covid
Buscar en
Colombian Journal of Anesthesiology
Toda la web
Inicio Colombian Journal of Anesthesiology Efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided saphenous nerve block in patients with ...
Journal Information

Statistics

Follow this link to access the full text of the article

Scientific and Technological Research
Efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided saphenous nerve block in patients with chronic knee pain
Eficacia y seguridad del bloqueo del nervio safeno guiado por ultrasonido en pacientes con dolor crónico de rodilla
Mario Andrés Arcila Loteroa,
Corresponding author
arcilita1@yahoo.com

Corresponding author at: Avenida 33 # 74E – 156, Medellín, Colombia.
, Roberto Rivera Díazb, María Adelaida Mejía Aguilarc, Santiago Jaramillo Jaramillod
a Anesthesiologist, Master in Epidemiology; CES University, Professor of Anesthesia and Pain, CES University, Colombian Pain Institute, Medellín, Colombia
b Anesthesiologist, Pain and Intervention Sub-specialist, Professor of Anesthesia and Pain, CES University, Colombian Pain Institute, Medellín, Colombia
c Physician, Colombian pain Institute, Master in Epidemiology CES University, Medellín, Colombia
d Third Year Resident of Anesthesiology, CES University, Medellín, Colombia
Read
6192
Times
was read the article
1011
Total PDF
5181
Total HTML
Share statistics
 array:25 [
  "pii" => "S2256208714000455"
  "issn" => "22562087"
  "doi" => "10.1016/j.rcae.2014.04.007"
  "estado" => "S300"
  "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-07-01"
  "aid" => "134"
  "copyright" => "Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiología y Reanimación"
  "copyrightAnyo" => "2013"
  "documento" => "article"
  "crossmark" => 0
  "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/"
  "subdocumento" => "fla"
  "cita" => "Rev Colomb Anestesiol. 2014;42:166-71"
  "abierto" => array:3 [
    "ES" => true
    "ES2" => true
    "LATM" => true
  ]
  "gratuito" => true
  "lecturas" => array:2 [
    "total" => 4252
    "formatos" => array:3 [
      "EPUB" => 87
      "HTML" => 3634
      "PDF" => 531
    ]
  ]
  "Traduccion" => array:1 [
    "es" => array:20 [
      "pii" => "S0120334714000501"
      "issn" => "01203347"
      "doi" => "10.1016/j.rca.2014.03.005"
      "estado" => "S300"
      "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-07-01"
      "aid" => "134"
      "copyright" => "Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiología y Reanimación"
      "documento" => "article"
      "crossmark" => 0
      "licencia" => "http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/"
      "subdocumento" => "fla"
      "cita" => "Rev Colomb Anestesiol. 2014;42:166-71"
      "abierto" => array:3 [
        "ES" => true
        "ES2" => true
        "LATM" => true
      ]
      "gratuito" => true
      "lecturas" => array:2 [
        "total" => 7380
        "formatos" => array:3 [
          "EPUB" => 102
          "HTML" => 6251
          "PDF" => 1027
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:13 [
        "idiomaDefecto" => true
        "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Investigaci&#243;n cient&#237;fica y tecnol&#243;gica</span>"
        "titulo" => "Eficacia y seguridad del bloqueo del nervio safeno guiado por ultrasonido en pacientes con dolor cr&#243;nico de rodilla"
        "tienePdf" => "es"
        "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es"
        "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
          0 => "es"
          1 => "en"
        ]
        "paginas" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "paginaInicial" => "166"
            "paginaFinal" => "171"
          ]
        ]
        "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
          "en" => array:1 [
            "titulo" => "Efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided saphenous nerve block in patients with chronic knee pain"
          ]
        ]
        "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
          "es" => true
          "en" => true
        ]
        "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
          "es" => true
        ]
        "contienePdf" => array:1 [
          "es" => true
        ]
        "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
          "original" => 0
          "multimedia" => array:7 [
            "identificador" => "fig0015"
            "etiqueta" => "Figura 3"
            "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
            "mostrarFloat" => true
            "mostrarDisplay" => false
            "figura" => array:1 [
              0 => array:4 [
                "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
                "Alto" => 1345
                "Ancho" => 1643
                "Tamanyo" => 50422
              ]
            ]
            "descripcion" => array:1 [
              "es" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Comportamiento de la intensidad del dolor &#40;EVA&#41; en los tres per&#237;odos de observaci&#243;n&#46; &#42; Valor de p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0001&#46;</p> <p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Fuente&#58;</span> Autores&#46;</p>"
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "autores" => array:1 [
          0 => array:2 [
            "autoresLista" => "Mario Andr&#233;s Arcila Lotero, Roberto Rivera D&#237;az, Mar&#237;a Adelaida Mej&#237;a Aguilar, Santiago Jaramillo Jaramillo"
            "autores" => array:4 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "nombre" => "Mario Andr&#233;s"
                "apellidos" => "Arcila Lotero"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "nombre" => "Roberto"
                "apellidos" => "Rivera D&#237;az"
              ]
              2 => array:2 [
                "nombre" => "Mar&#237;a Adelaida"
                "apellidos" => "Mej&#237;a Aguilar"
              ]
              3 => array:2 [
                "nombre" => "Santiago"
                "apellidos" => "Jaramillo Jaramillo"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
      "Traduccion" => array:1 [
        "en" => array:9 [
          "pii" => "S2256208714000455"
          "doi" => "10.1016/j.rcae.2014.04.007"
          "estado" => "S300"
          "subdocumento" => ""
          "abierto" => array:3 [
            "ES" => true
            "ES2" => true
            "LATM" => true
          ]
          "gratuito" => true
          "lecturas" => array:1 [
            "total" => 0
          ]
          "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
          "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2256208714000455?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
        ]
      ]
      "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0120334714000501?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
      "url" => "/01203347/0000004200000003/v2_201407240025/S0120334714000501/v2_201407240025/es/main.assets"
    ]
  ]
  "itemSiguiente" => array:20 [
    "pii" => "S2256208714000479"
    "issn" => "22562087"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.rcae.2014.04.009"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-07-01"
    "aid" => "136"
    "copyright" => "Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiolog&#237;a y Reanimaci&#243;n"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Rev Colomb Anestesiol. 2014;42:172-5"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 2973
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 100
        "HTML" => 2273
        "PDF" => 600
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:13 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Scientific and Technological Research</span>"
      "titulo" => "Evaluating supraglottic airway laryngopharyngeal tube as a practical device for blind endotracheal intubation by non-experienced personnel in dummies"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "es"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "172"
          "paginaFinal" => "175"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Evaluaci&#243;n del tubo laringofar&#237;ngeo supragl&#243;tico como un dispositivo &#250;til para intubaci&#243;n endotraqueal a ciegas&#44; en personal no experimentado&#44; utilizando maniqu&#237;es"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:8 [
          "identificador" => "fig0005"
          "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "fuente" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Source&#58;</span> Taken at the simulation room by the research team&#46; University of Antioquia&#46;"
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 697
              "Ancho" => 1650
              "Tamanyo" => 176819
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SALT Device &#40;Supraglottic Laryngopharyngeal Tube&#41;&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Hellen Carolina Uribe-Valencia, Iv&#225;n Dar&#237;o Arenas Correa, Jorge Luis Apellido Reyes"
          "autores" => array:3 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Hellen Carolina"
              "apellidos" => "Uribe-Valencia"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Iv&#225;n Dar&#237;o Arenas"
              "apellidos" => "Correa"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Jorge Luis Apellido"
              "apellidos" => "Reyes"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "Traduccion" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:9 [
        "pii" => "S0120334714000525"
        "doi" => "10.1016/j.rca.2014.03.007"
        "estado" => "S300"
        "subdocumento" => ""
        "abierto" => array:3 [
          "ES" => true
          "ES2" => true
          "LATM" => true
        ]
        "gratuito" => true
        "lecturas" => array:1 [
          "total" => 0
        ]
        "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
        "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0120334714000525?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
      ]
    ]
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2256208714000479?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/22562087/0000004200000003/v2_201407220045/S2256208714000479/v2_201407220045/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "itemAnterior" => array:20 [
    "pii" => "S2256208714000443"
    "issn" => "22562087"
    "doi" => "10.1016/j.rcae.2014.04.006"
    "estado" => "S300"
    "fechaPublicacion" => "2014-07-01"
    "aid" => "133"
    "copyright" => "Sociedad Colombiana de Anestesiolog&#237;a y Reanimaci&#243;n"
    "documento" => "article"
    "crossmark" => 0
    "licencia" => "http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/"
    "subdocumento" => "fla"
    "cita" => "Rev Colomb Anestesiol. 2014;42:154-65"
    "abierto" => array:3 [
      "ES" => true
      "ES2" => true
      "LATM" => true
    ]
    "gratuito" => true
    "lecturas" => array:2 [
      "total" => 3339
      "formatos" => array:3 [
        "EPUB" => 79
        "HTML" => 2641
        "PDF" => 619
      ]
    ]
    "en" => array:13 [
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
      "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Scientific and Technological Research</span>"
      "titulo" => "Effects of multiple exposures to sevoflurane at sub-MAC doses on neuroapoptosis and cognitive function during the neonatal period"
      "tienePdf" => "en"
      "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en"
      "tieneResumen" => array:2 [
        0 => "en"
        1 => "es"
      ]
      "paginas" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "paginaInicial" => "154"
          "paginaFinal" => "165"
        ]
      ]
      "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
        "es" => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "Efectos de m&#250;ltiples exposiciones a sevoflurano a dosis sub-CAM en la neuroapoptosis y la funci&#243;ncognitiva en el periodo neonatal"
        ]
      ]
      "contieneResumen" => array:2 [
        "en" => true
        "es" => true
      ]
      "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "contienePdf" => array:1 [
        "en" => true
      ]
      "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
        "original" => 0
        "multimedia" => array:8 [
          "identificador" => "fig0040"
          "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 8"
          "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
          "mostrarFloat" => true
          "mostrarDisplay" => false
          "fuente" => "Source&#58; Authors&#46;"
          "figura" => array:1 [
            0 => array:4 [
              "imagen" => "gr8.jpeg"
              "Alto" => 1949
              "Ancho" => 2500
              "Tamanyo" => 658980
            ]
          ]
          "descripcion" => array:1 [
            "en" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Moderate foci of neuronal death at the pyramidal level&#46; &#40;A&#41; HE staining&#46; Section of the hippocampus of a rat in the sevoflurane behavior group&#46; Moderate neuronal death foci can be observed&#46; &#40;B&#41; HE staining&#46; Section of the hippocampus of a rat in the sevoflurane behavior group&#46; Moderate neuronal death foci can be noted &#40;arrows&#41;&#44; &#40;C&#41; HE staining of the thalamus of an animal in the sevoflurane behavior group&#59; no neuronal death foci can be seen&#46; Bar scale 25<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#956;m&#46;</p>"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "autores" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "autoresLista" => "Alejandro Neira, Luisa Fernanda Aguirre, Rosa Margarita G&#243;mez, Fernando R&#237;os Barbosa, Jairo Antonio P&#233;rez, Alejandra Margarita Mu&#241;oz"
          "autores" => array:6 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Alejandro"
              "apellidos" => "Neira"
            ]
            1 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Luisa Fernanda"
              "apellidos" => "Aguirre"
            ]
            2 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Rosa Margarita"
              "apellidos" => "G&#243;mez"
            ]
            3 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Fernando R&#237;os"
              "apellidos" => "Barbosa"
            ]
            4 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Jairo Antonio"
              "apellidos" => "P&#233;rez"
            ]
            5 => array:2 [
              "nombre" => "Alejandra Margarita"
              "apellidos" => "Mu&#241;oz"
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
    "Traduccion" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:9 [
        "pii" => "S0120334714000495"
        "doi" => "10.1016/j.rca.2014.02.006"
        "estado" => "S300"
        "subdocumento" => ""
        "abierto" => array:3 [
          "ES" => true
          "ES2" => true
          "LATM" => true
        ]
        "gratuito" => true
        "lecturas" => array:1 [
          "total" => 0
        ]
        "idiomaDefecto" => "es"
        "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0120334714000495?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
      ]
    ]
    "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2256208714000443?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
    "url" => "/22562087/0000004200000003/v2_201407220045/S2256208714000443/v2_201407220045/en/main.assets"
  ]
  "en" => array:20 [
    "idiomaDefecto" => true
    "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Scientific and Technological Research</span>"
    "titulo" => "Efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided saphenous nerve block in patients with chronic knee pain"
    "tieneTextoCompleto" => true
    "paginas" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "paginaInicial" => "166"
        "paginaFinal" => "171"
      ]
    ]
    "autores" => array:1 [
      0 => array:4 [
        "autoresLista" => "Mario Andr&#233;s Arcila Lotero, Roberto Rivera D&#237;az, Mar&#237;a Adelaida Mej&#237;a Aguilar, Santiago Jaramillo Jaramillo"
        "autores" => array:4 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "nombre" => "Mario Andr&#233;s"
            "apellidos" => "Arcila Lotero"
            "email" => array:1 [
              0 => "arcilita1&#64;yahoo&#46;com"
            ]
            "referencia" => array:2 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0005"
              ]
              1 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">¿</span>"
                "identificador" => "cor0005"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Roberto Rivera"
            "apellidos" => "D&#237;az"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0010"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Mar&#237;a Adelaida"
            "apellidos" => "Mej&#237;a Aguilar"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0015"
              ]
            ]
          ]
          3 => array:3 [
            "nombre" => "Santiago"
            "apellidos" => "Jaramillo Jaramillo"
            "referencia" => array:1 [
              0 => array:2 [
                "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>"
                "identificador" => "aff0020"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "afiliaciones" => array:4 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Anesthesiologist&#44; Master in Epidemiology&#59; CES University&#44; Professor of Anesthesia and Pain&#44; CES University&#44; Colombian Pain Institute&#44; Medell&#237;n&#44; Colombia"
            "etiqueta" => "a"
            "identificador" => "aff0005"
          ]
          1 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Anesthesiologist&#44; Pain and Intervention Sub-specialist&#44; Professor of Anesthesia and Pain&#44; CES University&#44; Colombian Pain Institute&#44; Medell&#237;n&#44; Colombia"
            "etiqueta" => "b"
            "identificador" => "aff0010"
          ]
          2 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Physician&#44; Colombian pain Institute&#44; Master in Epidemiology CES University&#44; Medell&#237;n&#44; Colombia"
            "etiqueta" => "c"
            "identificador" => "aff0015"
          ]
          3 => array:3 [
            "entidad" => "Third Year Resident of Anesthesiology&#44; CES University&#44; Medell&#237;n&#44; Colombia"
            "etiqueta" => "d"
            "identificador" => "aff0020"
          ]
        ]
        "correspondencia" => array:1 [
          0 => array:3 [
            "identificador" => "cor0005"
            "etiqueta" => "&#8270;"
            "correspondencia" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Corresponding author at</span>&#58; Avenida 33 &#35; 74E &#8211; 156&#44; Medell&#237;n&#44; Colombia&#46;"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [
      "es" => array:1 [
        "titulo" => "Eficacia y seguridad del bloqueo del nervio safeno guiado por ultrasonido en pacientes con dolor cr&#243;nico de rodilla"
      ]
    ]
    "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [
      "original" => 0
      "multimedia" => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1539
            "Ancho" => 1664
            "Tamanyo" => 58402
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pain intensity behavior &#40;VAS&#41; at three time periods&#46;</p> <p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#42; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#46;</p> <p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Source</span>&#58; Authors&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Knee osteoarthritis &#40;OA&#41; is an important public health condition worldwide&#46; Symptoms are present in 20&#8211;30&#37; of the population over 65 years of age with an increasing prevalence due to our aging population&#46; The condition is characterized by chronic joint pain that impacts the quality of life&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a> The diagnosis is based on X-ray findings&#44; although 50&#37; of the patients with radiological changes do not present clinical symptoms&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most patients with mild knee OA symptoms respond to conservative treatment such as physical therapy&#44; anti-inflammatory agents&#44; and hyaluronic acid injections&#44; among others&#46; However&#44; these therapies are not enough for patients with severe symptoms&#46; Total knee arthroplasty is the only valid and reliable treatment to relieve refractory joint pain of the osteoarthritic knee&#44; but there are some patients with high surgical risks and others who are not willing to undergo surgery&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Therefore&#44; other minimally invasive therapeutic options have been included&#44; such as ultrasound-guided saphenous nerve block&#44; also used for other indications such as arthroscopy analgesia&#44; ankle and varicose veins surgery&#44; for the treatment of saphenous nerve chronic neuralgia&#44; and verve entrapment at the adductors canal&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ultrasound guidance has improved the safety of these techniques since it lends itself to using a smaller volume of local anesthetic agent and thus avoids systemic toxicity&#44; shortens the time required for the block&#44; requires less needle insertions and provides faster onset of action&#46; Moreover&#44; this approach reduces the risk of accidentally puncturing other structures since it enables the visualization of the peripheral nerves&#44; of the neighboring structures and of the needle&#46; There are few disadvantages including limited availability and the need for an additional training&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;9</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the little information available about the efficacy of the saphenous nerve block in chronic knee pain&#44; the purpose of this article was to determine the efficacy of the saphenous nerve block in chronic knee pain&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Materials and methods</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With prior authorization from the Ethics Committee&#44; an observational&#44; descriptive&#44; longitudinal&#44; and retrospective study was undertaken in patients with chronic knee pain disease who received ultrasound-guided intervention treatment with a sub-sartorial approach for a saphenous nerve block&#46; Records were obtained prior to the procedure&#44; and then two days&#44; one month and three months following the block&#46; The sample was taken from patients who came to the pain clinic for consultation between September 2011 and June 2012 and who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria&#46; The data were collected from secondary sources &#40;medical records&#41;&#46; Since this was an observational study&#44; no informed consents were required&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The inclusion criteria were as follows&#58; &#40;1&#41; chronic knee pain diagnosis &#40;more than 6 months&#41;&#44; &#40;2&#41; administration of a saphenous nerve block&#44; and &#40;3&#41; the use of ultrasound to guide the block&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The exclusion criteria were&#58; &#40;1&#41; indication for interventional management with multiple simultaneous blocks&#44; &#40;2&#41; knee prolotherapy-based pain management or saphenous nerve radiofrequency in the course of the last year&#44; and &#40;3&#41; insertion of a continuous perineural infusion catheter&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The variables considered included&#58; sex&#44; age&#44; diagnosis&#44; use of concomitant oral pain killers&#44; diagnosis of fibromyalgia&#44; prior ipsilateral knee surgery&#44; presence of neuropathic-like pain&#44; pain classification according to the visual analog scale &#40;VAS&#41; and the presence of complications&#46; Pain relief was defined as a decrease in at least 50&#37; in VAS&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The database was stored in Microsoft Excel<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> and the software used for analyzing the data was SPSS 18&#46; A descriptive analysis was made of all the variables studied&#44; supported by the calculation of percentages and descriptive measures&#46; The association between the qualitative variables was also established using the Chi-square test &#40;exact fisher test&#41;&#44; and a paired analysis to establish the difference between pain intensity before and after the procedure&#44; using the test&#44; in addition to a bi-variant analysis to assess the association between pain relief with a diagnosis of fibromyalgia&#44; a history of prior surgery and neuropathic pain characteristics&#46; The respective odds ratios &#40;OR&#41; were estimated using a statistical significance of less than 5&#37; and 95&#37; confidence intervals&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Results</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">25 patients treated with ultrasound-guided saphenous nerve block performed at a pain clinic in the country between September 2011 and June 2012 were analyzed&#46; The mean age was 56&#46;6 years &#40;SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>15&#46;9&#41;&#44; and 92&#37; were females&#46; 100&#37; of the patients were receiving oral pharmacological treatment during the last month&#44; with at least acetaminophen&#44; a mild opioid and a tricyclic antidepressant and&#47;or an anti-neuropathic &#40;pregabaline&#44; gabapentin or carbamazepine&#41;&#46; Every patient reported severe pain prior to the block &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most relevant diagnosis was unspecific knee osteoarthritis&#44; particularly by the fibromyalgia patients &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The percentage of patients with pain relief at two days&#44; at one month and at three months following the procedure was 68&#37;&#44; 56&#37; and 40&#37; respectively &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">60&#37; of the patients with pain relief two days after the block had a VAS pain intensity of &#8804;4&#46; Over 50&#37; of the patients&#44; evaluated one month and three months after the procedure&#44; presented mild to moderate pain intensity &#40;VAS<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8804;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6&#41;&#46; The difference between the mean initial VAS and the mean VAS score on the second day was 5 points&#44; which was statistically significant &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41;&#46; Likewise&#44; statistically significant differences were identified between the mean initial VAS and the VAS score at one and three months &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sub-group analysis yielded similar results in terms of pain relief in patients with fibromyalgia at two days &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;6&#41;&#59; however&#44; at one month and at three months&#44; the patients with fibromyalgia showed an improved analgesic response&#44; with a statistically significant difference&#46; In contrast&#44; the results in neuropathic pain patients failed to exhibit any improvement at two days&#44; while after one and three months the relief was less noticeable &#8211; in fact&#44; none of them reported any improvement after three months&#46; No statistically significant differences were reported during the three follow-up time points in patients who had undergone prior knee surgery &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No complications were reported&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Discussion</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Chronic knee pain affects one of every four people over 55 years of age and 70&#37; of them show radiological evidence of OA&#46; There have been reports of a 15&#37; incidence of disability with symptoms ranging from mild to moderate&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The saphenous nerve is the only cutaneous branch of the posterior division of the femoral nerve&#44; originating in the femoral triangle&#44; descending laterally to the femoral artery and into the Hunter adductors canal that crosses over the femoral artery&#46; The saphenous nerve innervates an extensive skin area over the medial aspect of the knee&#44; the leg&#44; the ankle and the foot&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;10&#8211;12</span></a> The saphenous nerve block&#44; in combination with a sciatic nerve block&#44; provides surgical anesthesia for procedures below the knee&#44; while selective saphenous nerve blocks are preferred for ankle and foot surgeries because it provides anesthesia with no quadriceps motor block&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> The saphenous nerve block also provides analgesia in patients with chronic knee pain&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This block was reported for the first time by van der Wal et al&#46; using a trans-sartorial approach<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>&#59; however&#44; this block can be achieved through various approaches&#44; including above the knee&#44; at the level of the knee&#44; below the knee or just on top of the medial malleolus&#46; Above the knee blocks include the perifemoral&#44; sub-sartorial and sartorial approaches&#44; while the knee level blocks include the medial femoral condyle block&#44; with or without nerve stimulation&#46; The block may also be accomplished with a below the knee subcutaneous infiltration&#44; distal to the medial condyle of the tibia&#46; The perifemoral approach is considered more effective&#44; but generates a partial weakness of the hip flexor muscles and the leg extensors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> This ultrasound-guided block&#44; just as the infra-patellar block&#44; and the saphenous branch&#44; improve postoperative knee pain&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;16&#44;17</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The block performed in the patients herein studied was sub-sartorial at the exit of the adductors canal&#44; with a technique inside the plane using a portable ultrasound machine&#44; with lineal transducer &#40;7&#8211;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>MHz&#41;&#44; single puncture&#46; The patients received 8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mL of bupivacaine 0&#46;5&#37; with no epinephrine plus dexamethasone 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#46; The block was performed in a room for minor procedures&#44; using aseptic techniques and a 23-gauge hypodermic needle&#46; Patients were placed in a decubitus supine position&#44; with the knee slightly flexed and external rotation of the hip&#46; This approach reduced any adverse side events and improved the analgesia response for a considerable period of time&#46; One single specialist performed the blocks with the participation in some cases of second year residents of anesthesia of a University in the country&#46;</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other techniques may be used for saphenous nerve block in knee pain such as the continuous block of the adductors canal following knee replacement&#44; that is associated with low pain scores at rest and reduces the need for supplementary morphine&#46;<span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span> Nerve stimulation&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> and radiofrequency for refractory anteromedial knee pain&#44; as well as the technique with resistance loss and ultrasound-guided<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;19</span></a> are additional options available&#46; Generally speaking&#44; all these techniques are yet to be confirmed with randomized&#44; controlled clinical trials&#46;</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The percentage success rate reported with the various block techniques are 80&#37; with the perifemoral and sub-sartorial approach&#59; 40&#37; with the medial femoral condyle block and 33&#37; to 65&#37; below the knee&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> When the loss of resistance technique is used&#44; the block rate is approximately 80&#37;&#44; while the use of a nerve stimulator is successful in over 95&#37; of the cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> These values correspond to patients with acute knee pain&#46; This trial only included chronic knee pain patients and found lower values probably because of the time of evolution of the disease&#46; On the other hand&#44; Tsai et al&#46; reported a series of 39 cases assessing the efficacy of the ultrasound guided saphenous nerve block with a 77&#37; success rate at 4 months&#44; a figure closer to the rates reported in this trial&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A follow-up of a cohort of 10 subjects to assess the complete medial aspect block of the leg performed by Benzon et al&#46; reported that the sub-sartorial&#44; perifemoral&#44; and below-the-knee approaches are more effective than the medial femoral condyle block to generate a sensory block of the medial aspect of the leg&#46; The authors reported a complete sensory block of the medial aspect of the leg in 100&#37; of the cases with a sub-sartorial approach and 70&#37; with the perifemoral and below the knee approaches&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> In another trial&#44; De Mey et al&#46; found a 33&#37; incidence with the below the knee approach<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> and Van der Wal et al&#46; found a 65&#37; incidence&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In contrast to the findings of nerve blocks in other anatomical regions&#44; the findings in fibromyalgia patients and in neuropathic-like pain in this trial are striking&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> These data must be carefully analyzed due to the size of the groups and the conclusions cannot be extrapolated to the remaining population of patients with these pathologies&#46; However&#44; these data may be used as a hypothesis for future clinical trials&#46; An OR &#62;1 does not correspond to risk factors but rather to &#8220;protection&#8221; factors or in favor of the block&#44; since the endpoint was not disease but relief&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since this was a retrospective trial&#44; there were some limitations to identify some data in the medical records&#59; consequently&#44; we were forced not to include all patients that underwent this block&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conclusion</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ultrasound-guided saphenous nerve block for the treatment of chronic knee pain is an effective and safe procedure&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Funding</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This review was funded with the authors&#8217; own resources&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
    "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [
      "secciones" => array:12 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xres354029"
          "titulo" => array:6 [
            0 => "Abstract"
            1 => "Introduction"
            2 => "Objective"
            3 => "Materials and methods"
            4 => "Results"
            5 => "Conclusions"
          ]
        ]
        1 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec335368"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
        ]
        2 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xres354030"
          "titulo" => array:6 [
            0 => "Resumen"
            1 => "Introducci&#243;n"
            2 => "Objetivo"
            3 => "Materiales y m&#233;todos"
            4 => "Resultados"
            5 => "Conclusiones"
          ]
        ]
        3 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec335369"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
        ]
        4 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0005"
          "titulo" => "Introduction"
        ]
        5 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0010"
          "titulo" => "Materials and methods"
        ]
        6 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0015"
          "titulo" => "Results"
        ]
        7 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0020"
          "titulo" => "Discussion"
        ]
        8 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0025"
          "titulo" => "Conclusion"
        ]
        9 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0030"
          "titulo" => "Funding"
        ]
        10 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "sec0040"
          "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest"
        ]
        11 => array:1 [
          "titulo" => "References"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf"
    "tienePdf" => true
    "fechaRecibido" => "2013-10-20"
    "fechaAceptado" => "2014-03-24"
    "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Keywords"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec335368"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Nerve Block"
            1 => "Ultrasonography"
            2 => "Chronic Pain"
            3 => "Analgesia"
            4 => "Fibromyalgia"
          ]
        ]
      ]
      "es" => array:1 [
        0 => array:4 [
          "clase" => "keyword"
          "titulo" => "Palabras clave"
          "identificador" => "xpalclavsec335369"
          "palabras" => array:5 [
            0 => "Bloqueo nervioso"
            1 => "Ultrasonograf&#237;a"
            2 => "Dolor cr&#243;nico"
            3 => "Analgesia"
            4 => "Fibromialgia"
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "tieneResumen" => true
    "resumen" => array:2 [
      "en" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Abstract"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Knee osteoarthritis is a common cause for consultation around the world&#46; Many patients with mild symptoms respond to conservative treatment&#44; while others require interventional therapy including peripheral nerve blocks&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objective</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To establish the clinical efficacy and safety of interventional management with ultrasound-guided saphenous nerve block in patients with chronic keen pain&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Materials and methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Descriptive&#44; retrospective trial in chronic keen pain patients who underwent ultrasound-guided interventional therapy at the pain clinic in the country&#44; between September 2011 and June 2012&#44; to determine the clinical efficacy and safety of the procedure&#46; Data were obtained from all patients prior to the procedure&#44; and then at two days&#44; one month and three months later&#46; The pain intensity was measured using the visual analog scale&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">25 saphenous nerve blocks were performed&#46; 68&#37; of the patients experienced pain relief within two days&#46; 56&#37; and 40&#37; exhibited relief one and three months after the procedure&#44; respectively&#44; with a statistically significant difference &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#41; between the baseline visual analog scale and the follow-up evaluation&#46; Patients with a history of fibromyalgia&#44; neuropathic characteristics and previous knee surgery exhibited variable analgesic responses to the procedure&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Interventionist chronic knee pain management with ultrasound-guided saphenous nerve block was an effective and safe approach for these patients&#46;</p>"
      ]
      "es" => array:2 [
        "titulo" => "Resumen"
        "resumen" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La osteoartritis de rodilla es una causa com&#250;n de consulta en el mundo&#46; Muchos pacientes con s&#237;ntomas leves responden a los tratamientos conservadores&#44; y otros requieren de tratamiento intervencionista&#44; como bloqueos de nervios perif&#233;ricos&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivo</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinar la eficacia cl&#237;nica y la seguridad del manejo intervencionista con bloqueo del nervio safeno guiado por ultrasonograf&#237;a en pacientes con dolor cr&#243;nico de rodilla&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Materiales y m&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio de tipo descriptivo retrospectivo en pacientes con enfermedad dolorosa cr&#243;nica de rodilla que recibieron tratamiento intervencionista guiado por ultrasonograf&#237;a en una cl&#237;nica de dolor del pa&#237;s entre los meses de septiembre de 2011 y junio de 2012&#44; para determinar su eficacia cl&#237;nica y su seguridad&#46; Se obtuvieron datos de todos los pacientes antes del procedimiento&#44; a los 2 d&#237;as&#44; un mes y 3 meses despu&#233;s&#46; La intensidad de dolor se midi&#243; con la escala visual anal&#243;gica&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se realizaron 25 bloqueos del nervio safeno&#46; El 68&#37; de los pacientes presentaron alivio del dolor a los 2 d&#237;as&#46; El 56 y el 40&#37; presentaron alivio al mes y a los 3 meses de realizado el procedimiento&#44; respectivamente&#44; con una diferencia estad&#237;sticamente significativa &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;0001&#41; entre las medianas de la escala visual anal&#243;gica inicial y la escala visual anal&#243;gica de los seguimientos&#46; No se presentaron complicaciones&#46; Los pacientes con antecedente de fibromialgia&#44; dolor de caracter&#237;sticas neurop&#225;ticas y cirug&#237;a previa de rodilla presentaron respuestas analg&#233;sicas variables con el bloqueo&#46;</p> <span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">El manejo intervencionista del dolor cr&#243;nico de rodilla con el bloqueo del nervio safeno guiado por ultrasonograf&#237;a de los pacientes observados fue una opci&#243;n de tratamiento eficaz y segura&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "NotaPie" => array:1 [
      0 => array:2 [
        "etiqueta" => "&#9734;"
        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Arcila Lotero MA&#44; D&#237;az RR&#44; Mej&#237;a Aguilar MA&#44; Jaramillo Jaramillo S&#46; Eficacia y seguridad del bloqueo del nervio safeno guiado por ultrasonido en pacientes con dolor cr&#243;nico de rodilla&#46; Rev Colomb Anestesiol&#46; 2014&#59;42&#58;166&#8211;171&#46;</p>"
      ]
    ]
    "multimedia" => array:5 [
      0 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 928
            "Ancho" => 1470
            "Tamanyo" => 69753
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Major diagnoses of patients with chronic knee pain&#46;</p> <p id="spar1055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Source</span>&#58; Authors&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      1 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1249
            "Ancho" => 1421
            "Tamanyo" => 72258
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Percentage of patients with pain relief at various follow-up time points&#46;</p> <p id="spar0100" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Source</span>&#58; Authors&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      2 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "fig0015"
        "etiqueta" => "Fig&#46; 3"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "figura" => array:1 [
          0 => array:4 [
            "imagen" => "gr3.jpeg"
            "Alto" => 1539
            "Ancho" => 1664
            "Tamanyo" => 58402
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Pain intensity behavior &#40;VAS&#41; at three time periods&#46;</p> <p id="spar0105" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">&#42; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;0001&#46;</p> <p id="spar0115" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Source</span>&#58; Authors&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      3 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0005"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SE&#44; standard deviation&#59; VAS&#44; visual analog scale&#46;</p><p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Source</span>&#58; Authors&#8217; trial outcomes&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>25&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Age years &#40;&#177;SD&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">56&#46;6 &#40;15&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">92&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Oral treatment in the last month&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Neuropathic-like pain&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">28&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prior knee surgery&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">20&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Diagnosis of fibromyalgia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">36&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Severe pain &#40;EVA &#8805;7&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">100&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab528972.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Overall characteristics of patients evaluated&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
      4 => array:7 [
        "identificador" => "tbl0010"
        "etiqueta" => "Table 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
        "mostrarFloat" => true
        "mostrarDisplay" => false
        "tabla" => array:2 [
          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0090" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">OR&#44; odds ratio&#59; CI&#44; confidence interval&#46;</p><p id="spar0095" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Source</span>&#58; Authors&#8217; trial outcomes&#46;</p>"
          "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [
            0 => array:2 [
              "tabla" => array:1 [
                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Comparison&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CI 95&#37;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="center" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> Value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fibromyalgia and relief at 2 days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;3&#8211;13&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fibromyalgia and relief at one month&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">13&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;3&#8211;134&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;03&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Fibromyalgia and relief at 3 months&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">15&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&#8211;113&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;09&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prior surgery and relief at 2 days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;02&#8211;1&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prior surgery and relief at one month&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;01&#8211;1&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Prior surgery and relief at 3 months&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;03&#8211;3&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Neuropathic pain and pain relief at two days&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;03&#8211;1&#46;3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Neuropathic pain and pain relief at one month&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;06&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;006&#8211;0&#46;6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Neuropathic pain and pain relief at 3 months&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;2&#8211;0&#46;7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;01&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
              ]
              "imagenFichero" => array:1 [
                0 => "xTab528971.png"
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
        "descripcion" => array:1 [
          "en" => "<p id="spar0085" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Association of fibromyalgia&#44; neuropathic pain&#44; and prior surgery with pain relief&#46;</p>"
        ]
      ]
    ]
    "bibliografia" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0005"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:22 [
            0 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0005"
              "etiqueta" => "1"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Percutaneous radiofrequency treatment for refractory anteromedial pain of osteoarthritic knees"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Ikeuchi"
                            1 => "T&#46; Ushida"
                            2 => "M&#46; Izumi"
                            3 => "T&#46; Tani"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01086.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Pain Med"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "12"
                        "paginaInicial" => "546"
                        "paginaFinal" => "551"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21463469"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            1 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0010"
              "etiqueta" => "2"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Chronic knee pain"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "C&#46;D&#46; Mallen"
                            1 => "G&#46; Peat"
                            2 => "M&#46; Porcheret"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1136/bmj.39231.735498.94"
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "BMJ"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "335"
                        "paginaInicial" => "303"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17690372"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            2 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0115"
              "etiqueta" => "3"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Knee pain and osteoarthritis in older adults&#58; A review of community burden and current use of primary health care"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "G&#46; Peat"
                            1 => "R&#46; McCarney"
                            2 => "P&#46; Croft"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Ann Rheum Dis"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "60"
                        "paginaInicial" => "91"
                        "paginaFinal" => "97"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11156538"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            3 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0020"
              "etiqueta" => "4"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Saphenous nerve block is an effective regional technique for post-menisectomy pain"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "T&#46; Akkaya"
                            1 => "O&#46; Ersan"
                            2 => "D&#46; Ozkan"
                            3 => "Y&#46; Sahiner"
                            4 => "M&#46; Akin"
                            5 => "H&#46; G&#252;m&#252;s"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s00167-008-0572-4"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "855"
                        "paginaFinal" => "858"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18574578"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0302283811009936"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "03022838"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            4 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0025"
              "etiqueta" => "5"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve block"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "P&#46; Partownavid"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1097/MJT.0b013e3181715684"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Am J Ther"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "16"
                        "paginaInicial" => "304"
                        "paginaFinal" => "312"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19531938"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            5 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0030"
              "etiqueta" => "6"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blocks&#58; What are the benefits&#63;"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:1 [
                            0 => "Z&#46;J&#46; Koscielniak-Nielsen"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1399-6576.2008.01666.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"
                        "fecha" => "2008"
                        "volumen" => "52"
                        "paginaInicial" => "727"
                        "paginaFinal" => "737"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18477070"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            6 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0035"
              "etiqueta" => "7"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Ultrasound guidance for peripheral nerve blockade"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "K&#46;J&#46; Walker"
                            1 => "K&#46; McGrattan"
                            2 => "K&#46; Aas-Eng"
                            3 => "A&#46;F&#46; Smith"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "The Cochrane Library"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "3"
                        "paginaInicial" => "1"
                        "paginaFinal" => "64"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            7 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0040"
              "etiqueta" => "8"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Current concepts and future trends in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "P&#46; Marhofer"
                            1 => "H&#46; Willschke"
                            2 => "S&#46; Kettner"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1097/ACO.0b013e32833e2891"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Curr Opin Anaesthesiol"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "23"
                        "paginaInicial" => "632"
                        "paginaFinal" => "636"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20689408"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            8 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0045"
              "etiqueta" => "9"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Lower limb blocks"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "J&#46;M&#46; Murray"
                            1 => "S&#46; Derbyshire"
                            2 => "M&#46;O&#46; Shields"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1365-2044.2010.06240.x"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Anaesthesia"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "65"
                        "numero" => "Suppl 1"
                        "paginaInicial" => "57"
                        "paginaFinal" => "66"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20377547"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            9 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0050"
              "etiqueta" => "10"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Anatomic basis to the ultrasound-guided approach for saphenous nerve blockade"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "J&#46;L&#46; Horn"
                            1 => "T&#46; Pitsch"
                            2 => "F&#46; Salinas"
                            3 => "B&#46; Benninger"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1097/AAP.0b013e3181ae11af"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Reg Anesth Pain Med"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "34"
                        "paginaInicial" => "486"
                        "paginaFinal" => "489"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19920424"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            10 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0055"
              "etiqueta" => "11"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Anatomy and clinical implications of the ultrasound guided subsartorial saphenous nerve block"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "T&#46; Saranteas"
                            1 => "G&#46; Anagnostis"
                            2 => "T&#46; Paraskeuopoulos"
                            3 => "D&#46; Koulalis"
                            4 => "Z&#46; Kokkalis"
                            5 => "M&#46; Nakou"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1097/AAP.0b013e318220f172"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Reg Anesth Pain Med"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "36"
                        "paginaInicial" => "399"
                        "paginaFinal" => "402"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21697687"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            11 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0060"
              "etiqueta" => "12"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Feasibility and efficacy of ultrasound-guided block of the saphenous nerve in the adductor canal"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:6 [
                            0 => "B&#46; Manickam"
                            1 => "A&#46; Perlas"
                            2 => "E&#46; Duggan"
                            3 => "R&#46; Brull"
                            4 => "V&#46;W&#46; Chan"
                            5 => "R&#46; Ramlogan"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Reg Anesth Pain Med"
                        "fecha" => "2009"
                        "volumen" => "34"
                        "paginaInicial" => "578"
                        "paginaFinal" => "580"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19916251"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            12 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0065"
              "etiqueta" => "13"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Efficacy of an ultrasound-guided subsartorial approach to saphenous nerve block&#58; A case series"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "P&#46;B&#46; Tsai"
                            1 => "A&#46; Karnwal"
                            2 => "C&#46; Kakazu"
                            3 => "V&#46; Tokhner"
                            4 => "I&#46;S&#46; Julka"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/s12630-010-9317-1"
                      "Revista" => array:7 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Can J Anaesth"
                        "fecha" => "2010"
                        "volumen" => "57"
                        "paginaInicial" => "683"
                        "paginaFinal" => "688"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20428987"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                        "itemHostRev" => array:3 [
                          "pii" => "S0022534709008842"
                          "estado" => "S300"
                          "issn" => "00225347"
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            13 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0120"
              "etiqueta" => "14"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Transartorial approach for saphenous nerve block"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Van der Wal"
                            1 => "S&#46;A&#46; Lang"
                            2 => "R&#46;W&#46; Yip"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/BF03009739"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Can J Anaesth"
                        "fecha" => "1993"
                        "volumen" => "40"
                        "paginaInicial" => "542"
                        "paginaFinal" => "556"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8403121"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            14 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0075"
              "etiqueta" => "15"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Comparison of the different approaches to saphenous nerve block"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "H&#46;T&#46; Benzon"
                            1 => "S&#46; Sharma"
                            2 => "A&#46; Calimaran"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Anesthesiology"
                        "fecha" => "2005"
                        "volumen" => "102"
                        "paginaInicial" => "633"
                        "paginaFinal" => "638"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15731603"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            15 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0080"
              "etiqueta" => "16"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Ultrasound-guided infrapatellar nerve block in human volunteers&#58; Description of a novel technique"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:4 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Lundblad"
                            1 => "S&#46; Kapral"
                            2 => "P&#46; Marhofer"
                            3 => "P&#46;A&#46; L&#246;nnqvist"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1093/bja/ael241"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Br J Anaesth"
                        "fecha" => "2006"
                        "volumen" => "97"
                        "paginaInicial" => "710"
                        "paginaFinal" => "714"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17005509"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            16 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0085"
              "etiqueta" => "17"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Continuous adductor-canal-blockade for adjuvant post-operative analgesia after major knee surgery&#58; Preliminary results"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "J&#46; Lund"
                            1 => "M&#46;T&#46; Jenstrup"
                            2 => "P&#46; Jaeger"
                            3 => "A&#46;M&#46; Sorensen"
                            4 => "J&#46;B&#46; Dahl"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1111/j.1399-6576.2010.02333.x"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"
                        "fecha" => "2011"
                        "volumen" => "55"
                        "paginaInicial" => "14"
                        "paginaFinal" => "19"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21039357"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            17 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0090"
              "etiqueta" => "18"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Saphenous nerve anaesthesia-a nerve stimulator technique"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "V&#46;K&#46; Comfort"
                            1 => "S&#46;A&#46; Lang"
                            2 => "R&#46;W&#46; Yip"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/BF03013038"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Can J Anaesth"
                        "fecha" => "1996"
                        "volumen" => "43"
                        "paginaInicial" => "852"
                        "paginaFinal" => "857"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8840065"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            18 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0095"
              "etiqueta" => "19"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A review of approaches and techniques for lower extremity nerve blocks"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "Q&#46;H&#46; De Tran"
                            1 => "A&#46; Clemente"
                            2 => "R&#46;J&#46; Finlayson"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Can J Anaesth"
                        "fecha" => "2007"
                        "volumen" => "54"
                        "paginaInicial" => "922"
                        "paginaFinal" => "934"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17975239"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            19 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0100"
              "etiqueta" => "20"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "A paravenous approach for the saphenous nerve block"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "J&#46;C&#46; De Mey"
                            1 => "L&#46;J&#46; Deruyck"
                            2 => "G&#46; Cammu"
                            3 => "L&#46;E&#46; de Baerdemaeker"
                            4 => "E&#46;P&#46; Mortier"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1053/rapm.2001.25925"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Reg Anesth Pain Med"
                        "fecha" => "2001"
                        "volumen" => "26"
                        "paginaInicial" => "504"
                        "paginaFinal" => "506"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11707786"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            20 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0105"
              "etiqueta" => "21"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Transsartorial approach for saphenous nerve block"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:3 [
                            0 => "M&#46; Van der Wal"
                            1 => "S&#46;A&#46; Lang"
                            2 => "R&#46;W&#46; Yip"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1007/BF03009739"
                      "Revista" => array:6 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Can J Anaesth"
                        "fecha" => "1993"
                        "volumen" => "40"
                        "paginaInicial" => "542"
                        "paginaFinal" => "546"
                        "link" => array:1 [
                          0 => array:2 [
                            "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8403121"
                            "web" => "Medline"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
            21 => array:3 [
              "identificador" => "bib0110"
              "etiqueta" => "22"
              "referencia" => array:1 [
                0 => array:2 [
                  "contribucion" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Eficacia y seguridad del bloqueo de nervio supraescapular guiado por ultrasonido en pacientes con dolor cr&#243;nico de hombro"
                      "autores" => array:1 [
                        0 => array:2 [
                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:5 [
                            0 => "M&#46;A&#46; Arcila"
                            1 => "R&#46;C&#46; Rivera"
                            2 => "D&#46; Campuzano"
                            3 => "M&#46;A&#46; Mej&#237;a"
                            4 => "S&#46;M&#46; Mart&#237;nez"
                          ]
                        ]
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                  "host" => array:1 [
                    0 => array:1 [
                      "Revista" => array:5 [
                        "tituloSerie" => "Rev Colomb Anestesiol"
                        "fecha" => "2013"
                        "volumen" => "41"
                        "paginaInicial" => "104"
                        "paginaFinal" => "108"
                      ]
                    ]
                  ]
                ]
              ]
            ]
          ]
        ]
      ]
    ]
  ]
  "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  "url" => "/22562087/0000004200000003/v2_201407220045/S2256208714000455/v2_201407220045/en/main.assets"
  "Apartado" => array:4 [
    "identificador" => "951"
    "tipo" => "SECCION"
    "en" => array:2 [
      "titulo" => "Scientific and Technological Research"
      "idiomaDefecto" => true
    ]
    "idiomaDefecto" => "en"
  ]
  "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/22562087/0000004200000003/v2_201407220045/S2256208714000455/v2_201407220045/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/"
  "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2256208714000455?idApp=UINPBA00004N"
]
Article information
ISSN: 22562087
Original language: English
The statistics are updated each day
Year/Month Html Pdf Total
2024 November 6 2 8
2024 October 32 2 34
2024 September 45 5 50
2024 August 36 5 41
2024 July 45 7 52
2024 June 33 6 39
2024 May 30 6 36
2024 April 27 11 38
2024 March 27 7 34
2024 February 33 6 39
2024 January 22 6 28
2023 December 39 11 50
2023 November 26 7 33
2023 October 23 11 34
2023 September 17 7 24
2023 August 34 6 40
2023 July 19 6 25
2023 June 30 6 36
2023 May 30 10 40
2023 April 19 1 20
2023 March 29 7 36
2023 February 19 13 32
2023 January 11 3 14
2022 December 12 5 17
2022 November 24 4 28
2022 October 13 11 24
2022 September 9 19 28
2022 August 52 7 59
2022 July 46 9 55
2022 June 27 11 38
2022 May 46 8 54
2022 April 21 9 30
2022 March 39 8 47
2022 February 22 7 29
2022 January 34 9 43
2021 December 14 9 23
2021 November 23 17 40
2021 October 41 12 53
2021 September 41 9 50
2021 August 48 9 57
2021 July 8 12 20
2021 June 32 7 39
2021 May 19 8 27
2021 April 48 19 67
2021 March 46 7 53
2021 February 20 11 31
2021 January 25 13 38
2020 December 31 14 45
2020 November 49 11 60
2020 October 25 8 33
2020 September 17 7 24
2020 August 16 15 31
2020 July 13 10 23
2020 June 13 1 14
2020 May 16 7 23
2020 April 9 7 16
2020 March 11 3 14
2020 February 6 8 14
2020 January 15 2 17
2019 December 28 11 39
2019 November 7 1 8
2019 October 1 1 2
2019 September 3 1 4
2019 August 6 0 6
2019 July 3 5 8
2019 June 1 3 4
2019 May 5 9 14
2018 September 1 0 1
2018 August 0 1 1
2018 June 4 2 6
2018 May 65 6 71
2018 April 39 10 49
2018 March 29 10 39
2018 February 35 6 41
2018 January 47 9 56
2017 December 44 8 52
2017 November 42 4 46
2017 October 55 6 61
2017 September 61 4 65
2017 August 68 9 77
2017 July 58 8 66
2017 June 77 3 80
2017 May 77 10 87
2017 April 89 9 98
2017 March 76 5 81
2017 February 75 8 83
2017 January 34 5 39
2016 December 83 9 92
2016 November 82 7 89
2016 October 113 9 122
2016 September 161 9 170
2016 August 86 12 98
2016 July 41 14 55
2016 June 0 8 8
2016 May 2 17 19
2016 April 0 28 28
2016 March 2 24 26
2016 February 1 19 20
2015 December 22 16 38
2015 November 102 14 116
2015 October 122 8 130
2015 September 113 14 127
2015 August 118 10 128
2015 July 114 15 129
2015 June 68 5 73
2015 May 126 14 140
2015 April 109 16 125
2015 March 121 6 127
2015 February 136 7 143
2015 January 117 4 121
2014 December 103 19 122
2014 November 133 8 141
2014 October 117 15 132
2014 September 131 14 145
2014 August 91 11 102
2014 July 174 21 195
Show all

Follow this link to access the full text of the article

es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos