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Fever of intermediate duration in an 8-year-old boy: Is this a condition worth investigating in childhood?
Fiebre de duración intermedia en un niño de 8 años: ¿merece la pena estudiar esta entidad en la infancia?
Andrés Péreza,
Corresponding author
arperez@hospitalmanacor.org

Corresponding author.
, Lourdes Ortaa, Antonio Marcoa, Javier Mesquidab
a Department of Paediatrics, Fundación Hospital Manacor, Manacor, Spain
b Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Fundación Hospital Manacor, Manacor, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An otherwise healthy 8-year-old boy who lived in a rural area in Majorca was admitted due to an 11-day history of fever&#44; abdominal pain&#44; listlessness&#44; anorexia&#44; and 2<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg weight loss&#46; He also had headache and myalgias during the first few days of the illness&#46; There were no enlarged lymph nodes&#44; hepatosplenomegaly&#44; or other positive physical examination findings&#46; The initial laboratory tests showed 10&#44;600<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>leucocytes&#47;mm<span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span>&#44; with 50&#37; neutrophils&#44; and a C-reactive protein of 15&#46;9<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dL&#46; Further laboratory evaluation on admission including serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase levels&#44; an ultrasound examination of the liver and the spleen&#44; and a chest radiography revealed no abnormalities&#46; On the basis of a working diagnosis of fever of unknown origin &#40;FUO&#41; a hospital diagnostic work-up was carried out over the following 2 weeks&#46; The assessment consisted of the following studies&#58; repeated measurements of full blood count &#40;FBC&#41;&#44; peripheral smear&#44; erythrocyte sedimentation rate &#40;ESR&#41;&#44; and serum biochemistry&#44; Mantoux skin test&#44; blood and urine cultures&#44; serology for Epstein-Barr virus &#40;EBV&#41;&#44; cytomegalovirus &#40;CMV&#41;&#44; adenovirus&#44; influenza virus&#44; enteroviruses&#44; herpes simplex viruses&#44; and for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Rickettsia conorii</span>&#44; bone marrow aspirate to rule out malignancies&#44; visceral leishmaniasis and miliary tuberculosis&#46; The only positive finding was a gradual increase in the ESR value until a peak of 72<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#47;h on hospital day 14&#46; In the meantime&#44; he continued to be febrile with spikes up to 39&#46;7<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#176;C late evening or at night&#44; despite his good general condition and an unremarkable physical examination&#46; However&#44; the child&#39;s history of exposure to domestic cats found out on day 9 of hospitalization prompted us to order serology for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Bartonella henselae</span>&#46; Serology for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; henselae</span>&#44; performed by indirect immunofluorescence assay&#44; revealed a positive IgM with an IgG titre of 1&#58;1024&#46; The fever abated spontaneously 15 days after admission&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">B&#46; henselae</span> infection should be included in the differential diagnosis of children with FUO&#44; especially if there is a history of kitten or cat contact&#44; as atypical cat-scratch disease &#40;CSD&#41; can present&#44; irrespective of the immune status of the host&#44; as FUO associated with hepatosplenomegaly due to hepatosplenic granulomatosis or&#44; even more rarely&#44; without hepatosplenic involvement&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fever of intermediate duration &#40;FID&#41; is a new syndrome&#44; recently defined by adult infectious diseases specialists in our country as fever of 7&#8211;28 days which remains unexplained after the patient&#39;s history&#44; physical examination&#44; and basic laboratory and imaging screening&#46; Since treatable infections with a good prognosis are by far the most commonly aetiology&#44; the proposed diagnostic approach to this entity allows clinicians to avoid some expensive and uncomfortable procedures recommended for patients with classic FUO&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> Likewise&#44; although FID has never been studied in children&#44; the aetiology and prognosis of prolonged fever also varies greatly depending on whether the fever lasts for more or less than 4 weeks&#46; For example&#44; overall&#44; infections can account for up to 50&#37; of FUO in children in developed countries&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The infections most commonly involved&#44; regardless of local epidemiological particularities&#44; are tuberculosis&#44; EBV and CMV infection&#44; other prolonged viral infections&#44; CSD&#44; osteomyelitis&#44; and urinary tract infections&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> Most of these conditions can currently be diagnosed before fever reaches 4 weeks with the microbiological tests available&#46; However&#44; the likelihood of conditions with a worse prognosis such as connective tissue diseases&#44; malignancies or inflammatory bowel disease dramatically increases when fever persists for more than 4 weeks without a clear origin&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5&#8211;8</span></a>In times of budget constraints in healthcare&#44; the aetiology of FID is also worth studying in the paediatric population to optimise its management&#46; We believe that a thorough clinical history&#44; a meticulous physical examination&#44; and a limited number of laboratory and imaging tests could be a rational initial approach to well-appearing and immunocompetent children&#46; Additional investigations can be driven by new diagnostic clues discovered by revisiting the history and repeated physical examination&#46;</p></span>"
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Article information
ISSN: 0213005X
Original language: English
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es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos