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Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Infecciones relacionadas con las aguas de recreo
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Vol. 26. Issue S13.
Programa Externo de Control de Calidad SEIMC. Año 2007
Pages 32-37 (November 2008)
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Vol. 26. Issue S13.
Programa Externo de Control de Calidad SEIMC. Año 2007
Pages 32-37 (November 2008)
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Infecciones relacionadas con las aguas de recreo
Infections related to recreational waters
Visits
6384
Antonio Doménech-Sáncheza,b, Francisco Oleaa, Clara I. Berrocala,
Corresponding author
berrocalc@saniconsult.es

Correspondencia: Saniconsult Ibérica S.L. Foradí, 37, bajos. Son Cladera Nou. 07009 Palma de Mallorca. España.
a Saniconsult Ibérica S.L. Palma de Mallorca. España
b Área de Microbiología e Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (IUNICS). Universidad de las Islas Baleares. Palma de Mallorca. España
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El uso recreativo del agua implica un riesgo de contagio por parte de microorganismos responsables de gastroenteritis, dermatitis y patología respiratoria. Cryptosporidium, norovirus y cepas de Escherichia coli enteropatógenas son las causas más importantes de brotes de diarrea, mientras que Pseudomonas y Staphylococcus aureus son los principales agentes de infecciones cutáneas, y Legionella de infección respiratoria. Aproximadamente, el 90% de los brotes que se producen son en aguas de recreo tratadas (piscinas, balnearios, parques recreativos), frente a un 10% en aguas naturales (ríos, playas, etc.). En los balnearios, las infecciones más frecuentes son debidas a bacterias termófilas (Pseudomonas y Legionella), puesto que la temperatura y la consiguiente evaporación del desinfectante contribuyen a facilitar su multiplicación. Los brotes siempre se deben a deficiencias en el control del sistema: bajo nivel de desinfectante o utilización de uno inadecuado, mantenimiento y limpieza insuficientes, alto nivel de ocupación y averías en los equipos de dosificación. El diseño, mantenimiento y uso adecuado de estas instalaciones disminuyen este riesgo, y es fundamental la existencia de una normativa reguladora, así como campañas de concienciación a los usuarios para que se cumplan las normas de higiene básicas. El diagnóstico etiológico del cuadro clínico, complementado con la encuesta epidemiológica y la detección sanitaria en las aguas, todos ellos realizados con rapidez, constituye la clave para el control de estos brotes.

Palabras clave:
Aguas recreativas
Riesgo infeccioso
Control sanitario

Recreational waters are a source of infection by several microorganisms causing acute gastrointestinal, cutaneous and respiratory illnesses. Cryptosporidium, noroviruses and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains are the most important causes of diarrhea, while Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus aureus are the main causes of cutaneous infections, and Legionella is the major cause of acute lower respiratory disease. Approximately 90% of outbreaks occur in treated recreational waters (swimming pools, spas and recreational parks), while the remaining 10% arise from natural waters used for leisure (bathing in rivers, beaches, etc). In spas, most infections are caused by thermophilic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas and Legionella, since overgrowth of these bacteria is facilitated by the direct effect of temperature and, indirectly, by the evaporation of the disinfectant.

Outbreaks related to recreational waters usually reflect deficient control of the system: a low level of disinfectant, or the use of an inappropriate disinfectant, insufficient maintenance and cleaning of the installation, higher than recommended usage, and failure of the disinfectant dosage system. The correct design, maintenance and use of these facilities drastically lower the risk of infections from recreational waters. Thus, other key actions to minimize this risk are the existence of, and compliance with, regulatory rules, as well as educational campaigns on good hygiene practices directed at users. Rapid etiologic diagnosis of affected patients, together with an epidemiological survey and detection of the pathogen implicated in water samples are the keys to outbreak control.

Key words:
Recreational waters
Risk of infection
Sanitary control
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Copyright © 2008. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
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