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Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Enfoque clínico del paciente con neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica
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Vol. 23. Issue S3.
Neumonía nosocomial
Pages 18-23 (December 2005)
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Vol. 23. Issue S3.
Neumonía nosocomial
Pages 18-23 (December 2005)
Neumonía nosocomial
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Enfoque clínico del paciente con neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica
Clinical approach to the patient with ventilator-associated pneumonia
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Loreto Vidaura, Miriam Ochoab, Emilio Díaza, Jordi Relloa,
Corresponding author
jrc@hjxxiii.scs.es

Correspondencia: Dr. J. Rello. Servicio de Medicina Intensiva. Hospital Universitario Joan XXIII. C/Dr. Mallafre Guasch, 4. 43007 Tarragona. España.
a Servicio de Medicina Intensiva. Hospital Universitario Joan XXIII. Tarragona. España
b Servicio de Medicina Intensiva. Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre. Madrid. España
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La neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica (NAVM) es la infección más frecuente en las unidades de cuidados intensivos. Su importancia no sólo radica en su elevada incidencia sino también en su elevada mortalidad. Por ello, debemos establecer la sospecha clínica con la aparición de infiltrados radiológicos nuevos o persistentes acompañados de secreciones purulentas y signos clínicos de sepsis (fiebre y/o leucocitosis). En estos pacientes, debemos obtener, de manera precoz, un aspirado endotraqueal con un examen directo y un cultivo cuantitativo, como mínimo.

Posteriormente comenzaremos con un tratamiento antibiótico empírico de amplio espectro, teniendo en cuenta una serie de factores de riesgo en cada paciente, especialmente para NAVM por Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina, debido a la mortalidad asociada. Para valorar la resolución de la NAVM analizaremos una serie de parámetros clínicos (principalmente resolución de la fiebre y la hipoxemia) y microbiológicos. Con los resultados de los cultivos modificaremos el tratamiento antibiótico buscando el desescalamiento para evitar el desarrollo de resistencias. Además, estudios recientes reflejan que acortando la duración del tratamiento antibiótico no sólo disminuimos el riesgo de desarrollo de resistencias en pacientes que mejoran clínicamente sino que además disminuimos costes y efectos adversos.

Palabras clave:
Neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica
Tratamiento antibiótico
Resistencia antibiótica
Desescalamiento
Resolución clínica

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the most frequent infection in the intensive care unit. The importance of this entity lies not only in its high incidence but also in the significant mortality it produces. Therefore, a new episode of VAP should be clinically suspected when new or persistent radiological opacity, purulent respiratory secretions and other signs of sepsis (fever and leukocytosis) are present. In these patients, at the very least, tracheal aspirate samples with quantitative culture and direct staining should be immediately obtained, followed by prompt initiation of empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. The choice of initial antibiotic therapy should be patient-based, taking into account the risk factors associated especially with VAP caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, because of the high associated mortality. To evaluate resolution of VAP, we analyze various clinical variables (based mainly on resolution of fever and hypoxemia) and microbiologic information.

Once the microorganism responsible for VAP has been isolated, antibiotic therapy can be adapted, based on deescalation, to reduce the emergence of resistant bacteria. Recent studies suggest that shorter antibiotic regimens reduce the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, cost and adverse events.

Key words:
Ventilator-associated pneumonia
Antibiotic therapy
Antibiotic resistance
De-escalation
Clinical resolution
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Copyright © 2005. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
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