metricas
covid
Buscar en
Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica
Toda la web
Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Enfoque clínico del paciente con neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica
Journal Information
Vol. 23. Issue S3.
Neumonía nosocomial
Pages 18-23 (December 2005)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 23. Issue S3.
Neumonía nosocomial
Pages 18-23 (December 2005)
Neumonía nosocomial
Full text access
Enfoque clínico del paciente con neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica
Clinical approach to the patient with ventilator-associated pneumonia
Visits
7544
Loreto Vidaura, Miriam Ochoab, Emilio Díaza, Jordi Relloa,
Corresponding author
jrc@hjxxiii.scs.es

Correspondencia: Dr. J. Rello. Servicio de Medicina Intensiva. Hospital Universitario Joan XXIII. C/Dr. Mallafre Guasch, 4. 43007 Tarragona. España.
a Servicio de Medicina Intensiva. Hospital Universitario Joan XXIII. Tarragona. España
b Servicio de Medicina Intensiva. Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre. Madrid. España
This item has received
Article information

La neumonía asociada a la ventilación mecánica (NAVM) es la infección más frecuente en las unidades de cuidados intensivos. Su importancia no sólo radica en su elevada incidencia sino también en su elevada mortalidad. Por ello, debemos establecer la sospecha clínica con la aparición de infiltrados radiológicos nuevos o persistentes acompañados de secreciones purulentas y signos clínicos de sepsis (fiebre y/o leucocitosis). En estos pacientes, debemos obtener, de manera precoz, un aspirado endotraqueal con un examen directo y un cultivo cuantitativo, como mínimo.

Posteriormente comenzaremos con un tratamiento antibiótico empírico de amplio espectro, teniendo en cuenta una serie de factores de riesgo en cada paciente, especialmente para NAVM por Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Staphylococcus aureus resistente a meticilina, debido a la mortalidad asociada. Para valorar la resolución de la NAVM analizaremos una serie de parámetros clínicos (principalmente resolución de la fiebre y la hipoxemia) y microbiológicos. Con los resultados de los cultivos modificaremos el tratamiento antibiótico buscando el desescalamiento para evitar el desarrollo de resistencias. Además, estudios recientes reflejan que acortando la duración del tratamiento antibiótico no sólo disminuimos el riesgo de desarrollo de resistencias en pacientes que mejoran clínicamente sino que además disminuimos costes y efectos adversos.

Palabras clave:
Neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica
Tratamiento antibiótico
Resistencia antibiótica
Desescalamiento
Resolución clínica

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the most frequent infection in the intensive care unit. The importance of this entity lies not only in its high incidence but also in the significant mortality it produces. Therefore, a new episode of VAP should be clinically suspected when new or persistent radiological opacity, purulent respiratory secretions and other signs of sepsis (fever and leukocytosis) are present. In these patients, at the very least, tracheal aspirate samples with quantitative culture and direct staining should be immediately obtained, followed by prompt initiation of empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. The choice of initial antibiotic therapy should be patient-based, taking into account the risk factors associated especially with VAP caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, because of the high associated mortality. To evaluate resolution of VAP, we analyze various clinical variables (based mainly on resolution of fever and hypoxemia) and microbiologic information.

Once the microorganism responsible for VAP has been isolated, antibiotic therapy can be adapted, based on deescalation, to reduce the emergence of resistant bacteria. Recent studies suggest that shorter antibiotic regimens reduce the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, cost and adverse events.

Key words:
Ventilator-associated pneumonia
Antibiotic therapy
Antibiotic resistance
De-escalation
Clinical resolution
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
J.L. Vincent, D.J. Bihari, P.M. Suter, H.A. Bruining, J. White.
The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe. Results of the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care (EPIC study).
JAMA, 274 (1995), pp. 639-644
[2.]
M.J. Richards, J.R. Edwards, D.M. Culver, R.P. Gaynes.
Nosocomial infections in medical ICUs in the United States: National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System.
Crit Care Med, 27 (1999), pp. 887-892
[3.]
A. Fein, R. Grossman, D. Ost.
Diagnosis and management of pneumonia and other respiratory infections.
1st ed., Professional Comunications, Inc., (1999),
[4.]
M. Gallego, J. Rello.
Diagnostic testing for ventilator-associated pneumonia.
Clin Chest Med, 20 (1999), pp. 671-679
[5.]
J. Pugin, R. Auckenthaler, N. Mili, J.P. Janssens, P.D. Lew, P.M. Suter.
Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia by bacteriologic analysis of bronchoscopic and nonbronchoscopic “blind” bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
Am Rev Respir Dis, 143 (1991), pp. 1121-1129
[6.]
N. Singh, P. Rogers, C.W. Atwood.
Short-course empiric antibiotic therapy for patients with pulmonary infiltrates in the intensive care unit: A proposed solution for indiscriminate antibiotic prescription.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 162 (2000), pp. 505-511
[7.]
J. Rello, D. Mariscal, M. Gallego, J. Vallés.
Effect of thioglycolate as transport medium in the direct examination of respiratory samples and guiding initial antibiotic treatment in intubated patients with pneumonia.
Crit Care Med, 30 (2002), pp. 311-314
[8.]
J. Chastre, J.Y. Fagon, P. Soler, M. Bornet, Y. Domart, J.L. Trouillet.
Diagnosis of nosocomial bacterial pneumonia in intubated patients undergoing ventilation: comparison of the usefulness of bronchoalveolar lavage and the protected specimen brush.
Am J Med, 85 (1988), pp. 499-506
[9.]
A.J. Morris, D.C. Tanner, L.B. Reller.
Rejection criteria for endotracheal aspirates from adults.
J Clin Microbiol, 31 (1993), pp. 1027-1029
[10.]
C.G. Mayhall.
Nosocomial Pneumonia. Diagnosis and prevention.
Infections Diseases Clinics of North America, 11 (1997), pp. 427-451
[11.]
J.F. Timsit, S. Chevret, J. Valcke.
Mortality of nosocomial pneumonia in ventilated patients: Influence of diagnostic tools.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154 (1996), pp. 116-123
[12.]
J.Y. Fagon, J. Chastre, M. Wolff.
Invasive and noninvasive strategies for mangement of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia.
Ann Intern Med, 132 (2000), pp. 621-630
[13.]
A.H. Mertens, J.M. Nagler, D.I. Galdermans.
Quality assessment of protected specimen brush samples by microscopic cell count.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 156 (1998), pp. 1240-1243
[14.]
A.J. Morris, C.T. David, L.B. Reller.
Rejection criteria for endotracheal aspirates from adults.
J Clin Microbiol, 31 (1993), pp. 1027-1029
[15.]
M.H. Kollef, S. Ward.
The influence of mini-BAL cultures on patient outcomes: implications for the antibiotic management of ventilator-associated pneumonia.
Chest, 113 (1998), pp. 412-420
[16.]
H. Dupont, H. Mentec, J.P. Sollet, G. Bleichner.
Impact of appropriateness of initial antibiotic therapy on the outcome of ventilator-associate pneumonia.
Intensive Care Med, 27 (2001), pp. 355-362
[17.]
J. Rello, M. Sa-Borges, H. Correa, S.R. Leal, J. Baraibar.
Variations in etiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia across four treatment sites: implications for antimicrobial prescribing practices.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 160 (1999), pp. 608-613
[18.]
N. Namias, L. Samiian, D. Nino, E. Shirazi.
Incidence and susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria vary between intensive care unit within a single hospital: implications for empiric antibiotic strategies.
J Trauma, 49 (2000), pp. 638-645
[19.]
C. Lamer, V. De Beco, P. Soler, S. Calvat, J.Y. Fagon, M.C. Dombret, et al.
Analysis of vancomycin entry into pulmonary lining fluid by bronchoalveolar lavage in critically ill patients.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 37 (1993), pp. 281-286
[20.]
J. Rello, A. Torres, M. Ricart.
Ventilator-associated pneumonia by Staphylococcus aureus: Comparison of methicillin-resistant with methicillin-sensitive episodes.
AM J Respir Crit Care Med, 150 (1994), pp. 1545-1549
[21.]
C. González, M. Rubio, J. Romero-Vivas.
Bacteremic pneumonia due to Staphylococcus aureus: A comparison of disease caused by methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible organisms.
Clin Infect Dis, 29 (1999), pp. 1171-1177
[22.]
A. Sandiumenge, E. Díaz, M. Bodi.
Treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia: A patient-based approach based on the ten rules of “the Tarragona Strategy”.
Intensive Care Med, 29 (2003), pp. 876-883
[23.]
J. Rello, P. Jubert, J. Vallés, A. Artigas, M. Rue, M.S. Niederman.
Evaluation of outcome for intubated patients with pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Clin Infect Dis, 23 (1996), pp. 973-978
[24.]
American Thoracic Society.
Hospital-acquired pneumonia in adults: diagnosis, assessment of severity, initial antimicrobial therapy, and preventive strategies. A consensus statement, American Thoracic Society, November 1995.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153 (1996), pp. 1711-1725
[25.]
J. Rello, D. Mariscal, F. March.
Recurrent Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in ventilated patients: relapse or reinfection?.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 157 (1998), pp. 912-916
[26.]
P.J. Dennesen, A.J. Van der Ven, A.G. Kessels, G. Ramsay, M.J. Bonten.
Resolution of infectious parameters after antimicrobial therapy in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 163 (2001), pp. 1371-1375
[27.]
C.M. Luna, D. Blanzaco, M. Niederman.
Resolution of ventilator-associated pneumonia: prospective evaluation of the clinical pulmonary infection score as an early clinical predictor of outcome.
Crit Care Med, 31 (2003), pp. 676-682
[28.]
L. Vidaur, B. Gualis, A. Rodríguez, R. Ramírez, A. Sandiumenge, G. Sirgo, et al.
Clinical resolution in patients with suspicion of VAP: a cohort study comparing patients with and without ARDS.
Crit Care Med, 33 (2005), pp. 1248-1253
[29.]
R.G. Wunderink.
Evaluación de los pacientes con neumonía nosocomial y falta de respuesta al tratamiento.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 23 (2005), pp. 52-57
[30.]
J. Rello, L. Vidaur, A. Sandiumenge, A. Rodríguez, B. Gualis, C. Boque, et al.
Deescalation therapy in ventilator-associated pneumonia.
Crit Care Med, 32 (2004), pp. 2183-2190
Copyright © 2005. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
Download PDF
Article options
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos