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Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Vacuna frente a la malaria: el gran reto para los países en vías de desarrollo
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Vol. 26. Núm. S1.
Vacunas: presente y futuro
Páginas 86-95 (enero 2008)
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Vol. 26. Núm. S1.
Vacunas: presente y futuro
Páginas 86-95 (enero 2008)
Vacunas: presente y futuro
Acceso a texto completo
Vacuna frente a la malaria: el gran reto para los países en vías de desarrollo
Malaria vaccine: the main challenge for developing countries
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Montserrat Renom Lloncha,b, Sarah Lafuente van der Sluisa,
Autor para correspondencia
slafuent@clinic.ub.es

Correspondencia: Dra. S. Lafuente van der Sluis. CRESIB. Rosselló, 132, 4ª planta. 08036 Barcelona. España.
, Pedro Luis Alonso Fernándeza,b
a Centre de Recerca en Salut Internacional de Barcelona (CRESIB). Hospital Clínic/IDIBAPS. Universitat de Barcelona. Barcelona. España
b Centro de Investigação em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM). Maputo. Mozambique
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La malaria, enfermedad causada por parásitos protozoarios del género Plasmodium, representa uno de los problemas más graves de salud pública en el mundo y es la enfermedad parasitaria más importante en humanos. Se estima que unos 3.000 millones de personas están expuestas a la enfermedad al vivir en zonas endémicas, y cada año ocurren entre 300-500 millones de episodios clínicos de los cuales aproximadamente 1-3 millones mueren, la mayoría niños menores de 5 años. A pesar de ser una enfermedad endémica en varios continentes, es en África, y especialmente en los territorios comprendidos entre los 2 trópicos, donde se acumula hasta un 90% de las muertes, casi siempre en niños menores de 5 años. Existen diferentes y complementarias herramientas disponibles para controlar la enfermedad, entre las que destacan las siguientes: el diagnóstico e inicio rápido del tratamiento de los casos con un antimalárico eficaz, la disminución del contacto entre hombre y vector, fundamentalmente con redes mosquiteras impregnadas de insecticida, el tratamiento preventivo intermitente en niños y mujeres embarazadas, y el control del vector mediante fumigación intradomiciliaria o larvicidas. Sin embargo, la implementación de estos mecanismos de control sigue siendo incompleta en la mayoría de las zonas endémicas. Una vacuna eficaz y segura en niños y de bajo coste, sumado a las demás medidas de control ya existentes, sería un elemento clave en el control de la enfermedad. La vacuna que se encuentra en fases más avanzadas de investigación es la compuesta por un antígeno preeritrocítico CSP, llamado RTS,S. Esta vacuna demostró seguridad, immunogenicidad y eficacia en niños de un área rural de Mozambique. Los enormes progresos que se han hecho en los últimos años, junto con unos primeros resultados muy esperanzadores, permiten un optimismo razonable acerca del desarrollo de una vacuna en un futuro próximo.

Palabras clave:
Vacuna
Malaria
Ensayo clínico

Malaria, which is caused by protozoan parasites of the Plasmodium genus, is one of the most serious public health problems worldwide and is the most important parasitic infection in humans. Approximately 3,000 million people are estimated to be exposed to the disease by living in endemic areas. Every year, there are between 300 and 500 million clinical episodes, causing approximately 1-3 million deaths, mainly in children aged less than 5 years. Although malaria is endemic in several continents, 90% of deaths occur in Africa, especially in the regions between the two tropics, and most of those who die are young children. Several tools, which are complementary, are available to control the disease, notable among which are the following: diagnosis and prompt treatment with an effective antimalarial agent, reduction of contact between humans and vector -mainly through the use of insecticideimpregnated mosquito nets-, intermittent preventive treatment in children and pregnant women, and vector control through fumigation in the home or the use of larvicides. However, the implementation of these control measures continues to be incomplete in most endemic areas. In addition to already existing control measures, a safe, effective and lowcost vaccine in children would be a key element in controlling the disease. The vaccine in the most advanced phases of research is that composed by a preerythrocytic antigen, circumsporozoite protein (CSP), called RTS,S. This vaccine has been shown to be safe, immunogenic and effective in children in a rural area of Mozambique. Given the huge advances that have taken place in the last few years, together with highly encouraging initial results, optimism about the development of a vaccine in the near future is reasonable.

Key words:
Vaccine
Malaria
Clinical trial
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