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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="p0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The use of antimicrobials has had undoubted benefits in the fight against infectious diseases&#46; Nevertheless&#44; due to the intense use of antimicrobials over the years&#44; bacteria have reacted in a Darwinian way against the selective force exerted by the antimicrobials&#46; Resistance to these compounds has risen to prominence and has become a major threat to public health&#46; Clinical microbiologists have documented how this response was accelerated&#44; not only by selection processes of resistant mutants&#44; but also by different genetic events involving transfer of factors that determine resistance&#46; As a result&#44; clinicians have limited antimicrobial options and in certain cases there are no alternatives are available within the current armamentarium for the treatment of specific infectious diseases&#46;</p><p id="p0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Different terms have been coined to define this situation&#44; including multi-drug resistance&#44; extensive-drug resistance or even&#44; pan-drug resistance&#46; Modern organization of healthcare has made it easier for resistant bacteria to spread among the different health care settings&#46; The nosocomial setting has blurred its borders with the extra-hospital setting&#44; and resistant bacteria often escape from the former or&#44; on the contrary&#44; outpatients&#44; colonised or infected with resistant bacteria&#44; are admitted into the hospital&#46; Furthermore&#44; it has been clearly demonstrated that it is not just the use of antimicrobials in humans that is responsible for the presence of resistant bacteria&#46; The emergence in the veterinary setting has been extensively documented&#44; as well as the exchange of these resistant bacteria with humans through the food chain&#46; As a consequence&#44; resistant bacteria and the corresponding determining factors have also invaded the natural environment&#44; thus facilitating the exchange of the resistance genes&#46;</p><p id="p0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Within this scenario&#44; the pharmaceutical industry has decreased its efforts to develop new antimicrobials and the lack of a robust pipeline of new compounds has been suggested&#46; Moreover&#44; a pessimistic view that all struggles will be won by the bacteria has spread among certain areas of the scientific community&#44; and different researchers have warned that we are entering in a &#8220;post-antibiotic era&#8221; with no return&#46; Nevertheless&#44; different experiences have demonstrated that the rational use of antibiotics can help to stop or minimise resistant bacteria from developing&#44; and that promoting strict adherence to established infection control practises can curtail the spread of these bacteria&#46;</p><p id="p0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In 2008 the European Centre for Disease Control &#40;ECDC&#41; &#40;<a href="http://www.ecdc.europe.eu">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;ecdc&#46;europe&#46;eu</a>&#41; outlined a common European strategy to fight against resistant bacteria and established November 18th as the European Antibiotic Awareness Day&#46; The aim of this campaign is to provide an annual opportunity for increased awareness on the threat to public health of antibiotic resistance and how to use antibiotics responsibly&#46; Previous editions have focused their efforts on the general population and primary care prescribers&#44; while this year it will be on hospital prescribers&#46;</p><p id="p0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The SEIMC &#40;Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology&#41; &#40;<a href="http://www.seimc.org">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;seimc&#46;org</a>&#41; and REIPI &#40;Spanish Network of Research in Infectious Diseases&#41; &#40;<a href="http://www.reipi.org">http&#58;&#47;&#47;www&#46;reipi&#46;org</a>&#41; have joined their efforts with the Spanish health authorities to promote this campaign in Spain&#46; This strategy consistes of different initiatives&#44; including educational meetings for practitioners&#44; press releases&#44; and key messages for the public domain&#46; Moreover&#44; the &#8220;Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiolog&#237;a Cl&#237;nica&#8221; journal has produced a special supplement entitled &#8220;Prudent use of antimicrobials in clinical practice&#8221;&#44; and a series of three consecutive editorials from different experts will also be published in this journal &#40;October&#44; November&#44; and December issues&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib1"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#8211;3</span></a>&#46; These editorials will cover key topics on the prudent use of antimicrobials and bacterial resistance containment&#46; With these initiatives SEIMC and REIPI will try to promote awareness on antimicrobial use and influence all players responsible for antimicrobial resistance&#46; Optimising the use of antimicrobials will minimise the selective pressure of these compounds&#44; and the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria&#46; We all need to do our best to preserve antimicrobial susceptibility in bacterial populations to ensure effective infectious disease management in the near future&#46;</p></span>"
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