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Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Estado actual de las vacunas frente a la gripe pandémica
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Vol. 26. Issue S1.
Vacunas: presente y futuro
Pages 78-85 (January 2008)
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Vol. 26. Issue S1.
Vacunas: presente y futuro
Pages 78-85 (January 2008)
Vacunas: presente y futuro
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Estado actual de las vacunas frente a la gripe pandémica
Current status of vaccines against pandemic influenza
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José María Bayas Rodrígueza,
Corresponding author
jmbayas@clinic.ub.es

Correspondencia: Dr. J.M. Bayas Rodríguez. Centro de Vacunación de Adultos. Servicio de Medicina Preventiva. Hospital Clínic. Villarroel, 170. 08022 Barcelona. España.
, Magda Campins Martíb
a Centro de Vacunación de Adultos. Servicio de Medicina Preventiva y Epidemiología. UASP. Hospital Clínic. Barcelona. España
b Unidad de Vacunación Internacional. Servicio de Medicina Preventiva y Epidemiología. Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron. Barcelona. España
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En 1997 se identificaron en Hong Kong los primeros casos de infección humana por virus gripales aviares H5N1. Hasta finales de mayo de 2007, la Organización Mundial de la Salud ha confirmado más de 300 casos, con una letalidad cercana al 60%. Hay un amplio consenso entre los expertos a nivel mundial de que la aparición de una nueva pandemia de gripe es sólo cuestión de tiempo, y que el subtipo H5N1 es el principal candidato. La vacunación es la única medida capaz de proteger a la población y reducir el exceso de morbilidad y mortalidad que inevitablemente acompañan a las pandemias de gripe. Sin embargo, la fabricación de una vacuna pandémica se enfrenta a retos importantes y se requieren nuevos enfoques en las estrategias de vacunación para optimizar la protección. Uno de los principales desafíos es la obtención del mayor número posible de vacunas con la menor cantidad de antígeno vacunal. La falta de experiencia antigénica previa de la población a la nueva cepa viral implica que se necesiten altas concentraciones de antígeno vacunal —más de 50 μg de hemaglutinina—para que la vacuna sea inmunógena. El uso de adyuvantes es una de las principales estrategias utilizadas en el diseño de vacunas prepandémicas y pandémicas. Los ensayos clínicos en fase II/III con vacunas inactivadas fraccionadas y adyuvadas con MF59, o con una emulsión de aceite en agua, muestran resultados prometedores, con datos preliminares que apoyan la inducción de inmunidad cruzada frente a cepas heterovariantes H5N1.

Palabras clave:
Gripe aviar
Vacuna antigripal
Pandemia

In 1997, the first cases of human infection by avian influenza A (H5N1) virus were identified in Hong Kong. Up to the end of May 2007, the World Health Organization has confirmed more than 300 cases, with a fatality rate of approximately 60%. There is broad consensus among experts worldwide that the occurrence of a new influenza pandemic is only a matter of time and that the H5N1 subtype is the main candidate. Vaccination is the only measure able to protect the population and reduce the excess of morbidity and mortality that inevitably accompany an influenza pandemic. However, designing a pandemic vaccine poses major challenges and new approaches are required in immunization strategies to optimize protection. One of the main challenges is to obtain the greatest possible number of vaccines with the lowest possible quantity of vaccine antigen. The lack of prior antigenic exposure among the population to the new viral strain implies that high concentrations of the vaccine antigen – more than 50 μg of hemagglutinin – are required for the vaccine to be immunogenic. The use of adjuvants is one of the main strategies used in the design of prepandemic and pandemic vaccines. Phase II and III clinical trials with fractionated and inactivated adjuvant vaccines with MF59 or with oil-in-water emulsion have shown promising results, with preliminary data that support the induction of cross immunity against heterovariant H5N1 strains.

Key words:
Avian influenza
Influenza vaccine
Pandemia
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Copyright © 2008. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
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