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Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Antiviral treatment and vaccination for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus: lessons le...
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Vol. 30. Issue S4.
The first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. The REIPI/SEIMC experience
Pages 49-53 (October 2012)
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Vol. 30. Issue S4.
The first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. The REIPI/SEIMC experience
Pages 49-53 (October 2012)
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Antiviral treatment and vaccination for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus: lessons learned from the pandemic
Tratamiento antiviral y vacunación para el virus de la gripe A(H1N1)pdm09: lecciones aprendidas de la pandemia
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Francisco López-Medranoa,
Corresponding author
flmedrano@yahoo.es

Corresponding author.
, María Carmen Fariñasb, Antonio Payerasc, Jerónimo Pachónd
a Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
b Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
c Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Son Llàtzer, Mallorca, Spain
d Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Abstract

The influenza pandemic that was declared by the World Health Organization in June 2009 created a new scenario for the use of influenza antivirals and vaccination. The new strain, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, was resistant to amantadine and rimantadine, and the most frequently used antiviral was oseltamivir. Randomized studies were not performed comparing neuraminidase inhibitors with placebo. Nevertheless, experience from prospective and retrospective cohorts indicated that these drugs were useful for improving the prognosis of patients admitted to hospitals, especially for those with more severe disease. Treatment with oseltamivir was associated with a reduction in days of fever, length of hospital stay, use of mechanical ventilation and mortality. Treatment was more effective if it was begun within the first 48 h after the onset of symptoms, but it was also useful if begun later. A safe and effective vaccine to prevent disease from this new influenza strain was available in developed countries soon after the pandemic began; thus, the rate of adverse effects was comparable to that of seasonal influenza vaccines. The main barrier to its use was the concern of target populations about its necessity and safety. Therefore, the challenges for future pandemics will be to increase the population coverage of the vaccine in developed countries and to make it affordable for developing countries.

Keywords:
A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus
Oseltamivir
Neuraminidase inhibitors
Vaccine
Resumen

La pandemia de gripe declarada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud en junio de 2009 abrió un nuevo escenario para el empleo de antivirales y vacunas activos frente a este virus. La nueva cepa de virus de la gripe de tipo A(H1N1)pdm09 era resistente a amantadina y rimantadina. El antiviral más empleado fue oseltamivir. No se desarrollaron estudios aleatorizados de antivirales frente a placebo. No obstante, la experiencia acumulada mediante el estudio de cohortes prospectivas y retrospectivas indica que estos fármacos fueron útiles para mejorar el pronóstico de los pacientes ingresados en el hospital, especialmente de aquellos con formas más graves de la enfermedad. El tratamiento con oseltamivir se asoció a una disminución de los días de fiebre, de la duración de la estancia hospitalaria, de la necesidad de ventilación mecánica y de la mortalidad. El tratamiento fue más efectivo cuando se inició en las primeras 48 h desde el inicio de los síntomas pero fue útil incluso cuando se inició más tarde. La vacuna activa frente a esta nueva cepa estuvo disponible en los países desarrollados poco tiempo después de la declaración de la pandemia, demostrando eficacia y seguridad. La tasa de efectos adversos fue comparable a la de las vacunas de la gripe estacional. El mayor obstáculo para su empleo fueron las dudas sobre su eficacia y seguridad por parte de las poblaciones susceptibles de ser vacunadas. Por tanto, el reto para futuras pandemias será aumentar la cobertura vacunal en los países desarrollados y conseguir que la vacuna esté disponible para los países en vías de desarrollo.

Palabras clave:
Virus de la gripe A (H1N1)pdm09
Oseltamivir
Inhibidores de la neuraminidasa
Vacuna
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