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Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Infecciones cutáneas y de partes blandas por micobacterias no tuberculosas
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Vol. 28. Issue S1.
Programa Externo de Control de Calidad SEIMC. Año 2008
Pages 46-50 (January 2010)
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Vol. 28. Issue S1.
Programa Externo de Control de Calidad SEIMC. Año 2008
Pages 46-50 (January 2010)
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Infecciones cutáneas y de partes blandas por micobacterias no tuberculosas
Cutaneous and soft skin infections due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria
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7874
Fernando Alcaidea,b,d,
Corresponding author
falcaide@bellvitgehospital.cat

Autor para correspondencia.
, Jaime Estebanc,d
a Servicio de Microbiología. IDIBELL-Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, España
b Departamento de Patología y Terapéutica Experimental, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
c Departamento de Microbiología Clínica, Fundación Jiménez Díaz-UTE, Madrid, España
d Grupo de Estudio de las Infecciones por Micobacterias (GEIM) de la Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (SEIMC), Madrid, España
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Resumen

En los últimos años se ha observado un aumento en el número de aislamientos y variedad de especies de micobacterias no tuberculosas (MNT). Aunque la totalidad de las MNT patógenas pueden causar infecciones cutáneas y de tejidos blandos, las más frecuentes son las de crecimiento rápido (Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium chelonae y Mycobacterium abscessus), Mycobacterium marinum y Mycobacterium ulcerans. La mayoría de las micobacteriosis cutáneas están causadas por especies de distribución mundial, como las micobacterias de crecimiento rápido, M. marinum, complejo Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium kansasii o Mycobacterium xenopi. Sin embargo, otras tienen una delimitación geográfica, como M. ulcerans, que produce una infección cutánea endémica, sobre todo en África central y occidental (úlcera de Buruli) y Australia (úlcera de Bairnsdale), donde es la tercera enfermedad micobacteriana más frecuente tras la tuberculosis y la lepra. Las micobacteriosis cutáneas suelen producirse por la exposición de heridas traumáticas o quirúrgicas al agua o productos contaminados con MNT, o bien por una enfermedad diseminada, mayormente, en los pacientes inmunodeprimidos. Para el diagnóstico, es necesario un elevado grado de sospecha ante lesiones cutáneas crónicas en pacientes con antecedentes de heridas cutáneas y exposición de riesgo, y con estudios microbiológicos convencionales negativos. En la mayoría de las MNT no se suele recomendar las pruebas de sensibilidad convencionales a los fármacos, salvo en ciertas especies, o en caso de fracaso terapéutico. El tratamiento se basará en la combinación de diversos antimicrobianos, teniendo en cuenta que las MNT presentan una mayor resistencia a los antituberculosos convencionales. En los casos graves y con afectación de tejidos o estructuras profundas se deberá recurrir al tratamiento quirúrgico.

Palabras clave:
Micobacteriosis cutáneas
Micobacterias de crecimento rápido
M. marinum
Úlcera de Buruli
M. ulcerans
Abstract

The frequency of isolation as well as the number of species of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) has increased in the last years. Nearly every pathogenic species of NTM may cause skin and soft tissue infections, but rapidly growing mycobacteria (Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium chelonae and Mycobacterium abscessus), Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium ulcerans are the most commonly involved. Many of these cutaneous mycobacteriosis, such as rapidly growing mycobacteria, M. marinum, Mycobacterium avium complex, Mycobacterium kansasii or Mycobacterium xenopi are world-wide distributed. In contrast, some others have a specific geographical distribution. This is the case of M. ulcerans, which causes a cutaneous diseases endemic of Central and West Africa (Buruli ulcer) and Australia (Bairnsdale ulcer), being the third mycobacterial infection after tuberculosis and leprosy. Cutaneous mycobacteriosis usually appear either after contact of traumatic or surgical wounds with water or other contaminated products, or, secondarily, as a consequence of a disseminated mycobacterial disease, especially among immunosuppressed patients. For an early diagnosis, it is necessary to maintain a high degree of suspicion in patients with chronic cutaneous diseases and a history of trauma, risk exposure and negative results of conventional microbiological studies. In general, individualized susceptibility testing is not recommended for most NTM infections, except for some species, and in case of therapeutic failure. Treatment includes a combination of different antimicrobial agents, but it must be taken into account that NTM are resistant to conventional antituberculous drugs. Severe cases or those with deep tissues involvement could also be tributary of surgical resection.

Keywords:
Cutaneous mycobacteriosis
Rapidly growing mycobacteria
M. marinum
Buruli ulcer
M. ulcerans
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