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Journal Information
Vol. 29. Issue S6.
La infección por citomegalovirus en el trasplante de órgano sólido: nuevas evidencias de un patógeno clásico
Pages 24-27 (December 2011)
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Vol. 29. Issue S6.
La infección por citomegalovirus en el trasplante de órgano sólido: nuevas evidencias de un patógeno clásico
Pages 24-27 (December 2011)
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Estudios de resistencia. ¿Cuándo están indicados?
Resistance studies: when are they indicated?
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9738
M. Ángeles Marcos
Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
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Resumen

La resistencia del citomegalovirus (CMV) a los antivirales es un problema emergente y obedece a la selección de mutaciones en el genoma del virus. La resistencia al ganciclovir es la más frecuente y más estudiada; sin embargo se ha descrito resistencia a todos los antivirales. Son factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de resistencias la ausencia de inmunidad preexistente para CMV, los receptores de pulmón y páncreas, las cargas virales altas, el intenso tratamiento inmunosupresor concomitante y la exposición prolongada o a valores subóptimos de ganciclovir. Se debe sospechar resistencia a los fármacos antivirales cuando, a pesar de una adecuada exposición al tratamiento durante 2 semanas, se detecta la presencia de cargas virales progresivas o estables, o se observa persistencia de síntomas clínicos. Sin embargo, no todos los fallos clínicos que aparecen durante el tratamiento pueden ser atribuidos a resistencia viral ni tampoco la presencia de resistencia debe ir asociada siempre a mala evolución clínica. Ante la sospecha de resistencia, es necesaria su confirmación mediante métodos fenotípicos o genotípicos. La mutación en el gen UL97 es la más frecuente, en este caso el virus no es susceptible al ganciclovir pero sí a foscarnet y cidofovir. No es excepcional la mutación en UL54, de forma aislada o en combinación con UL97, asociándose en este último caso a multirresistencia y resistencia de alto grado. La detección precoz de la presencia de resistencias es fundamental para prevenir una evolución desfavorable y la aparición de multirresistencia. En los pacientes con respuesta lenta al tratamiento que no presentan mutaciones asociadas a resistencia, se recomienda realizar valores plasmáticos de ganciclovir así como estudio de inmunidad CMV-específica.

Palabras clave:
Citomegalovirus
Resistencia
Antivirales
Abstract

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) resistance to antiviral drugs is an emerging problem and is due to selection of mutations in the viral genome. Although ganciclovir resistance is the most common and widely studied, there is resistance to all antiviral agents. Risk factors for the development of resistance are the absence of preexisting immunity to CMV, lung and pancreas transplantation, high viral loads, intense concomitant immunosuppressive therapy and prolonged exposure to ganciclovir or suboptimal levels of this drug. Antiviral resistance should be suspected when, despite adequate treatment exposure for 2 weeks, an increase in viral load, or persistence or clinical progression of CMV disease are detected. However, failure to respond cannot always be attributed to antiviral resistance nor does resistance always lead to poor clinical outcome. When resistance is suspected, phenotypic and genotypic confirmation is required. The most common mutations are those in the UL97 gene, which confers ganciclovir resistance. However, foscarnet and cidofovir can be used. The UL54 mutation is not uncommon, whether alone or in combination with UL97 mutations. The combination of UL54 and UL97 mutations is associated with high-grade and multiple resistance. Early detection of resistance is essential to prevent unfavorable outcome and the development of multi-drug resistance. In patients with a slow response to treatment and without mutations associated with resistance, plasma ganciclovir levels and specific CMV immunity should be investigated.

Keywords:
Cytomegalovirus
Resistance
Antiviral agents
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Copyright © 2011. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
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