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La mayoría de estudios realizados en cepas gripales aviares parecen indicar que la virulencia es un fenómeno poligénico. Sin embargo, parece demostrado que la hemaglutinina (HA) y la neuraminidasa (NA) y los genes que las codifican (genes 4 y 6) desempeñan un papel esencial en la patogenia viral. Las cepas aviares pueden clasificarse en avirulentas o virulentas en función de la capacidad de la HA para ser activada por endoproteasas sólo del tracto respiratorio o por proteasas de otros tejidos. Esta capacidad se basa en la aparición progresiva de mutaciones que comportan la sustitución de los aminoácidos habituales en el punto de hidrólisis de la HA por otros de tipo básico que determinan la ampliación del espectro de hidrólisis y activación. La NA participa en la adquisición de virulencia a través de su capacidad para unirse al plasminógeno e incrementando la concentración de proteasas activadoras. La adaptación al huésped, a través del reconocimiento del receptor celular, es otro factor que determina la virulencia y la transmisión interespecies de las cepas aviares. Desde el punto de vista epidemiológico sería recomendable, además de la subtipificación de las cepas gripales, determinar la capacidad de activación de la HA para conocer su grado de virulencia.
Most studies performed in avian viral strains seem to indicate that virulence is a polygenic phenomenon. However, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase and the genes codifying these substances (genes 4 and 6) play an essential role in viral pathogenesis. Avian strains can be classified as avirulent or virulent according to the ability of hemagglutinin to be activated by endoproteases of the respiratory tract only or by proteases from other tissues. This ability is based on the progressive development of mutations that lead to the substitution of the normal amino acids at the point of hemagglutinin hydrolysis by the other basic amino acids that determine the amplification of the spectrum of hydrolysis and activation. Neuraminidase participates in the acquisition of virulence through its capacity to bind to plasminogen and by increasing the concentration of activating proteases. Adaptation to the host, through recognition of the cell receptor, is another factor determining the virulence and interspecies transmission of avian strains. From an epidemiological point of view, viral strains should be subtyped and the activating capacity of hemagglutinin should be determined to edentify their degree of virulence.
Palabras clave:
Gripe
Factores de virulencia
Hemaglutinina
Neuraminidasa
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