Original article
Gestational diabetes mellitus in a multiethnic population in Spain: Incidence of and factors associated to impaired glucose tolerance one year after delivery
Incidencia y factores asociados al metabolismo alterado de la glucosa un año después del parto en una población multiétnica de mujeres con diabetes mellitus gestacional en España
Montserrat Pradosa,b,
, Juana A. Flores-Le Rouxb,c, David Benaigesb,c, Gemma Llauradóc, Juan José Chillarónb,c, Antoni Payad, Juan Pedro-Botetb,c
Corresponding author
a Sección de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Martorell, Barcelona, Spain
b Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
c Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
d Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
Read
1820
Timeswas read the article
373
Total PDF
1447
Total HTML
Share statistics
array:23 [ "pii" => "S253001801930054X" "issn" => "25300180" "doi" => "10.1016/j.endien.2018.07.013" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2019-04-01" "aid" => "840" "copyrightAnyo" => "2019" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr. 2019;66:240-6" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 128 "formatos" => array:2 [ "HTML" => 96 "PDF" => 32 ] ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S2530016418301915" "issn" => "25300164" "doi" => "10.1016/j.endinu.2018.07.007" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2019-04-01" "aid" => "840" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr. 2019;66:240-6" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 198 "formatos" => array:2 [ "HTML" => 131 "PDF" => 67 ] ] "es" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">ORIGINAL</span>" "titulo" => "Incidencia y factores asociados al metabolismo alterado de la glucosa un año después del parto en una población multiétnica de mujeres con diabetes mellitus gestacional en España" "tienePdf" => "es" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "es" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "es" 1 => "en" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "240" "paginaFinal" => "246" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Gestational diabetes mellitus in a multiethnic population in Spain: Incidence and factors associated to impaired glucose tolerance one year after delivery" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "es" => true "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "es" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Montserrat Prados, Juana A. Flores-Le Roux, David Benaiges, Gemma Llauradó, Juan José Chillarón, Antoni Paya, Juan Pedro-Botet" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Montserrat" "apellidos" => "Prados" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juana A." "apellidos" => "Flores-Le Roux" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "David" "apellidos" => "Benaiges" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Gemma" "apellidos" => "Llauradó" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juan José" "apellidos" => "Chillarón" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Antoni" "apellidos" => "Paya" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juan" "apellidos" => "Pedro-Botet" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S253001801930054X" "doi" => "10.1016/j.endien.2018.07.013" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S253001801930054X?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2530016418301915?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/25300164/0000006600000004/v1_201904030636/S2530016418301915/v1_201904030636/es/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2530018019300538" "issn" => "25300180" "doi" => "10.1016/j.endien.2018.07.012" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2019-04-01" "aid" => "839" "copyright" => "SEEN and SED" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr. 2019;66:247-53" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 71 "formatos" => array:2 [ "HTML" => 41 "PDF" => 30 ] ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Chyle fistula as complication of thyroid surgery in malignant pathology" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "247" "paginaFinal" => "253" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Fístula quilosa como complicación de la cirugía tiroidea en patología maligna" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Antonio Ríos, Jose Manuel Rodríguez, Nuria María Torregrosa, Antonio Miguel Hernández, Pascual Parrilla" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Antonio" "apellidos" => "Ríos" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jose Manuel" "apellidos" => "Rodríguez" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Nuria María" "apellidos" => "Torregrosa" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Antonio Miguel" "apellidos" => "Hernández" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Pascual" "apellidos" => "Parrilla" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2530016418301903" "doi" => "10.1016/j.endinu.2018.07.006" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2530016418301903?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2530018019300538?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/25300180/0000006600000004/v1_201905290847/S2530018019300538/v1_201905290847/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2530018019300551" "issn" => "25300180" "doi" => "10.1016/j.endien.2018.08.007" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2019-04-01" "aid" => "844" "copyright" => "SEEN and SED" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr. 2019;66:232-9" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 72 "formatos" => array:2 [ "HTML" => 44 "PDF" => 28 ] ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Analysis of a clinical pathway for home enteral nutrition in the Region of Murcia. Consumption and associated expenses and adaptation to the National Health System Guide" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "232" "paginaFinal" => "239" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Análisis de la vía clínica de nutrición enteral domiciliaria de la Región de Murcia. Consumo y gastos asociados y adecuación a la Guía del Sistema Nacional de Salud" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 869 "Ancho" => 1514 "Tamanyo" => 65322 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cost (<span class="elsevierStyleGlyphcamb"></span>)/inhabitants, years 2007–2014/SNS–SMS. SMS: Health Service of Murcia; SNS: Spanish National Health System. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Source</span>: Dietetic product consumption information service of the Spanish Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality; Pharmacy information system of the SMS, census-based population on 1 January of each year (Spanish National Statistics Institute, INE). Those Autonomous Communities that acquire part of their dietetic products through health centres at PTR (price to retailer), INGESA and insurance associations are excluded.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Mercedes Ferrer, Juan Francisco Sánchez-Romera, María Victoria García-Zafra, Ana Belén Hernández-Cascales, Marta Arráez, Ana Aranda, Victor José Rausell, Antonio Miguel Hernández-Martínez" "autores" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Mercedes" "apellidos" => "Ferrer" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Juan Francisco" "apellidos" => "Sánchez-Romera" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María Victoria" "apellidos" => "García-Zafra" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana Belén" "apellidos" => "Hernández-Cascales" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Marta" "apellidos" => "Arráez" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana" "apellidos" => "Aranda" ] 6 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Victor José" "apellidos" => "Rausell" ] 7 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Antonio Miguel" "apellidos" => "Hernández-Martínez" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2530016418302106" "doi" => "10.1016/j.endinu.2018.08.005" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2530016418302106?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2530018019300551?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/25300180/0000006600000004/v1_201905290847/S2530018019300551/v1_201905290847/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:19 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Gestational diabetes mellitus in a multiethnic population in Spain: Incidence of and factors associated to impaired glucose tolerance one year after delivery" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "240" "paginaFinal" => "246" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Montserrat Prados, Juana A. Flores-Le Roux, David Benaiges, Gemma Llauradó, Juan José Chillarón, Antoni Paya, Juan Pedro-Botet" "autores" => array:7 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Montserrat" "apellidos" => "Prados" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "mprados13@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Juana A." "apellidos" => "Flores-Le Roux" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "David" "apellidos" => "Benaiges" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Gemma" "apellidos" => "Llauradó" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Juan José" "apellidos" => "Chillarón" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Antoni" "apellidos" => "Paya" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span>" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Juan" "apellidos" => "Pedro-Botet" "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span>" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Sección de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Martorell, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] 2 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "c" "identificador" => "aff0015" ] 3 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain" "etiqueta" => "d" "identificador" => "aff0020" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Incidencia y factores asociados al metabolismo alterado de la glucosa un año después del parto en una población multiétnica de mujeres con diabetes mellitus gestacional en España" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) varies according to ethnic origin, the percentage of immigrant women in the study population, and the diagnostic criteria used. In studies involving a predominantly Caucasian population, the prevalence of GDM is 2–3%, while in multiethnic populations this figure can increase to 14%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–4</span></a> In Spain, GDM is present in 3–9% of all pregnancies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5–7</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Gestational diabetes mellitus implies not only an increased risk of obstetric complications requiring specific monitoring and treatment,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,9</span></a> but also an increased risk of altered carbohydrate metabolism<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3,4</span></a> and cardiovascular disease in the postpartum follow-up.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10–12</span></a> In addition, a non-Caucasian ethnic origin has been described as a risk factor for the development of diabetes. In this regard, the United States National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion has reported a prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) of 7.8% in Caucasian women, 13.5% in Hispanic women and 15.4% in Afro-American women.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Not surprisingly, ethnicity constitutes a risk factor for some degree of altered carbohydrate metabolism in the postpartum control of women with prior GDM.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14,15</span></a> Several predictors of diabetes have been described in women who have previously experienced GDM: glucose levels in the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) during pregnancy,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> the use of insulin in pregnancy,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14,16,17</span></a> the body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> and a family history of DM2.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Many of these predictors of diabetes have been confirmed in studies of the Spanish population,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19,20</span></a> but these publications did not include immigrant women from different ethnic backgrounds. Immigration has been one of the most notable socio-sanitary phenomena in Spain over recent decades. According to the latest report of the Spanish National Statistics Institute (Instituto Nacional de Estadística [INE]), a total of 5,131,591 foreign nationals were resident in Spain in June 2017, representing 11% of the total Spanish population. Furthermore, about 40% of this immigrant population is of fertile age.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> Studies involving the Spanish immigrant population are therefore needed to assess the influence of ethnicity upon the development of alterations in carbohydrate metabolism. For this reason, the present study was carried out to determine the incidence of alterations in hydrocarbon metabolism in the first year after delivery among women with a history of GDM, and to identify the predictive factors in a multiethnic population in Spain.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Patients and methods</span><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A retrospective analysis was made of a prospective cohort of women with GDM seen consecutively at the Endocrinology outpatient clinic of Hospital del Mar (Barcelona, Spain) between January 2004 and March 2016. Gestational diabetes mellitus was diagnosed based on the criteria of the National Diabetes Data Group,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> and patient control was conducted in accordance with the recommendations of the Management Guide of the Spanish Group of Diabetes and Pregnancy (Grupo Español de Diabetes y Embarazo).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> We included pregnant women with prenatal follow-up and delivery who reported for the control visit during the first year after delivery. The exclusion criteria were multiple pregnancies and a diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 305 women underwent a postpartum OGTT. Of these, 47.2% were Caucasian, 22% were from Central-South Asia (India and Pakistan), 12% were of Hispanic origin (Central and South America), 10% were from Morocco, and 10% were from East Asia (mainly China).</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Following the GDM protocol of our centre, the women were given appointments for clinical and biochemical re-evaluation during the first year postpartum, including a 75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g OGTT. A structured interview was used to collect the following data: age, family history of diabetes, personal history of GDM and macrosomia in previous pregnancies, and the BMI prior to pregnancy. Pregnancy and childbirth information and the neonatal characteristics were compiled from the medical records.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The venous blood extractions were performed after 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of fasting. Seventy-five grams of glucose were administered with a commercial preparation, and the blood extractions were performed before and 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after the OGTT. Blood glucose was measured using the oxidase method. The diagnosis of diabetes and prediabetes (abnormal fasting blood glucose and abnormal glucose tolerance [AGT]) was based on the plasma glucose levels under fasting conditions and 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h after the OGTT, following the 2010 criteria of the American Diabetes Association (ADA).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275">24</a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Macrosomia was defined as a newborn infant weight of over 4000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Hospital del Mar.</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were expressed as the mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>standard deviation (SD) in the case of continuous variables, and as frequencies and percentages in the case of categorical variables. The Student <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test was used to study differences in quantitative variables when comparing two groups, while analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc analysis was applied for multiple comparisons among more than two groups. The chi-squared or Fisher exact test was used to assess the degree of association between categorical variables. Logistic regression analysis was subsequently used to analyse factors independently associated with altered glucose metabolism. The multivariate analysis included those variables that were found to be significant in the univariate analysis (the pregestational BMI, ethnicity, nulliparity, a history of GDM in previous pregnancies, insulin treatment and glycosylated haemoglobin [HbA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1c</span>] in the third trimester of pregnancy), and also other factors previously described in the literature (a family history of diabetes). Statistical significance was considered for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05. The statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS version 15.0 statistical package for MS Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).</p></span></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Results</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the 537 women diagnosed with GDM during the study period, 306 (56.8%) reported for subsequent clinical follow-up at two and 12 months postpartum. The clinical characteristics of these patients are summarised in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>. Women attending postpartum follow-up were older (33.84<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.68 vs. 31.95<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.64 years; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001) and more frequently Caucasian (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.059) than women not attending postpartum follow-up. A total of 52.8% of the women subjected to postpartum control were of non-Caucasian origin, the largest group corresponding to women from Central-South Asia (22%). Twelve percent of the women were from Latin America, 10% from East Asia and 10% from Morocco. The main characteristics of the 5 ethnic groups are shown in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>. Compared to Caucasian women, those from East Asia had a lower BMI (23.63<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.97 vs. 27.57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.34<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001); insulin treatment during pregnancy was more common in Moroccan women (47.3% vs. 32%; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.002) and Hispanics (38.6% vs. 32%; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.042); and Moroccan women had more infants with macrosomia (20% vs. 5.8%; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.003).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Risk of diabetes and altered glucose tolerance</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Of the 305 women who participated in the postpartum follow-up, 128 (41.8%) presented altered glucose metabolism as shown by the OGTT results, based on the criteria of the American Diabetes Association 2010: 16 (5.2%) had DM2 and 112 (36.6%) had prediabetes. Of these, 68 (22.2%) presented abnormal fasting blood glucose, 26 (8.5%) AGT, and 18 (5.9%) both. The incidence of altered glucose metabolism among the non-Caucasian women was almost double that seen in the Caucasians, with a higher incidence of DM2 among the former (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Predictors of abnormal glucose tolerance</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The maternal, gestational and neonatal characteristics of the women with or without altered glucose metabolism at postpartum control are reported in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a>. Women with altered glucose metabolism were more often of non-Caucasian origin and had higher pregestational BMI. Furthermore, they more often needed insulin treatment during pregnancy for GDM control and started it earlier in pregnancy (29.61<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.74 vs. 31.57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.43 weeks; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.014). They also underwent a greater number of caesarean sections (32.7% vs. 18.4%; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.038) compared to those without altered glucose metabolism in the postpartum period. Lastly, the women with altered glucose metabolism had higher postpartum triglyceride levels (105.73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>57.09 vs. 88.93<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>41.38<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05) and lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations (53.13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12.53 vs. 59.33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12.52<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.009) than those without altered glucose metabolism after one year of follow-up.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the multivariate analysis, a non-Caucasian origin (OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.15, 95% CI [1.85–5.39]), a history of GDM (OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.26, 95% CI [1.11–4.59]) and the pregestational BMI (OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.09, 95% CI [1.04–1.15]) were the factors found to be independently and significantly associated with the development of altered glucose metabolism at postpartum follow-up.</p></span></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Discussion</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study for the first time describes the incidence of altered glycemia in the first year postpartum of a multiethnic cohort of women with GDM in the Spanish population. The main findings were the high incidence of altered carbohydrate metabolism in non-Caucasian women compared to Caucasians one year after delivery (55% vs. 30%), and the identification of ethnicity as the main predictor of the development of abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT) (OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.2). Other already known and independently associated factors were a history of GDM and the BMI prior to pregnancy.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Women with a history of GDM are 7 times more likely to develop diabetes than those with normal glycemia values during pregnancy.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Our results revealed an incidence of GDM of 41.8% in the first year after delivery, with a prediabetes and DM2 incidence of 36.6% and 5.2%, respectively. Previous studies in the first year postpartum after GDM describe a variable incidence of AGT ranging from 7% to 35%,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16,19,25–28</span></a> depending on the diagnostic criteria, follow-up period and ethnic group involved.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Studies in a Spanish and Caucasian population have described a prevalence of AGT of 25.3% four months after delivery, with 10.4% AGT and 5.8% abnormal fasting glycemia.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> In Sweden, Aberg et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> reported an incidence of AGT and prediabetes of 31% and 22%, respectively, one year after delivery in a group of mostly Caucasian women. Likewise, a variable incidence of AGT has been described during the first year postpartum in Hispanic women (between 24% and 39% in the first 6 months postpartum).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26,27</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of DM2 in the first year postpartum among women with AGT recorded in the present study coincides with the data found in the literature (5.4–10%).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19,25</span></a> Pallardo et al., in a group of Caucasian women in Spain, observed an incidence of DM2 of 5.4% four months after delivery.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> An incidence of 9% one year after delivery was reported in a northern European Caucasian population.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> Studies in women of Hispanic origin likewise conducted in the first year after delivery<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> reported a higher incidence of DM2 (17%) than in our own study and in studies involving Caucasian populations. Finally, Ko et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> during early postpartum in a group of Chinese women with a history of GDM, recorded an 8-fold increase in the risk of developing diabetes, based on the OGTT performed 6 weeks after delivery, vs. the group of women with normal glycemia during pregnancy.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some ethnic groups are known to be more susceptible to diabetes than others.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Our study reinforces the evidence linking ethnicity to the risk of suffering altered glucose metabolism after GDM. Specifically, Latin American and Central-South and East Asian women were more than 50% likely to develop AGT, vs. only 30% in the case of the Caucasian women, one year after delivery. A non-Caucasian ethnic origin has been described as a risk factor for AGT in the postpartum of women with a history of GDM in other populations. In a study conducted in the United Kingdom three months after delivery, 35% of the Indo-Asian women presented AGT, vs. 7% of the Caucasians and 5% of the African-Caribbean women (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.003).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Fifteen years after delivery in a group of Australian women, Lee et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> found that those of Asian origin were twice as likely to suffer DM2 as Caucasian women. A recent study in California conducted 4.5 years after delivery in a large cohort of 13,000 women with GDM and 65,000 controls reported a significantly higher incidence of DM2 among Afro-American women who had developed GDM compared with Caucasian women.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Likewise, another study conducted in the United States involving 671 Latin American women with a history of GDM recorded a 47% incidence of DM2 at 5 years postpartum.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In accordance with previous studies in Caucasian women, our results show that the BMI before pregnancy, as a marker of insulin resistance, is predictive of AGT.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18–20</span></a> In a French and Maghreb population 7 years after delivery, Vambergue et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> found a BMI before pregnancy of >27<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> to be an independent predictor of AGT. The same results were obtained in Caucasian women 4 months and 11 years after delivery.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19,20</span></a> Dalfrà et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> studying Caucasian women 5 years after delivery, found the presence of obesity before pregnancy to be more common in women presenting diabetes in the postpartum period than in those with a normal glycemic index (GI) or no alterations in carbohydrate metabolism. By contrast, other authors have found no association between the pregestational BMI and carbohydrate metabolism in postpartum.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The recurrence of GDM was also identified as a predictor of the development of DM2 or prediabetes in our study (OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.3). This same observation was reported by Pallardo et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> who described this association in a group of Caucasian women four months after delivery.</p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the OGTT performed during pregnancy represent another predictor of diabetes development in postpartum.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,17,19</span></a> In our study the OGTT results in pregnancy were not available, though it should be noted that women with postpartum AGT presented HbA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1c</span> values in the third trimester of pregnancy that were higher than in the women with normal glycemia, though this parameter did not reach statistical significance in the multivariate analysis. Eades et al.,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> in a study of 164 Caucasian women in the United Kingdom, found HbA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1c</span> concentration during pregnancy to be an independent predictor of DM2 8 years after delivery in women with previous GDM.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In some studies, the use of insulin in pregnancy has been described as a predictor of AGT,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14,16,17,27,31</span></a> though no such association was reported by other authors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20,30</span></a> Nor was any observed in our study between insulin use and AGT. These contradictory results may be related to the fact that insulin therapy depends in part on patient preferences and on the success of lifestyle modifying interventions.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The limitations of the present study include the low percentage of patients reporting for postpartum control, though the figures are similar to those described in the literature.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0250"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> In addition, the women who reported for postpartum control had baseline characteristics that differed from those who did not attend the visit. The results obtained therefore cannot be extrapolated to the entire population of women with a history of GDM. Furthermore, we were unable to obtain data on other cardiovascular risk factors such as high blood pressure, breastfeeding, oral contraception or postpartum physical activity, which could have influenced the development of altered glucose metabolism.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Conclusions</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a Spanish population of multiethnic origin, the incidence of alterations in carbohydrate metabolism during the first year postpartum in women with a history of GDM was 41.8%, the risk being three times greater among women of non-Caucasian origin. These findings demonstrate the need to define specific strategies for monitoring and early intervention targeted to cardiovascular risk factors in women with a history of GDM, particularly in those of non-Caucasian origin.</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1196404" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background and aim" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Patients and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1114891" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1196405" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Antecedentes y objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Pacientes y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1114892" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Patients and methods" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Statistical analysis" ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Risk of diabetes and altered glucose tolerance" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Predictors of abnormal glucose tolerance" ] ] ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2018-04-13" "fechaAceptado" => "2018-07-30" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1114891" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Type 2 diabetes mellitus" 1 => "Gestational diabetes mellitus" 2 => "Glucose intolerance" 3 => "Prediabetes" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1114892" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Diabetes mellitus tipo 2" 1 => "Diabetes mellitus gestacional" 2 => "Intolerancia a la glucosa" 3 => "Prediabetes" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background and aim</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Women with history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at increased risk for diabetes. Ethnicity may modify such risk, but no studies have been conducted in our environment. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and prediabetes one year after delivery in women with GDM and in a multiethnic background and to identify the associated factors.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Patients and methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A retrospective analysis of a prospective, observational cohort of women with GDM who attended annual postpartum follow-up visits at Hospital del Mar from January 2004 to March 2016.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Three hundred and five women attended postpartum follow-up visits. Of these, 47.2% were Caucasian, 22% from South-Central Asia, 12% from Latin America, and 10% from Morocco and East Asia. Incidence rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus and prediabetes in these patients were 5.2 and 36.6%, respectively. In a multivariate analysis, non-Caucasian origin (OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3.15, 95% CI [1.85–5.39]), recurrent gestational diabetes (OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.26, 95% CI [1.11–4.59]), and pre-pregnancy body mass index (OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1.09, 95% CI [1.04–1.15]) were independent predictors of impaired glucose tolerance.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">In a multiethnic Spanish population of women with GDM, incidence of impaired glucose tolerance in the first year after delivery was 41.8%, with a three-fold increased risk for women of non-Caucasian ethnicity.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background and aim" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Patients and methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Antecedentes y objetivo</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las mujeres con antecedentes de diabetes mellitus gestacional (DMG) tienen mayor riesgo de diabetes. Si bien la etnia puede modificar este riesgo, no disponemos de estudios específicos en nuestro entorno. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la incidencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y prediabetes en el primer año posparto en mujeres con DMG y en un entorno multiétnico e identificar los factores asociados.</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Pacientes y métodos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Análisis retrospectivo de una cohorte observacional prospectiva de mujeres con DMG que acudieron al control posparto anual en el Hospital del Mar, entre enero de 2004 y marzo de 2016.</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Trescientas cinco mujeres asistieron a las revisiones posparto. De estas, un 47,2% fueron caucásicas, un 22% del centro-sur de Asia, un 12% fueron de origen hispano y un 10% procedían de Marruecos y del este de Asia. La incidencia de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y de prediabetes fue del 5,2 y el 36,6%, respectivamente. Los factores asociados al metabolismo alterado de la glucosa fueron la etnia no caucásica (OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3,15, IC 95% [1,85-5,39]), los antecedentes previos de DMG (OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2,26, IC 95% [1,11-4,59]) y el índice de masa corporal previo al embarazo (OR<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1,09, IC 95% [1,04-1,15]).</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">En una población española de origen multiétnico, la incidencia de alteraciones del metabolismo hidrocarbonado en el primer año posparto de mujeres con antecedentes de DMG fue del 41,8%, siendo el riesgo 3 veces superior en las mujeres no caucásicas que en las caucásicas.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Antecedentes y objetivo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Pacientes y métodos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Please cite this article as: Prados M, Flores-Le Roux JA, Benaiges D, Llauradó G, Chillarón JJ, Paya A, et al. Incidencia y factores asociados al metabolismo alterado de la glucosa un año después del parto en una población multiétnica de mujeres con diabetes mellitus gestacional en España. Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr. 2019;66:240–246.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:4 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SD: standard deviation; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; NS: nonsignificant.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="center" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Women with GDM</th></tr><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No follow-up \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">With follow-up \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">n</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">232 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">305 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Baseline characteristics</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age (years), mean</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">±</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31.95<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.64 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33.84<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BMI before pregnancy (kg</span>/<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>)<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">, mean</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">±</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27.47<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27.13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ethnic origin, %</span></td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.059 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Caucasian \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">34.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">47.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Latin American \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>South-Central Asian \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Moroccan \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>East Asian \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">13.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Family history of diabetes, %</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">59.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">52.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Gestational characteristics, %</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Insulin therapy</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26.2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">43.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Obstetric characteristics, %</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Caesarean section</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">36.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Large for gestational age</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">19.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.024 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Macrosomia</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2042475.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical and obstetric characteristics of the women with gestational diabetes mellitus who did and did not undergo postpartum testing.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SD: standard deviation; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Caucasian \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Latin American \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">South-Central Asian \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Moroccan \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">East Asian \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">144 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">36 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">67 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="10" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="10" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Baseline characteristics</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Age (years), mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.05 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32.68<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31.33<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.043 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">34.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">32.8<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.81 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.853 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>BMI before pregnancy (kg/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>, mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27.57<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6.34 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">28.39<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.23 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27.32<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.09 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">28.72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.77 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">23.63<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2.97 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.026 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Nulliparity, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">125 (55.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26 (38.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.006 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">43 (33.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22 (40) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.023 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">22 (36.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.004 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Previous macrosomia, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 (4.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 (16.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.009 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 (9.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.103 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 (9.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.149 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 (1.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.316 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Previous GDM, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31 (15.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 (10) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.209 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25 (21.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.097 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 (21.8) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.117 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 (16.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.473 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="10" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="10" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gestational characteristics</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Insulin therapy, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">72 (32) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">27 (38.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.042 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">49 (38.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.076 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26 (47.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.002 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16 (28.1) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.463 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Weight gain (kg), mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.89<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.93 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.75<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.29 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.68 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.21 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1.000 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2042473.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value for comparison with Caucasian women.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical and obstetric characteristics of the women with gestational diabetes mellitus corresponding to 5 different ethnic origins.</p>" ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0070" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">DM2: type 2 diabetes mellitus; 95% CI: 95% confidence interval; AGT: abnormal glucose tolerance.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Normal, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">AGT, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Odds ratio</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> [95% CI] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Prediabetes, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">DM2, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> (%) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ethnic origin, n</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">177 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">128 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">112 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Caucasian (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>144) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">101 (70) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">43 (30) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">41 (28.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 (1.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Latin American (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>36) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16 (44.4) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">20 (55.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.94 [1.39–6.2] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17 (47.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 (8.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.004 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>South-Central Asian (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>67) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31 (45.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">36 (52.9) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.73 [1.5–4.9] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">29 (42.6) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 (10.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Moroccan (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>29) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 (51.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 (48.2) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.19 [0.97–4.9] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 (34.5) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 (13.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.046 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>East Asian (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>29) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">14 (48.3) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 (51.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.52 [1.12–5.6] \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 (51.7) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.021 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2042474.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Odds ratio</span> refers to the risk of developing abnormal glucose tolerance.</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span>-value for comparison with Caucasian women.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Ethnic differences in glucose tolerance in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus.</p>" ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at4" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0080" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">SD: standard deviation; GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; HbA<span class="elsevierStyleInf">1c</span>: glycosylated haemoglobin; BMI: body mass index; NS: nonsignificant; AGT: abnormal glucose tolerance.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Normal \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">AGT \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">n</span></span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">177 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">128 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Baseline characteristics</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Age (years), mean</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">±</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33.73<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.579 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">34.0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.824 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">BMI before pregnancy (kg/m</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">), mean</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">26.26<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>4.84 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">28.30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>5.48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.021 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Ethnic origin, %</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.02 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Caucasian \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">57.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">33.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Latin American \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>South-Central Asia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">28.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Moroccan \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>East Asia \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Nulliparity, %</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">54.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">38.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.005 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Previous macrosomia, %</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.0 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9.6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Previous GDM, %</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">25.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Family history of diabetes, %</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">51.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">54.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">NS \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="4" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleBold">Gestational characteristics</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Insulin therapy, %</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">36.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">53.5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.014 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">HbA</span><span class="elsevierStyleInf"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1c</span></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">in third trimester (%), mean</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">±</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">SD</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.13<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.54 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5.39<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>±<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.58 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2042476.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0075" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Clinical and obstetric characteristics of the women with normal glucose metabolism and abnormal glucose tolerance after pregnancy.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:31 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0160" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus by a model based on risk indicators: a prospective study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "D.M. Jensen" 1 => "L. Molsted-Pedersen" 2 => "H. Beck-Nielsen" 3 => "J.G. Westergaard" 4 => "P. Ovesen" 5 => "P. Damm" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Obstet Gynecol" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "189" "paginaInicial" => "1383" "paginaFinal" => "1388" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14634573" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0165" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Gestational diabetes mellitus" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "L. Jovanovic" 1 => "D. Pettitt" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "JAMA" "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "286" "paginaInicial" => "2516" "paginaFinal" => "2518" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11722247" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0170" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "L. Bellamy" 1 => "J.P. Casa" 2 => "D. Hingorani" 3 => "D. Williams" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60731-5" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Lancet" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "373" "paginaInicial" => "1773" "paginaFinal" => "1779" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19465232" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0175" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "C. Kim" 1 => "K. Newton" 2 => "R.H. Knopp" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2337/diacare.25.10.1862" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes Care" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "25" "paginaInicial" => "1862" "paginaFinal" => "1868" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12351492" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0180" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed during early pregnancy" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "J.L. Bartha" 1 => "P. Martinez-del-Fresno" 2 => "R. Comino-Delgado" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Obstet Gynecol" "fecha" => "2000" "volumen" => "182" "paginaInicial" => "346" "paginaFinal" => "350" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10694335" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0185" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus: variations related to screening strategy used" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J.J. Jiménez-Moleón" 1 => "A. Bueno-Cavanillas" 2 => "J.D. Luna-del-Castillo" 3 => "M. Garciá-Martín" 4 => "P. Lardelli-Claret" 5 => "R. Gálvez-Vargas" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Endocrinol" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "146" "paginaInicial" => "831" "paginaFinal" => "837" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12039704" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0190" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Potential impact of American Diabetes Association (2000) criteria for diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus in Spain" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "W. Ricart" 1 => "J. López" 2 => "J. Mozas" 3 => "A. Pericot" 4 => "M.A. Sancho" 5 => "N. González" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00125-005-1756-9" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diabetologia" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "48" "paginaInicial" => "1135" "paginaFinal" => "1141" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15889233" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0195" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Effect of treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus on pregnancy outcomes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "colaboracion" => "Australian Carbohydrate Intolerance Study in Pregnant Women (ACHOIS) Trial Group" "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "C.A. Crowther" 1 => "J.E. Hiller" 2 => "J.R. Moss" 3 => "A.J. McPhee" 4 => "W.S. Jeffries" 5 => "J.S. Robinson" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1056/NEJMoa042973" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "352" "paginaInicial" => "2477" "paginaFinal" => "2486" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15951574" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0200" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Gestational diabetes mellitus. Time to treat" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "M.F. Greene" 1 => "C.G. Solomon" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1056/NEJMe058100" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "N Engl J Med" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "352" "paginaInicial" => "2544" "paginaFinal" => "2546" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15951575" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0205" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Gestational diabetes mellitus is a significant risk factor for long-term maternal renal disease" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "O. Beharier" 1 => "I. Shoham-Vardi" 2 => "G. Pariente" 3 => "R. Sergienko" 4 => "R. Kessous" 5 => "Y. Baumfeld" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1210/jc.2014-4474" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Clin Endocrinol Metab" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "100" "paginaInicial" => "1412" "paginaFinal" => "1416" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25668200" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0210" "etiqueta" => "11" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Gestational diabetes mellitus increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in women with a family history of type 2 diabetes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "D.B. Carr" 1 => "K.M. Utzschneider" 2 => "R.L. Hull" 3 => "J. Tong" 4 => "T.M. Wallace" 5 => "K. Kodama" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2337/dc05-2482" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes Care" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "29" "paginaInicial" => "2078" "paginaFinal" => "2083" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16936156" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0215" "etiqueta" => "12" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "An association between gestational diabetes mellitus and long-term maternal cardiovascular morbidity" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "R. Kessous" 1 => "S. Vardi" 2 => "G. Pariente" 3 => "M. Sherf" 4 => "E. Sheiner" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1136/heartjnl-2013-303945" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Heart" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "99" "paginaInicial" => "1118" "paginaFinal" => "1121" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23749791" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0220" "etiqueta" => "13" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "The National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion: age specific prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, by race/ethnicity and sex, United State 2015/2017. Available from: <a href="http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/prev/national/fig2004.htm">http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/prev/national/fig2004.htm</a> [accessed 13.01.18]." ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0225" "etiqueta" => "14" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The influence of ethnicity on the development of type two diabetes mellitus in women with gestational diabetes: a prospective study and review of the literature" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "C. Girgis" 1 => "J. Gunton" 2 => "N. Cheung" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.5402/2012/341638" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "ISRN Endocrinol" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "2012" "paginaInicial" => "341638" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22577574" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0230" "etiqueta" => "15" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Racial and ethnic disparities in diabetes risk after gestational diabetes mellitus" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "H. Xiang" 1 => "B. Li" 2 => "M. Black" 3 => "D. Sacks" 4 => "T. Buchanan" 5 => "S. Jacobsen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00125-011-2330-2" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diabetologia" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "54" "paginaInicial" => "3016" "paginaFinal" => "3021" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22016046" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0235" "etiqueta" => "16" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Maternal ante-natal parameters as predictors of persistent postnatal glucose intolerance: a comparative study between Afro-Caribbeans, Asians and Caucasians" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "B. Sinha" 1 => "R. Brydon" 2 => "R.S. Taylor" 3 => "A. Hollins" 4 => "A. Munro" 5 => "D. Jenkins" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diabet Med" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "20" "paginaInicial" => "382" "paginaFinal" => "386" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12752487" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0240" "etiqueta" => "17" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Gestational diabetes mellitus: clinical predictors and long-term risk of developing type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study using survival analysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "A. Lee" 1 => "R. Hiscock" 2 => "P. Wein" 3 => "S. Walker" 4 => "S. Permezel" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2337/dc06-1816" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes Care" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "30" "paginaInicial" => "878" "paginaFinal" => "883" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17392549" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0245" "etiqueta" => "18" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Antepartum and early postpartum predictors of type 2 diabetes development in women with gestational diabetes mellitus" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M.G. Dalfrà" 1 => "A. Lapolla" 2 => "M. Masin" 3 => "G. Giglia" 4 => "B. Dalla Barba" 5 => "R. Toniato" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes Metab" "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "27" "paginaInicial" => "675" "paginaFinal" => "680" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11852376" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0250" "etiqueta" => "19" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Early postpartum metabolic assessment in women with prior gestational diabetes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "F. Pallardo" 1 => "L. Herranz" 2 => "T. García-Ingelmo" 3 => "C. Grande" 4 => "P. Martin-Vaquero" 5 => "M. Jañez" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2337/diacare.22.7.1053" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes Care" "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "22" "paginaInicial" => "1053" "paginaFinal" => "1058" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10388966" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0255" "etiqueta" => "20" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Diabetes and abnormal glucose tolerance in women with previous gestational diabetes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. Albareda" 1 => "A. Caballero" 2 => "G. Badell" 3 => "S. Piquer" 4 => "A. Ortiz" 5 => "A. de Leiva" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2337/diacare.26.4.1199" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes Care" "fecha" => "2003" "volumen" => "26" "paginaInicial" => "1199" "paginaFinal" => "1205" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12663597" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0260" "etiqueta" => "21" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "Ministerio de Trabajo e Inmigración. Cifras de población y censos demográficos. Extranjeros con certificado de registro o tarjeta de residencia en vigor. Informe 30/06/2017." ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0265" "etiqueta" => "22" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "colaboracion" => "National Diabetes Data Group" "etal" => false ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2337/diab.28.12.1039" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes" "fecha" => "1979" "volumen" => "28" "paginaInicial" => "1039" "paginaFinal" => "1057" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/510803" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0270" "etiqueta" => "23" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Guía asistencial de diabetes mellitus y embarazo" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "colaboracion" => "Grupo Español de Diabetes y Embarazo (GEDE)" "etal" => false ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Av Diabetol" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "45" "paginaFinal" => "49" ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0275" "etiqueta" => "24" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "colaboracion" => "American Diabetes Association" "etal" => false ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2337/dc10-S062" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes Care" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "33" "numero" => "Suppl. 1" "paginaInicial" => "S62" "paginaFinal" => "S69" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20042775" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0280" "etiqueta" => "25" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Predictive factors of developing diabetes mellitus in women with gestational diabetes" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "A. Aberg" 1 => "E. Jonsson" 2 => "I. Eskilsson" 3 => "M. Landin-Olsson" 4 => "A. Frid" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "81" "paginaInicial" => "11" "paginaFinal" => "16" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11942881" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0285" "etiqueta" => "26" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Postpartum glucose tolerance status 6 to 12 weeks after gestational diabetes mellitus: a Brazilian cohort" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "L.S. Weinert" 1 => "L.S. Mastella" 2 => "M.L. Oppermann" 3 => "S.P. Silveiro" 4 => "L.S. Guimarães" 5 => "A.J. Reichelt" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "58" "paginaInicial" => "197" "paginaFinal" => "204" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24830597" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0290" "etiqueta" => "27" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Postpartum follow-up for women with gestational diabetes mellitus" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. Stasenko" 1 => "Y.W. Cheng" 2 => "T. McLean" 3 => "A.C. Jelin" 4 => "L. Rand" 5 => "A.B. Caughey" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1055/s-0030-1253557" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Perinatol" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "27" "paginaInicial" => "737" "paginaFinal" => "742" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20440668" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 27 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0295" "etiqueta" => "28" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Predicting future diabetes in Latino women with gestational diabetes: utility of early postpartum glucose tolerance testing" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "S. Kjos" 1 => "R. Peters" 2 => "A. Xiang" 3 => "O. Henry" 4 => "M. Montoro" 5 => "T. Buchanan" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.2337/diab.44.5.586" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diabetes" "fecha" => "1995" "volumen" => "44" "paginaInicial" => "586" "paginaFinal" => "591" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7729620" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 28 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0300" "etiqueta" => "29" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Glucose intolerance and other cardiovascular risk factors in Chinese women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "G.T. Ko" 1 => "J.C. Chan" 2 => "L.W. Tsang" 3 => "C.Y. Li" 4 => "C.S. Cockram" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Aust N Z J ObstetGynaecol" "fecha" => "1999" "volumen" => "39" "paginaInicial" => "478" "paginaFinal" => "483" ] ] ] ] ] ] 29 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0305" "etiqueta" => "30" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Increasing incidence of abnormal glucose tolerance in women with prior abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy: DIAGEST 2 study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A. Vambergue" 1 => "C. Dognin" 2 => "A. Boulogne" 3 => "M.C. Rejou" 4 => "S. Biausquet" 5 => "P. Fontaine" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02306.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Diabet Med" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "25" "paginaInicial" => "58" "paginaFinal" => "64" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18028442" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 30 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0310" "etiqueta" => "31" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Progression from gestational diabetes to type 2 diabetes in one region of Scotland: an observational follow-up study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "C.E. Eades" 1 => "M. Styles" 2 => "G.P. Leese" 3 => "H. Cheyne" 4 => "J.M. Evans" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1186/s12884-015-0457-8" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "BMC Pregnancy Childbirth" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "15" "paginaInicial" => "11" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25643857" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/25300180/0000006600000004/v1_201905290847/S253001801930054X/v1_201905290847/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "64496" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Original articles" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/25300180/0000006600000004/v1_201905290847/S253001801930054X/v1_201905290847/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S253001801930054X?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 October | 19 | 1 | 20 |
| 2024 September | 47 | 6 | 53 |
| 2024 August | 33 | 5 | 38 |
| 2024 July | 21 | 6 | 27 |
| 2024 June | 12 | 0 | 12 |
| 2024 May | 9 | 2 | 11 |
| 2024 April | 32 | 1 | 33 |
| 2024 March | 12 | 3 | 15 |
| 2024 February | 15 | 3 | 18 |
| 2024 January | 24 | 3 | 27 |
| 2023 December | 41 | 2 | 43 |
| 2023 November | 12 | 3 | 15 |
| 2023 October | 16 | 3 | 19 |
| 2023 September | 18 | 2 | 20 |
| 2023 August | 15 | 2 | 17 |
| 2023 July | 7 | 3 | 10 |
| 2023 June | 21 | 2 | 23 |
| 2023 May | 37 | 2 | 39 |
| 2023 April | 47 | 0 | 47 |
| 2023 March | 29 | 2 | 31 |
| 2023 February | 18 | 5 | 23 |
| 2023 January | 19 | 4 | 23 |
| 2022 December | 16 | 6 | 22 |
| 2022 November | 27 | 7 | 34 |
| 2022 October | 44 | 8 | 52 |
| 2022 September | 67 | 9 | 76 |
| 2022 August | 59 | 5 | 64 |
| 2022 July | 48 | 5 | 53 |
| 2022 June | 21 | 6 | 27 |
| 2022 May | 41 | 3 | 44 |
| 2022 April | 27 | 9 | 36 |
| 2022 March | 27 | 5 | 32 |
| 2022 February | 23 | 4 | 27 |
| 2022 January | 48 | 7 | 55 |
| 2021 December | 14 | 12 | 26 |
| 2021 November | 16 | 10 | 26 |
| 2021 October | 14 | 9 | 23 |
| 2021 September | 12 | 12 | 24 |
| 2021 August | 20 | 6 | 26 |
| 2021 July | 21 | 8 | 29 |
| 2021 June | 15 | 13 | 28 |
| 2021 May | 19 | 8 | 27 |
| 2021 April | 29 | 18 | 47 |
| 2021 March | 16 | 10 | 26 |
| 2021 February | 25 | 15 | 40 |
| 2021 January | 11 | 6 | 17 |
| 2020 December | 18 | 8 | 26 |
| 2020 November | 22 | 7 | 29 |
| 2020 October | 12 | 6 | 18 |
| 2020 September | 23 | 8 | 31 |
| 2020 August | 21 | 13 | 34 |
| 2020 July | 13 | 11 | 24 |
| 2020 June | 12 | 3 | 15 |
| 2020 May | 18 | 7 | 25 |
| 2020 April | 18 | 3 | 21 |
| 2020 March | 20 | 11 | 31 |
| 2020 February | 20 | 4 | 24 |
| 2020 January | 23 | 1 | 24 |
| 2019 December | 28 | 9 | 37 |
| 2019 November | 17 | 7 | 24 |
| 2019 October | 17 | 14 | 31 |
| 2019 September | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Show all
