" "correspondencia" => "Tel.: 919 668-8241" ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig2" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 482 "Ancho" => 498 "Tamanyo" => 13159 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "A meta-analysis of the randomized studies examining the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "INTRODUCTIONAtrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia following cardiac surgery. Its incidence ranges from 20 to 70%, depending on the patient age and the complexity of the surgical procedure.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib1">1–3</a> Although well tolerated in most cases, postoperative AF is associated with prolonged hospitalization, increased costs, morbidity, and mortality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib4">4–6</a>The etiology of postoperative AF is multifactorial, and although several risk factors are associated with this condition, the underlying mechanisms are controversial. Furthermore, antiarrhythmic drugs have not been effective in preventing postoperative AF.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib2">2</a>Recent clinical and experimental studies have shown that N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are effective in preventing AF,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib7">7,8</a> and PUFAs have been used to prevent AF in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. However, the studies supporting this treatment have reported conflicting results on its efficacy in preventing postoperative AF.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib9">9–13</a> The objective of this analysis is to estimate the effect of PUFA on preventing postoperative AF through a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials.METHODSStudy SearchUsing the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2008), PUBMED, EMBASE, and LILACS databases, a literature search was conducted to identify all of the studies that reported the effects of PUFAs on the prevention of postoperative AF in human cardiac surgery patients. The final literature search was performed on January 30th, 2011. To maximize the sensitivity, no language restriction was used, and the search strategy involved only terms for PUFA (or fish oil), AF, and cardiac surgery. All of the included studies were randomized, both open and blinded studies were considered, and the enrolled patients had to be ≥18 years of age. In addition, the reference lists from the included studies were scrutinized to identify additional citations and specialists in the field, and the authors of the included publications were contacted and asked for unpublished data to avoid publication bias.Data AbstractionThe outcome of interest was the occurrence of AF. Two reviewers (LA and JSH) independently screened, extracted data from, and performed quality assessment of the cohort trials identified by the literature search. Any disagreements between the examiners were settled by consensus. A funnel plot of the results was generated to detect any publication bias. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig1">Figure 1</a> demonstrates the study selection process according to the PRISMA flow diagram.<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig1"></elsevierMultimedia>Definition of Atrial FibrillationThe definition of AF varied between the studies. Calo et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a> defined postoperative AF as any electrocardiographically confirmed episode of AF of more than 5 minutes in duration or requiring intervention for angina or compromised hemodynamics during the hospitalization period. In the Heidt study,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib11">11</a> AF was detected by monitoring or 12-lead electrocardiography during the intensive care unit period and was defined as any confirmed episode of AF lasting ≥15 minutes. In the Heidarsdottir study,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib12">12</a> all of the patients underwent continuous electrocardiographic monitoring during hospitalization, and postoperative AF was defined as any episode lasting more than 5 minutes. The patients exited the study upon discharge from the hospital or two weeks after the surgery. Finally, Saravanan et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a> defined AF as any episode lasting ≥30 seconds in the monitor recording (primary outcome). Clinically recognized AF (as documented in the patient's clinical records by the treating clinician) and the AF burden (defined as the percentage of time that a given patient had AF) were the secondary outcomes.Statistical AnalysisThe individual unit of analysis was the patient (not patient-years). Heterogeneity was evaluated using the Cochran Q and chi-squared tests. For the purpose of this analysis, we interpreted a chi-squared of ≥25 as indicative of significant heterogeneity. All of the analyses were performed according to the intention-to-treat principle. The overall treatment effects were reported via odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Random effects modeling with the Mantel-Haenszel test was performed to generate a pooled estimate of the effect of PUFA treatment on postoperative AF. To exclude ascertainment bias and any potential confounding due to concomitant treatments in open-label designs, we performed a sensitivity analysis that excluded the open-label trial. The statistical testing was two-tailed, and statistical significance was defined as p<0.05. All of the statistical analyses were conducted with the R Development Core Team software.RESULTSSearch ResultsFour clinical studies (538 patients) reporting the effects of PUFAs on the prevention of postoperative AF were identified and included in the final analyses of this study.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a>, Of the four studies, two<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib12">12,13</a> reported no effects on postoperative AF, and two<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib9">9,11</a> reported a significant reduction in the incidence of AF shortly after cardiac surgery.Study Characteristics and Study QualityThe characteristics of the studies are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl1">Table 1</a>. Most of the studies used encapsulated fish oil, but one<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib11">11</a> examined the effects of intravenously administered n-3 fatty acids. Two studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib12">12,13</a> had a placebo control, one<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib11">11</a> administered saturated fatty acids as a control, and the other one<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a> enrolled patients who had not received PUFA as the control group. The Calo,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a> Heidt,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib11">11</a> and Saravanan<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a> studies included patients who were >18 years of age, while Heidarsdottir<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib12">12</a> included all consecutive patients who were >40 years old and scheduled for elective or urgent (not emergent) open heart surgery. The Calo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a> and Heidt<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib11">11</a> studies excluded patients with unstable hemodynamic conditions before surgery, and Saravanan<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a> included patients who underwent elective isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Calo,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a> Heidt,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib11">11</a> and Saravanan<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a> all excluded concomitant valvular surgery.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl1"></elsevierMultimedia>Baseline Patient CharacteristicsThe preoperative baseline characteristics are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl2">Table 2</a>. In general, the patients in both control and study groups tended to be male with a mean age of 62.3 years. Most of the patients in all of the studies had a normal left atrial size and ejection fraction. Systemic hypertension was more frequently observed in the Calo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a> and Heidarsdottir<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib12">12</a> populations. The concomitant use of beta-blockers was more common in the Heidarsdottir<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib12">12</a> and Saravanan<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a> studies.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl2"></elsevierMultimedia>Atrial Fibrillation and Clinical Outcomes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig2">Figure 2</a> shows a forest plot comparing the total mortality of the patients that received PUFAs to those that did not receive PUFAs. The use of PUFAs was not associated with a reduction in the occurrence of postoperative AF in the patients undergoing cardiac surgery compared to the untreated patients (odds ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.56 - 1.13; p = 0.195). Similar results were observed when the open-label study was excluded from the analyses (odds ratio, 0.99; 95% confidence interval, 0.65 - 1.49; p = 0.963). Heidarsdottir et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib12">12</a> reported no differences in the postoperative outcomes (such as blood transfusion, the re-operation frequency, and major bleeding) between the groups. Two patients in the PUFA group died. One patient died due to a massive myocardial infarction and heart failure three days after surgery, and another patient died from an ascending aortic rupture two days after surgery. One patient in the PUFA arm and three patients in the placebo group suffered cerebrovascular accidents. Gastrointestinal discomfort was more common in the PUFA group and resulted in the discontinuation of two patients. In the Calo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a> study, no significant adverse reactions were observed in the PUFA patients, except for a single case of an allergic reaction, and there were no differences in the incidence of non-fatal complications or death between the groups. In both this study and in the study by Heidt et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib11">11</a> PUFA treatment was associated with a shorter hospital stay. In contrast, Saravanan et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a> found no difference in the length of the hospital stay between the groups. No drug-related complications were reported by Saravanan et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig2"></elsevierMultimedia>DISCUSSIONThis analysis showed no benefit of PUFAs for reducing AF following cardiac surgery.Although several strategies involving PUFAs have been developed for preventing postoperative AF, none have proven its efficacy or justify its routine use in this setting. Clinical and experimental studies have shown that the administration of PUFAs reduces major cardiac events, including sudden cardiac death, ventricular fibrillation, and AF.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib14">14–16</a> In a cohort of 4815 patients with 12 years of follow-up, Mozaffarian et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib17">17,18</a> demonstrated that fish intake is associated with a lower incidence of AF.Several studies have demonstrated the protective effect of PUFAs against ventricular arrhythmias. Hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential and an increase in the phase-4 refractory period have been postulated to be the main antiarrhythmic effects of PUFAs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib7">7,19</a> Moreover, PUFAs have been shown to reduce the asynchronous contractile activity of myocytes,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib20">20</a> increase electrical stability by prolonging the inactivation of fast outward sodium channels, and modulate calcium release as a result of their direct interaction with the sarcoplasmic reticulum. However, other studies have demonstrated that PUFAs shorten the effective refractory period and action potential,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib21">21–23</a> which favors the initiation and maintenance of AF. In fact, a few experimental studies have demonstrated a pro-arrhythmic effect of PUFAs.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib24">24,25</a> In terms of adverse side effects, the studies reported different outcomes and results, but in general, PUFAs do not seem to be directly associated with any bleeding or ischemic complications.Clinical studies have reported several benefits of PUFA treatment for chronic and acute inflammation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib26">26–28</a> EPA and DHA can inhibit the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4, and they also decrease the synthesis of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 beta.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib29">29</a> The trauma caused by surgery initiates both local and systemic inflammatory responses, reflected by increased C-reactive protein levels. Moreover, it is possible that local atrial inflammation may produce atrial conduction abnormalities and consequent reentrant arrhythmias. In a study conducted by Halonen et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib30">30</a> the administration of intravenous hydrocortisone reduced the incidence of AF after cardiac surgery, suggesting that an exaggerated inflammatory response could be an etiological factor for the development of postoperative AF. A study by Mariscalco et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib10">10</a> showed higher white blood cell counts after surgery in patients affected by early AF and lower levels of postoperative C-reactive protein levels in the PUFA-treated group, suggesting that PUFAs have anti-inflammatory properties. This was contradicted by a study by Saravanan,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a> which showed that C-reactive protein levels were not affected by PUFAs. This discrepancy might be due to the low doses of PUFAs used in this study, which may have been below the threshold required to exert any anti-inflammatory effects. Interestingly, patients in the Calo et al. study population were more likely to have a history of myocardial infarction and/or off-pump surgery. This might also explain the better response to PUFA therapy in this study compared to other studies.Calo et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a> first demonstrated that PUFA administration during hospitalization significantly reduced the occurrence of postoperative AF in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (18.1% absolute risk reduction [RR]; 54.4% relative RR) and was associated with a shorter hospital stay (7.3±2.1 days vs. 8.2±2.6 days for PUFA patients and control patients, respectively; p = 0.017). In the multivariable analysis, age and the use of PUFAs were significant independent predictors of postoperative AF. However, this study was not blinded or placebo-controlled, and it excluded patients undergoing valvular surgery and those with a history of AF, which are factors that increase the risk for postoperative AF. Another limitation of this study was that the patients in the PUFA group were hospitalized for fewer days and may have had unidentified asymptomatic AF after discharge.The results of this study are congruent with those found by Heidt.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib11">11</a> Only patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft procedures were included in that study. The patients treated with PUFAs developed significantly less AF than control patients (17.3% vs. 30.6%, respectively; p<0.05). More recently, Mariscalco et al. demonstrated that preoperative PUFA therapy is associated with a decreased incidence of early AF after cardiac surgery but does not prevent late AF. PUFA administration was independently associated with a 46% relative reduction in the risk of early AF development (OR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.31–0.92). This study included coronary artery bypass surgery procedures and valve repair, combined surgeries, and other types of cardiac surgery. Independent predictors of early AF were age, the left atrial area, reoperation, and the use of an intra-aortic balloon pump. However, this study was limited by its lack of randomization; therefore, a causal relationship between PUFAs and postoperative AF cannot be accurately assessed.Contrary to previous studies, two recent, randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled studies failed to demonstrate any beneficial effects of PUFA administration.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib12">12,13</a> In addition, the recently published Efficacy and Safety of Prescription Omega-3 Acid Ethyl Esters (P-OM3) for the Prevention of Recurrent Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation trial showed similar results. This was a prospective, randomized, and double-blinded trial of 663 AF patients (average age, 61 years; 56% male) enrolled at 96 sites in which the use of a fish oil-derived product (4 grams/day) was compared to the use of a placebo.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib31">31</a> The two main findings of this study were that the paroxysmal AF patients who received omega-3 did not differ significantly from the patients of the placebo group in terms of the time to the first recurrence of symptoms, and there was no significant difference in persistent AF between the treated and placebo groups.Differences in the patient profiles, the type of surgery, the definition of arrhythmia, and the method of arrhythmia surveillance could explain the contradictory results of these studies. In particular, the method used to evaluate the occurrence of AF and its burden had the most significant effect. Calo et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a> and Heidarsdottir et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib12">12</a> defined AF as any episode lasting more than 5 minutes, Heidt et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib11">11</a> used a cutoff of 15 minutes and Saravanan et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a> used a cutoff of 30 seconds. This difference likely explains the higher overall incidence of AF in the latter study.The method of rhythm surveillance (continuous monitoring vs. electrocardiogram monitoring only if symptoms are present) might also affect the detection of AF. Unsurprisingly, the occurrence of AF was higher in the studies that used continuous electrocardiographic monitoring, which was observed in the Saravanan sample.Another important issue that must be considered is the concomitant use of beta-blockers and statins. In Calo et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a> for example, the percentage of patients taking both drugs was much lower than in Saravanan et al. (57.5% on beta-blockers and 56.9% on statins compared to 85% and 98%, respectively). This may have offset the beneficial effects of PUFAs in the Saravanan population (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl3">Table 3</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl3"></elsevierMultimedia>CLINICAL IMPLICATIONSAtrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia following cardiac surgery, and inflammation plays a role in its genesis. PUFAs have some anti-inflammatory properties and antiarrhythmic effects. However, this meta-analysis showed that PUFA treatment is not associated with a reduction in the incidence of AF following cardiac surgery. Thus, the routine use of PUFAs in patients undergoing cardiac surgery for the prevention of postoperative AF is not recommended.LIMITATIONSOur study has some limitations. The major limitation is the clinical and statistical heterogeneity of the included studies. To overcome this degree of heterogeneity, it would be necessary to perform a large and adequately powered randomized study, which would be difficult to be conducted and expensive. Therefore, the lack of statistical power and the heterogeneity among the studies could, in part, have explained our findings. We only included randomized studies because they are the gold standard for assessing treatment effects. However, the population involved in randomized clinical trials is usually strictly selected and might not reflect the true profiles of the patients treated in clinical practice. Thus, caution should be taken when extrapolating our results to this setting. Furthermore, we could not systematically assess the adverse events associated with PUFA treatment because these outcomes were not systematically and consistently reported in the included studies. Various fatty acids and dosages were used in the studies, and we were unable to investigate the influence of the duration and dosage of preoperative PUFA treatment and its effects on the incidence of postoperative AF. The definition of AF also varied among the studies, which could have affected our findings. Finally, the overall incidence of postoperative AF depended on the type and duration of the monitoring techniques, which varied among the studies.Despite the heterogeneity of the studies included in our analysis, we demonstrated that there is currently insufficient evidence to suggest that PUFA treatment reduces AF following cardiac surgery. In addition, little information on the adverse events associated with PUFA treatment is available. A large, multicenter, randomized trial with well-defined clinical outcomes and a consistent method of detection of postoperative AF is still needed to assess the potential effect of PUFAs on postoperative AF and its potential adverse outcomes." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1582452" "titulo" => "KEYWORDS" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec10" "titulo" => "INTRODUCTION" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cesec20" "titulo" => "METHODS" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec30" "titulo" => "Study Search" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec40" "titulo" => "Data Abstraction" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec50" "titulo" => "Definition of Atrial Fibrillation" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec60" "titulo" => "Statistical Analysis" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cesec70" "titulo" => "RESULTS" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec80" "titulo" => "Search Results" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec90" "titulo" => "Study Characteristics and Study Quality" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec100" "titulo" => "Baseline Patient Characteristics" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec110" "titulo" => "Atrial Fibrillation and Clinical Outcomes" ] ] ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec120" "titulo" => "DISCUSSION" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec130" "titulo" => "CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cesec140" "titulo" => "LIMITATIONS" ] 7 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "REFERENCES" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2011-05-24" "fechaAceptado" => "2011-07-19" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "KEYWORDS" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1582452" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Omega-3 fatty acids" 1 => "Atrial fibrillation" 2 => "Meta-analysis" 3 => "Open Heart surgery" 4 => "Prevention" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:2 [ "resumen" => "OBJECTIVES:N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have been proposed as a novel treatment for preventing postoperative atrial fibrillation due to their potential anti-inflammatory and anti-arrhythmic effects. However, randomized studies have yielded conflicting results. The objective of this study is to review randomized trials of N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid use for postoperative atrial fibrillation. METHODS:Using the CENTRAL, PUBMED, EMBASE, and LILACS databases, a literature search was conducted to identify all of the studies in human subjects that reported the effects of N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation in cardiac surgery patients. The final search was performed on January 30, 2011. There was no language restriction, and the search strategy only involved terms for N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (or fish oil), atrial fibrillation, and cardiac surgery. To be included, the studies had to be randomized (open or blinded), and the enrolled patients had to be ≥18 years of age. RESULTS:Four randomized studies (three double-blind, one open-label) that enrolled 538 patients were identified. The patients were predominantly male, the mean age was 62.3 years, and most of the patients exhibited a normal left atrial size and ejection fraction. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid use was not associated with a reduction in postoperative atrial fibrillation. Similar results were observed when the open-label study was excluded. CONCLUSIONS:There is insufficient evidence to suggest that treatment with N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces postoperative atrial fibrillation. Therefore, their routine use in patients undergoing cardiac surgery is not recommended." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "ceabs10" "titulo" => "OBJECTIVES:" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "ceabs20" "titulo" => "METHODS:" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "ceabs30" "titulo" => "RESULTS:" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "ceabs40" "titulo" => "CONCLUSIONS:" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "nota" => "No potential conflict of interest was reported. Armaganijan L conceived the study aims and design, contributed to the systematic review and data extraction, performed the analysis and interpreted the results, drafted the manuscript. Lopes RD, Healey JS conceived the study aims and design, contributed to the systematic review and data extraction, performed the analysis and interpreted the results. Nair GM, Morillo CA, Piccini JP contributed to the data extraction, interpretation of results, and to the revision of the manuscript." ] ] "multimedia" => array:5 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig1" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 426 "Ancho" => 431 "Tamanyo" => 18988 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "The PRISMA flow diagram." ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig2" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 482 "Ancho" => 498 "Tamanyo" => 13159 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "A meta-analysis of the randomized studies examining the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation." ] ] 2 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl1" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "AAD, antiarrhythmic drugs; BB, beta-blockers; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CCB, calcium channel blockers; IV, intravenous; NSR, normal sinus rhythm; POAF, postoperative atrial fibrillation; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; SVT, supraventricular tachycardia." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Results (POAF)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Study \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">N \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Study design \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Inclusion criteria \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Exclusion criteria \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">PUFA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Calo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">160 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">Open-label, prospective, randomized, controlled trial with parallel groups; not blinded \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">No PUFA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">Age >18, NSR, stable hemodynamic conditions before surgery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">Concomitant valvular surgery, a prior history of any SVT, the current use of an AAD other than BB, CCB, or digitalis \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">15.2% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">33.3% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Heidt \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">102 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">Prospective, randomized double-blinded trial \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">IV saturated free fatty acids \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">Age >18, NSR, stable hemodynamic conditions before surgery, no angina at rest \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">Concomitant valvular surgery, a prior history of any SVT, the current use of an AAD other than BB or CCB \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">17.3% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">30.6% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Heidarsdottir \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">168 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">Prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">Placebo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">All of the consecutive patients scheduled for elective or open heart surgery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">Age <40, prior history of any SVT, the current use of amiodarone or sotalol, an emergent operation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">54.2% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">54.1% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Saravanan \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">103 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Placebo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age >18, scheduled to undergo elective isolated CABG \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A prior history of any atrial arrhythmia, the current use of a class-1 or class-3 AAD, fish oil use within 3 mos prior to surgery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">56% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">43% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Studies characteristics." ] ] 3 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl2" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "The values are presented as the mean ± standard deviation or as the median (25th, 75th), unless otherwise indicated. EF, ejection fraction; HTN, hypertension; LA, left atrium; NR, not reported; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Male (%)</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">LA (mm)</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">EF (%)</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">HTN (%)</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Beta-blocker (%)</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">PUFA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">PUFA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">PUFA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">PUFA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">PUFA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Control \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">PUFA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Calo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">64.9±9.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">66.2±8.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">84 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">86 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">39.7±5.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">39.7±5.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">55.3±11.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">56.3±12.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">81.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">78.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">56.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">58.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Heidt \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">NR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">NR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">73 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">40.5±5.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">40.0±5.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">52.3±15.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">52.0±15.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">NR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">NR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">NR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">NR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Heidarsdottir \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">67 (43, 82) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">67 (45, 82) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">76.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">81.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">NR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">NR \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">60 (15, 77.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">60 (15, 70) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">64.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">61.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">74.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">78.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Saravanan \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">68 (64, 73) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">64 (58, 71) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">6% hadLA≥2.3cm/m2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">4% hadLA≥2.3 cm/m2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">8% hadEF≤55% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">10% hadEF≤55% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">35 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">82 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">88 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Baseline characteristics." ] ] 4 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "tbl3" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; ECG, electrocardiograph; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; ICU, intensive care unit; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid." "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Study \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Type/dose of PUFA \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Definition of AF \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Rhythm surveillance \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Calo \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">Daily doses of 850–882 mg EPA and DHA in an average ratio of 1:2 EPA:DHA, initiated at least 5 days before surgery and continued until hospital discharge \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">Any episode lasting more than 5 min or requiring intervention \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">Continuous rhythm monitoring for the first 4–5 days, followed by daily ECG until hospital discharge \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Heidt \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">Infusion pump (100 mg soya oil/kg body weight/day) started at least 12 hours before surgery and continued until transfer to the ward \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">Any episode lasting more than 15 min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">Monitoring or 12-lead ECG during the ICU period \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top">Heidarsdottir \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">Two capsules twice daily for a daily dose of 1240 mg EPA, initiated 5–7 days before surgery and continued until hospital discharge or a maximum of 2 weeks after surgery \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">Any episode lasting more than 5 min \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top">Continuous ECG monitoring during hospitalization \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Saravanan \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Daily doses of 2 mg of a commercially available n-3 PUFA preparation, providing 85–88% EPA+DHA as ethyl esters in a ratio of 1:2:1 and initiated at least 5 days before CABG and continued until the day of discharge \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Any episode lasting more than 30 sec \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Heart rhythm monitoring (Holter) from the immediate post-op period to 5 days after surgery; if the patient was hospitalized for longer than 5 days, ECG was performed daily \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "The PUFA type and dose, the definition of AF, and the rhythm surveillance method." ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "REFERENCES" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "cebibsec10" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:31 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib1" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Atrial fibrillation following coronary artery bypass surgery" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => """ MS Lauer \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 1 => """ KA Eagle \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 2 => """ MJ Buckley \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ 3 => """ RW DeSanctis \n \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t """ ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 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Luciana ArmaganijanI,II, Renato D. LopesIII,

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renato.lopes@duke.edu

Tel.: 919 668-8241

, Jeff S. HealeyII, Jonathan P. PicciniIII, Girish M. NairII, Carlos A. MorilloII

I Electrophysiology and Cardiac Arrhythmias, Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.

II Department of Medicine, Cardiology Division, Arrhythmia Service, McMaster University, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, ON, Canada.

III Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="cesec10" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle60">INTRODUCTION</span><p id="para10" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Atrial fibrillation &#40;AF&#41; is the most common arrhythmia following cardiac surgery&#46; Its incidence ranges from 20 to 70&#37;&#44; depending on the patient age and the complexity of the surgical procedure&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib1">1&#8211;3</a> Although well tolerated in most cases&#44; postoperative AF is associated with prolonged hospitalization&#44; increased costs&#44; morbidity&#44; and mortality&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib4">4&#8211;6</a></p><p id="para20" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The etiology of postoperative AF is multifactorial&#44; and although several risk factors are associated with this condition&#44; the underlying mechanisms are controversial&#46; Furthermore&#44; antiarrhythmic drugs have not been effective in preventing postoperative AF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib2">2</a></p><p id="para30" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recent clinical and experimental studies have shown that N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids &#40;PUFAs&#41; are effective in preventing AF&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib7">7&#44;8</a> and PUFAs have been used to prevent AF in patients undergoing cardiac surgery&#46; However&#44; the studies supporting this treatment have reported conflicting results on its efficacy in preventing postoperative AF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib9">9&#8211;13</a> The objective of this analysis is to estimate the effect of PUFA on preventing postoperative AF through a meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec20" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle70">METHODS</span><span id="cesec30" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle80">Study Search</span><p id="para40" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Using the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials &#40;CENTRAL&#44; The Cochrane Library&#44; Issue 3&#44; 2008&#41;&#44; PUBMED&#44; EMBASE&#44; and LILACS databases&#44; a literature search was conducted to identify all of the studies that reported the effects of PUFAs on the prevention of postoperative AF in human cardiac surgery patients&#46; The final literature search was performed on January 30th&#44; 2011&#46; To maximize the sensitivity&#44; no language restriction was used&#44; and the search strategy involved only terms for PUFA &#40;or fish oil&#41;&#44; AF&#44; and cardiac surgery&#46; All of the included studies were randomized&#44; both open and blinded studies were considered&#44; and the enrolled patients had to be &#8805;18 years of age&#46; In addition&#44; the reference lists from the included studies were scrutinized to identify additional citations and specialists in the field&#44; and the authors of the included publications were contacted and asked for unpublished data to avoid publication bias&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec40" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle90">Data Abstraction</span><p id="para50" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The outcome of interest was the occurrence of AF&#46; Two reviewers &#40;LA and JSH&#41; independently screened&#44; extracted data from&#44; and performed quality assessment of the cohort trials identified by the literature search&#46; Any disagreements between the examiners were settled by consensus&#46; A funnel plot of the results was generated to detect any publication bias&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig1">Figure 1</a> demonstrates the study selection process according to the PRISMA flow diagram&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig1"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="cesec50" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle100">Definition of Atrial Fibrillation</span><p id="para60" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The definition of AF varied between the studies&#46; Calo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a> defined postoperative AF as any electrocardiographically confirmed episode of AF of more than 5 minutes in duration or requiring intervention for angina or compromised hemodynamics during the hospitalization period&#46; In the Heidt study&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib11">11</a> AF was detected by monitoring or 12-lead electrocardiography during the intensive care unit period and was defined as any confirmed episode of AF lasting &#8805;15 minutes&#46; In the Heidarsdottir study&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib12">12</a> all of the patients underwent continuous electrocardiographic monitoring during hospitalization&#44; and postoperative AF was defined as any episode lasting more than 5 minutes&#46; The patients exited the study upon discharge from the hospital or two weeks after the surgery&#46; Finally&#44; Saravanan et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a> defined AF as any episode lasting &#8805;30 seconds in the monitor recording &#40;primary outcome&#41;&#46; Clinically recognized AF &#40;as documented in the patient&#39;s clinical records by the treating clinician&#41; and the AF burden &#40;defined as the percentage of time that a given patient had AF&#41; were the secondary outcomes&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec60" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle110">Statistical Analysis</span><p id="para70" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The individual unit of analysis was the patient &#40;not patient-years&#41;&#46; Heterogeneity was evaluated using the Cochran Q and chi-squared tests&#46; For the purpose of this analysis&#44; we interpreted a chi-squared of &#8805;25 as indicative of significant heterogeneity&#46; All of the analyses were performed according to the intention-to-treat principle&#46; The overall treatment effects were reported via odds ratios with 95&#37; confidence intervals&#46; Random effects modeling with the Mantel-Haenszel test was performed to generate a pooled estimate of the effect of PUFA treatment on postoperative AF&#46; To exclude ascertainment bias and any potential confounding due to concomitant treatments in open-label designs&#44; we performed a sensitivity analysis that excluded the open-label trial&#46; The statistical testing was two-tailed&#44; and statistical significance was defined as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;05&#46; All of the statistical analyses were conducted with the R Development Core Team software&#46;</p></span></span><span id="cesec70" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle120">RESULTS</span><span id="cesec80" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle130">Search Results</span><p id="para80" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Four clinical studies &#40;538 patients&#41; reporting the effects of PUFAs on the prevention of postoperative AF were identified and included in the final analyses of this study&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a>&#44; Of the four studies&#44; two<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib12">12&#44;13</a> reported no effects on postoperative AF&#44; and two<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib9">9&#44;11</a> reported a significant reduction in the incidence of AF shortly after cardiac surgery&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec90" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle140">Study Characteristics and Study Quality</span><p id="para90" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The characteristics of the studies are summarized in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl1">Table 1</a>&#46; Most of the studies used encapsulated fish oil&#44; but one<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib11">11</a> examined the effects of intravenously administered n-3 fatty acids&#46; Two studies<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib12">12&#44;13</a> had a placebo control&#44; one<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib11">11</a> administered saturated fatty acids as a control&#44; and the other one<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a> enrolled patients who had not received PUFA as the control group&#46; The Calo&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a> Heidt&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib11">11</a> and Saravanan<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a> studies included patients who were &#62;18 years of age&#44; while Heidarsdottir<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib12">12</a> included all consecutive patients who were &#62;40 years old and scheduled for elective or urgent &#40;not emergent&#41; open heart surgery&#46; The Calo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a> and Heidt<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib11">11</a> studies excluded patients with unstable hemodynamic conditions before surgery&#44; and Saravanan<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a> included patients who underwent elective isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery&#46; Calo&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a> Heidt&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib11">11</a> and Saravanan<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a> all excluded concomitant valvular surgery&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl1"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="cesec100" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle150">Baseline Patient Characteristics</span><p id="para100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The preoperative baseline characteristics are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl2">Table 2</a>&#46; In general&#44; the patients in both control and study groups tended to be male with a mean age of 62&#46;3 years&#46; Most of the patients in all of the studies had a normal left atrial size and ejection fraction&#46; Systemic hypertension was more frequently observed in the Calo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a> and Heidarsdottir<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib12">12</a> populations&#46; The concomitant use of beta-blockers was more common in the Heidarsdottir<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib12">12</a> and Saravanan<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a> studies&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl2"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="cesec110" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle160">Atrial Fibrillation and Clinical Outcomes</span><p id="para110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig2">Figure 2</a> shows a forest plot comparing the total mortality of the patients that received PUFAs to those that did not receive PUFAs&#46; The use of PUFAs was not associated with a reduction in the occurrence of postoperative AF in the patients undergoing cardiac surgery compared to the untreated patients &#40;odds ratio&#44; 0&#46;79&#59; 95&#37; confidence interval&#44; 0&#46;56 - 1&#46;13&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; 0&#46;195&#41;&#46; Similar results were observed when the open-label study was excluded from the analyses &#40;odds ratio&#44; 0&#46;99&#59; 95&#37; confidence interval&#44; 0&#46;65 - 1&#46;49&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; 0&#46;963&#41;&#46; Heidarsdottir et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib12">12</a> reported no differences in the postoperative outcomes &#40;such as blood transfusion&#44; the re-operation frequency&#44; and major bleeding&#41; between the groups&#46; Two patients in the PUFA group died&#46; One patient died due to a massive myocardial infarction and heart failure three days after surgery&#44; and another patient died from an ascending aortic rupture two days after surgery&#46; One patient in the PUFA arm and three patients in the placebo group suffered cerebrovascular accidents&#46; Gastrointestinal discomfort was more common in the PUFA group and resulted in the discontinuation of two patients&#46; In the Calo<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a> study&#44; no significant adverse reactions were observed in the PUFA patients&#44; except for a single case of an allergic reaction&#44; and there were no differences in the incidence of non-fatal complications or death between the groups&#46; In both this study and in the study by Heidt et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib11">11</a> PUFA treatment was associated with a shorter hospital stay&#46; In contrast&#44; Saravanan et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a> found no difference in the length of the hospital stay between the groups&#46; No drug-related complications were reported by Saravanan et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig2"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="cesec120" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle170">DISCUSSION</span><p id="para120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This analysis showed no benefit of PUFAs for reducing AF following cardiac surgery&#46;</p><p id="para130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although several strategies involving PUFAs have been developed for preventing postoperative AF&#44; none have proven its efficacy or justify its routine use in this setting&#46; Clinical and experimental studies have shown that the administration of PUFAs reduces major cardiac events&#44; including sudden cardiac death&#44; ventricular fibrillation&#44; and AF&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib14">14&#8211;16</a> In a cohort of 4815 patients with 12 years of follow-up&#44; Mozaffarian et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib17">17&#44;18</a> demonstrated that fish intake is associated with a lower incidence of AF&#46;</p><p id="para140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies have demonstrated the protective effect of PUFAs against ventricular arrhythmias&#46; Hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential and an increase in the phase-4 refractory period have been postulated to be the main antiarrhythmic effects of PUFAs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib7">7&#44;19</a> Moreover&#44; PUFAs have been shown to reduce the asynchronous contractile activity of myocytes&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib20">20</a> increase electrical stability by prolonging the inactivation of fast outward sodium channels&#44; and modulate calcium release as a result of their direct interaction with the sarcoplasmic reticulum&#46; However&#44; other studies have demonstrated that PUFAs shorten the effective refractory period and action potential&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib21">21&#8211;23</a> which favors the initiation and maintenance of AF&#46; In fact&#44; a few experimental studies have demonstrated a pro-arrhythmic effect of PUFAs&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib24">24&#44;25</a> In terms of adverse side effects&#44; the studies reported different outcomes and results&#44; but in general&#44; PUFAs do not seem to be directly associated with any bleeding or ischemic complications&#46;</p><p id="para150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clinical studies have reported several benefits of PUFA treatment for chronic and acute inflammation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib26">26&#8211;28</a> EPA and DHA can inhibit the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4&#44; and they also decrease the synthesis of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 beta&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib29">29</a> The trauma caused by surgery initiates both local and systemic inflammatory responses&#44; reflected by increased C-reactive protein levels&#46; Moreover&#44; it is possible that local atrial inflammation may produce atrial conduction abnormalities and consequent reentrant arrhythmias&#46; In a study conducted by Halonen et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib30">30</a> the administration of intravenous hydrocortisone reduced the incidence of AF after cardiac surgery&#44; suggesting that an exaggerated inflammatory response could be an etiological factor for the development of postoperative AF&#46; A study by Mariscalco et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib10">10</a> showed higher white blood cell counts after surgery in patients affected by early AF and lower levels of postoperative C-reactive protein levels in the PUFA-treated group&#44; suggesting that PUFAs have anti-inflammatory properties&#46; This was contradicted by a study by Saravanan&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a> which showed that C-reactive protein levels were not affected by PUFAs&#46; This discrepancy might be due to the low doses of PUFAs used in this study&#44; which may have been below the threshold required to exert any anti-inflammatory effects&#46; Interestingly&#44; patients in the Calo et al&#46; study population were more likely to have a history of myocardial infarction and&#47;or off-pump surgery&#46; This might also explain the better response to PUFA therapy in this study compared to other studies&#46;</p><p id="para160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Calo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a> first demonstrated that PUFA administration during hospitalization significantly reduced the occurrence of postoperative AF in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery &#40;18&#46;1&#37; absolute risk reduction &#91;RR&#93;&#59; 54&#46;4&#37; relative RR&#41; and was associated with a shorter hospital stay &#40;7&#46;3&#177;2&#46;1 days vs&#46; 8&#46;2&#177;2&#46;6 days for PUFA patients and control patients&#44; respectively&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> &#61; 0&#46;017&#41;&#46; In the multivariable analysis&#44; age and the use of PUFAs were significant independent predictors of postoperative AF&#46; However&#44; this study was not blinded or placebo-controlled&#44; and it excluded patients undergoing valvular surgery and those with a history of AF&#44; which are factors that increase the risk for postoperative AF&#46; Another limitation of this study was that the patients in the PUFA group were hospitalized for fewer days and may have had unidentified asymptomatic AF after discharge&#46;</p><p id="para170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of this study are congruent with those found by Heidt&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib11">11</a> Only patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft procedures were included in that study&#46; The patients treated with PUFAs developed significantly less AF than control patients &#40;17&#46;3&#37; vs&#46; 30&#46;6&#37;&#44; respectively&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>&#60;0&#46;05&#41;&#46; More recently&#44; Mariscalco et al&#46; demonstrated that preoperative PUFA therapy is associated with a decreased incidence of early AF after cardiac surgery but does not prevent late AF&#46; PUFA administration was independently associated with a 46&#37; relative reduction in the risk of early AF development &#40;OR&#44; 0&#46;54&#59; 95&#37; CI&#44; 0&#46;31&#8211;0&#46;92&#41;&#46; This study included coronary artery bypass surgery procedures and valve repair&#44; combined surgeries&#44; and other types of cardiac surgery&#46; Independent predictors of early AF were age&#44; the left atrial area&#44; reoperation&#44; and the use of an intra-aortic balloon pump&#46; However&#44; this study was limited by its lack of randomization&#59; therefore&#44; a causal relationship between PUFAs and postoperative AF cannot be accurately assessed&#46;</p><p id="para180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Contrary to previous studies&#44; two recent&#44; randomized&#44; double-blind&#44; and placebo-controlled studies failed to demonstrate any beneficial effects of PUFA administration&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib12">12&#44;13</a> In addition&#44; the recently published <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Efficacy and Safety of Prescription Omega-3 Acid Ethyl Esters &#40;P-OM3&#41; for the Prevention of Recurrent Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation</span> trial showed similar results&#46; This was a prospective&#44; randomized&#44; and double-blinded trial of 663 AF patients &#40;average age&#44; 61 years&#59; 56&#37; male&#41; enrolled at 96 sites in which the use of a fish oil-derived product &#40;4 grams&#47;day&#41; was compared to the use of a placebo&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib31">31</a> The two main findings of this study were that the paroxysmal AF patients who received omega-3 did not differ significantly from the patients of the placebo group in terms of the time to the first recurrence of symptoms&#44; and there was no significant difference in persistent AF between the treated and placebo groups&#46;</p><p id="para190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Differences in the patient profiles&#44; the type of surgery&#44; the definition of arrhythmia&#44; and the method of arrhythmia surveillance could explain the contradictory results of these studies&#46; In particular&#44; the method used to evaluate the occurrence of AF and its burden had the most significant effect&#46; Calo et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a> and Heidarsdottir et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib12">12</a> defined AF as any episode lasting more than 5 minutes&#44; Heidt et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib11">11</a> used a cutoff of 15 minutes and Saravanan et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib13">13</a> used a cutoff of 30 seconds&#46; This difference likely explains the higher overall incidence of AF in the latter study&#46;</p><p id="para200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The method of rhythm surveillance &#40;continuous monitoring vs&#46; electrocardiogram monitoring only if symptoms are present&#41; might also affect the detection of AF&#46; Unsurprisingly&#44; the occurrence of AF was higher in the studies that used continuous electrocardiographic monitoring&#44; which was observed in the Saravanan sample&#46;</p><p id="para210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another important issue that must be considered is the concomitant use of beta-blockers and statins&#46; In Calo et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib9">9</a> for example&#44; the percentage of patients taking both drugs was much lower than in Saravanan et al&#46; &#40;57&#46;5&#37; on beta-blockers and 56&#46;9&#37; on statins compared to 85&#37; and 98&#37;&#44; respectively&#41;&#46; This may have offset the beneficial effects of PUFAs in the Saravanan population &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl3">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl3"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="cesec130" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle180">CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS</span><p id="para220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia following cardiac surgery&#44; and inflammation plays a role in its genesis&#46; PUFAs have some anti-inflammatory properties and antiarrhythmic effects&#46; However&#44; this meta-analysis showed that PUFA treatment is not associated with a reduction in the incidence of AF following cardiac surgery&#46; Thus&#44; the routine use of PUFAs in patients undergoing cardiac surgery for the prevention of postoperative AF is not recommended&#46;</p></span><span id="cesec140" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle190">LIMITATIONS</span><p id="para230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study has some limitations&#46; The major limitation is the clinical and statistical heterogeneity of the included studies&#46; To overcome this degree of heterogeneity&#44; it would be necessary to perform a large and adequately powered randomized study&#44; which would be difficult to be conducted and expensive&#46; Therefore&#44; the lack of statistical power and the heterogeneity among the studies could&#44; in part&#44; have explained our findings&#46; We only included randomized studies because they are the gold standard for assessing treatment effects&#46; However&#44; the population involved in randomized clinical trials is usually strictly selected and might not reflect the true profiles of the patients treated in clinical practice&#46; Thus&#44; caution should be taken when extrapolating our results to this setting&#46; Furthermore&#44; we could not systematically assess the adverse events associated with PUFA treatment because these outcomes were not systematically and consistently reported in the included studies&#46; Various fatty acids and dosages were used in the studies&#44; and we were unable to investigate the influence of the duration and dosage of preoperative PUFA treatment and its effects on the incidence of postoperative AF&#46; The definition of AF also varied among the studies&#44; which could have affected our findings&#46; Finally&#44; the overall incidence of postoperative AF depended on the type and duration of the monitoring techniques&#44; which varied among the studies&#46;</p><p id="para240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the heterogeneity of the studies included in our analysis&#44; we demonstrated that there is currently insufficient evidence to suggest that PUFA treatment reduces AF following cardiac surgery&#46; In addition&#44; little information on the adverse events associated with PUFA treatment is available&#46; A large&#44; multicenter&#44; randomized trial with well-defined clinical outcomes and a consistent method of detection of postoperative AF is still needed to assess the potential effect of PUFAs on postoperative AF and its potential adverse outcomes&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
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        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1582452"
          "titulo" => "KEYWORDS"
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "cesec10"
          "titulo" => "INTRODUCTION"
        ]
        2 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "cesec20"
          "titulo" => "METHODS"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec30"
              "titulo" => "Study Search"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec40"
              "titulo" => "Data Abstraction"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec50"
              "titulo" => "Definition of Atrial Fibrillation"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec60"
              "titulo" => "Statistical Analysis"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        3 => array:3 [
          "identificador" => "cesec70"
          "titulo" => "RESULTS"
          "secciones" => array:4 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec80"
              "titulo" => "Search Results"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec90"
              "titulo" => "Study Characteristics and Study Quality"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec100"
              "titulo" => "Baseline Patient Characteristics"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "identificador" => "cesec110"
              "titulo" => "Atrial Fibrillation and Clinical Outcomes"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "cesec120"
          "titulo" => "DISCUSSION"
        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "cesec130"
          "titulo" => "CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS"
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "cesec140"
          "titulo" => "LIMITATIONS"
        ]
        7 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "REFERENCES"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2011-05-24"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2011-07-19"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "KEYWORDS"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1582452"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Omega-3 fatty acids"
            1 => "Atrial fibrillation"
            2 => "Meta-analysis"
            3 => "Open Heart surgery"
            4 => "Prevention"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:1 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "resumen" => "<span id="ceabs10" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle10">OBJECTIVES&#58;</span><p id="spara90" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids have been proposed as a novel treatment for preventing postoperative atrial fibrillation due to their potential anti-inflammatory and anti-arrhythmic effects&#46; However&#44; randomized studies have yielded conflicting results&#46; The objective of this study is to review randomized trials of N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid use for postoperative atrial fibrillation&#46;</p></span> <span id="ceabs20" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle20">METHODS&#58;</span><p id="spara100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Using the CENTRAL&#44; PUBMED&#44; EMBASE&#44; and LILACS databases&#44; a literature search was conducted to identify all of the studies in human subjects that reported the effects of N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation in cardiac surgery patients&#46; The final search was performed on January 30&#44; 2011&#46; There was no language restriction&#44; and the search strategy only involved terms for N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids &#40;or fish oil&#41;&#44; atrial fibrillation&#44; and cardiac surgery&#46; To be included&#44; the studies had to be randomized &#40;open or blinded&#41;&#44; and the enrolled patients had to be &#8805;18 years of age&#46;</p></span> <span id="ceabs30" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle30">RESULTS&#58;</span><p id="spara110" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Four randomized studies &#40;three double-blind&#44; one open-label&#41; that enrolled 538 patients were identified&#46; The patients were predominantly male&#44; the mean age was 62&#46;3 years&#44; and most of the patients exhibited a normal left atrial size and ejection fraction&#46; N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid use was not associated with a reduction in postoperative atrial fibrillation&#46; Similar results were observed when the open-label study was excluded&#46;</p></span> <span id="ceabs40" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="cestitle40">CONCLUSIONS&#58;</span><p id="spara120" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There is insufficient evidence to suggest that treatment with N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces postoperative atrial fibrillation&#46; Therefore&#44; their routine use in patients undergoing cardiac surgery is not recommended&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "ceabs10"
            "titulo" => "OBJECTIVES&#58;"
          ]
          1 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "ceabs20"
            "titulo" => "METHODS&#58;"
          ]
          2 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "ceabs30"
            "titulo" => "RESULTS&#58;"
          ]
          3 => array:2 [
            "identificador" => "ceabs40"
            "titulo" => "CONCLUSIONS&#58;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:1 [
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="cenpara10">No potential conflict of interest was reported&#46;</p> <p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="cenpara20">Armaganijan L conceived the study aims and design&#44; contributed to the systematic review and data extraction&#44; performed the analysis and interpreted the results&#44; drafted the manuscript&#46; Lopes RD&#44; Healey JS conceived the study aims and design&#44; contributed to the systematic review and data extraction&#44; performed the analysis and interpreted the results&#46; Nair GM&#44; Morillo CA&#44; Piccini JP contributed to the data extraction&#44; interpretation of results&#44; and to the revision of the manuscript&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:5 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig1"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara10" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The PRISMA flow diagram&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig2"
        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
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        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara20" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A meta-analysis of the randomized studies examining the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl1"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara40" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AAD&#44; antiarrhythmic drugs&#59; BB&#44; beta-blockers&#59; CABG&#44; coronary artery bypass grafting&#59; CCB&#44; calcium channel blockers&#59; IV&#44; intravenous&#59; NSR&#44; normal sinus rhythm&#59; POAF&#44; postoperative atrial fibrillation&#59; PUFA&#44; polyunsaturated fatty acid&#59; SVT&#44; supraventricular tachycardia&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">Results &#40;POAF&#41;</span></th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">N&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Study design&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Inclusion criteria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Exclusion criteria&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">PUFA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">Calo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">160&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Open-label&#44; prospective&#44; randomized&#44; controlled trial with parallel groups&#59; not blinded&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">No PUFA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Age &#62;18&#44; NSR&#44; stable hemodynamic conditions before surgery&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Concomitant valvular surgery&#44; a prior history of any SVT&#44; the current use of an AAD other than BB&#44; CCB&#44; or digitalis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">15&#46;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">33&#46;3&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">Heidt&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">102&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Prospective&#44; randomized double-blinded trial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">IV saturated free fatty acids&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Age &#62;18&#44; NSR&#44; stable hemodynamic conditions before surgery&#44; no angina at rest&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Concomitant valvular surgery&#44; a prior history of any SVT&#44; the current use of an AAD other than BB or CCB&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">17&#46;3&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">30&#46;6&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">Heidarsdottir&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">168&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Prospective&#44; randomized&#44; double-blinded&#44; placebo-controlled trial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Placebo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">All of the consecutive patients scheduled for elective or open heart surgery&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Age &#60;40&#44; prior history of any SVT&#44; the current use of amiodarone or sotalol&#44; an emergent operation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">54&#46;2&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">54&#46;1&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Saravanan&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">103&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Prospective&#44; randomized&#44; double-blinded&#44; placebo-controlled trial&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Placebo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age &#62;18&#44; scheduled to undergo elective isolated CABG&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">A prior history of any atrial arrhythmia&#44; the current use of a class-1 or class-3 AAD&#44; fish oil use within 3 mos prior to surgery&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">56&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">43&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara30" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Studies characteristics&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl2"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara60" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The values are presented as the mean &#177; standard deviation or as the median &#40;25th&#44; 75th&#41;&#44; unless otherwise indicated&#46; EF&#44; ejection fraction&#59; HTN&#44; hypertension&#59; LA&#44; left atrium&#59; NR&#44; not reported&#59; PUFA&#44; polyunsaturated fatty acid&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">Age</span></th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">Male &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">LA &#40;mm&#41;</span></th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">EF &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">HTN &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="center" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleUnderline">Beta-blocker &#40;&#37;&#41;</span></th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col">&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">PUFA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">PUFA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">PUFA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">PUFA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">PUFA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Control&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">PUFA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">Calo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">64&#46;9&#177;9&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">66&#46;2&#177;8&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">84&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">86&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">39&#46;7&#177;5&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">39&#46;7&#177;5&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">55&#46;3&#177;11&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">56&#46;3&#177;12&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">81&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">78&#46;5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">56&#46;8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">58&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">Heidt&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">NR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">NR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">64&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">73&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">40&#46;5&#177;5&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">40&#46;0&#177;5&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">52&#46;3&#177;15&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">52&#46;0&#177;15&#46;0&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">NR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">NR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">NR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">NR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">Heidarsdottir&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">67 &#40;43&#44; 82&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">67 &#40;45&#44; 82&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">76&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">81&#46;9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">NR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">NR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">60 &#40;15&#44; 77&#46;5&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">60 &#40;15&#44; 70&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">64&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">61&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">74&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">78&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Saravanan&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">68 &#40;64&#44; 73&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">64 &#40;58&#44; 71&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">77&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">6&#37; hadLA&#8805;2&#46;3cm&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">4&#37; hadLA&#8805;2&#46;3 cm&#47;m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">8&#37; hadEF&#8804;55&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">10&#37; hadEF&#8804;55&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">29&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">35&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">82&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">88&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spara50" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Baseline characteristics&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl3"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spara80" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">CABG&#44; coronary artery bypass grafting&#59; DHA&#44; docosahexaenoic acid&#59; ECG&#44; electrocardiograph&#59; EPA&#44; eicosapentaenoic acid&#59; ICU&#44; intensive care unit&#59; PUFA&#44; polyunsaturated fatty acid&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:1 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col">Study&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Type&#47;dose of PUFA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Definition of AF&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" scope="col">Rhythm surveillance&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">Calo&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Daily doses of 850&#8211;882 mg EPA and DHA in an average ratio of 1&#58;2 EPA&#58;DHA&#44; initiated at least 5 days before surgery and continued until hospital discharge&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Any episode lasting more than 5 min or requiring intervention&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Continuous rhythm monitoring for the first 4&#8211;5 days&#44; followed by daily ECG until hospital discharge&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">Heidt&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Infusion pump &#40;100 mg soya oil&#47;kg body weight&#47;day&#41; started at least 12 hours before surgery and continued until transfer to the ward&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Any episode lasting more than 15 min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Monitoring or 12-lead ECG during the ICU period&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top">Heidarsdottir&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Two capsules twice daily for a daily dose of 1240 mg EPA&#44; initiated 5&#8211;7 days before surgery and continued until hospital discharge or a maximum of 2 weeks after surgery&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Any episode lasting more than 5 min&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top">Continuous ECG monitoring during hospitalization&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Saravanan&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Daily doses of 2 mg of a commercially available n-3 PUFA preparation&#44; providing 85&#8211;88&#37; EPA&#43;DHA as ethyl esters in a ratio of 1&#58;2&#58;1 and initiated at least 5 days before CABG and continued until the day of discharge&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Any episode lasting more than 30 sec&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="top" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Heart rhythm monitoring &#40;Holter&#41; from the immediate post-op period to 5 days after surgery&#59; if the patient was hospitalized for longer than 5 days&#44; ECG was performed daily&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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          "en" => "<p id="spara70" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The PUFA type and dose&#44; the definition of AF&#44; and the rhythm surveillance method&#46;</p>"
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    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "REFERENCES"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "cebibsec10"
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            1 => array:3 [
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Article information

ISSN: 18075932
Original language: English

DOI:10.1590/S1807-59322011001100012

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Year/Month	Html	Pdf	Total

2024 November	8	2	10
2024 October	58	18	76
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2024 August	64	22	86
2024 July	66	18	84
2024 June	55	12	67
2024 May	57	15	72
2024 April	60	26	86
2024 March	72	13	85
2024 February	86	18	104
2024 January	53	27	80
2023 December	23	34	57
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2023 October	45	32	77
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2023 August	13	11	24
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2023 June	30	14	44
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