metricas
covid
Buscar en
Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica
Toda la web
Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Infecciones relacionadas con las aguas de recreo
Información de la revista
Vol. 26. Núm. S13.
Programa Externo de Control de Calidad SEIMC. Año 2007
Páginas 32-37 (noviembre 2008)
Compartir
Compartir
Descargar PDF
Más opciones de artículo
Vol. 26. Núm. S13.
Programa Externo de Control de Calidad SEIMC. Año 2007
Páginas 32-37 (noviembre 2008)
Acceso a texto completo
Infecciones relacionadas con las aguas de recreo
Infections related to recreational waters
Visitas
6387
Antonio Doménech-Sáncheza,b, Francisco Oleaa, Clara I. Berrocala,
Autor para correspondencia
berrocalc@saniconsult.es

Correspondencia: Saniconsult Ibérica S.L. Foradí, 37, bajos. Son Cladera Nou. 07009 Palma de Mallorca. España.
a Saniconsult Ibérica S.L. Palma de Mallorca. España
b Área de Microbiología e Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud (IUNICS). Universidad de las Islas Baleares. Palma de Mallorca. España
Este artículo ha recibido
Información del artículo
Resumen
Bibliografía
Descargar PDF
Estadísticas

El uso recreativo del agua implica un riesgo de contagio por parte de microorganismos responsables de gastroenteritis, dermatitis y patología respiratoria. Cryptosporidium, norovirus y cepas de Escherichia coli enteropatógenas son las causas más importantes de brotes de diarrea, mientras que Pseudomonas y Staphylococcus aureus son los principales agentes de infecciones cutáneas, y Legionella de infección respiratoria. Aproximadamente, el 90% de los brotes que se producen son en aguas de recreo tratadas (piscinas, balnearios, parques recreativos), frente a un 10% en aguas naturales (ríos, playas, etc.). En los balnearios, las infecciones más frecuentes son debidas a bacterias termófilas (Pseudomonas y Legionella), puesto que la temperatura y la consiguiente evaporación del desinfectante contribuyen a facilitar su multiplicación. Los brotes siempre se deben a deficiencias en el control del sistema: bajo nivel de desinfectante o utilización de uno inadecuado, mantenimiento y limpieza insuficientes, alto nivel de ocupación y averías en los equipos de dosificación. El diseño, mantenimiento y uso adecuado de estas instalaciones disminuyen este riesgo, y es fundamental la existencia de una normativa reguladora, así como campañas de concienciación a los usuarios para que se cumplan las normas de higiene básicas. El diagnóstico etiológico del cuadro clínico, complementado con la encuesta epidemiológica y la detección sanitaria en las aguas, todos ellos realizados con rapidez, constituye la clave para el control de estos brotes.

Palabras clave:
Aguas recreativas
Riesgo infeccioso
Control sanitario

Recreational waters are a source of infection by several microorganisms causing acute gastrointestinal, cutaneous and respiratory illnesses. Cryptosporidium, noroviruses and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli strains are the most important causes of diarrhea, while Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus aureus are the main causes of cutaneous infections, and Legionella is the major cause of acute lower respiratory disease. Approximately 90% of outbreaks occur in treated recreational waters (swimming pools, spas and recreational parks), while the remaining 10% arise from natural waters used for leisure (bathing in rivers, beaches, etc). In spas, most infections are caused by thermophilic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas and Legionella, since overgrowth of these bacteria is facilitated by the direct effect of temperature and, indirectly, by the evaporation of the disinfectant.

Outbreaks related to recreational waters usually reflect deficient control of the system: a low level of disinfectant, or the use of an inappropriate disinfectant, insufficient maintenance and cleaning of the installation, higher than recommended usage, and failure of the disinfectant dosage system. The correct design, maintenance and use of these facilities drastically lower the risk of infections from recreational waters. Thus, other key actions to minimize this risk are the existence of, and compliance with, regulatory rules, as well as educational campaigns on good hygiene practices directed at users. Rapid etiologic diagnosis of affected patients, together with an epidemiological survey and detection of the pathogen implicated in water samples are the keys to outbreak control.

Key words:
Recreational waters
Risk of infection
Sanitary control
El Texto completo está disponible en PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
Y. Sukthana, A. Lekkla, C. Sutthikornchai, P. Wanapongse, A. Vejjajiva, S. Bovornkitti.
Spa, springs and safety.
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 36 (2005), pp. 10-16
[2.]
E.J. Dziuban, J.L. Liang, G.F. Craun, V. Hill, P.A. Yu, J. Painter, et al.
Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with recreational water—United States, 2003-2004.
MMWR Surveill Summ, 55 (2006), pp. 1-30
[3.]
G.F. Craun, R.L. Calderon, M.F. Craun.
Outbreaks associated with recreational water in the United States.
Int J Environ Health Res, 15 (2005), pp. 243-262
[4.]
L.M. Causer, T. Handzel, P. Welch, M. Carr, D. Culp, R. Lucht, et al.
An outbreak of Cryptosporidium hominis infection at an Illinois recreational waterpark.
Epidemiol Infect, 134 (2006), pp. 147-156
[5.]
A. Smith, M. Reacher, W. Smerdon, G.K. Adak, G. Nichols, R.M. Chalmers.
Outbreaks of waterborne infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales, 1992-2003.
Epidemiol Infect, 134 (2006), pp. 1141-1149
[6.]
M. Insulander, M. Lebbad, T.A. Stenstrom, B. Svenungsson.
An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with exposure to swimming pool water.
Scand J Infect Dis, 37 (2005), pp. 354-360
[7.]
H. Yokoi, M. Tsuruta, T. Tanaka, M. Tsutake, Y. Akiba, T. Kimura, et al.
Cryptosporidium outbreak in a sports center.
Jpn J Infect Dis, 58 (2005), pp. 331-332
[8.]
D.E. Katz, D. Heisey-Grove, M. Beach, R.C. Dicker, B.T. Matyas.
Prolonged outbreak of giardiasis with two modes of transmission.
Epidemiol Infect, 134 (2006), pp. 935-941
[9.]
J.D. Porter, H.P. Ragazzoni, J.D. Buchanon, H.A. Waskin, D.D. Juranek, W.E. Parkin.
Giardia transmission in a swimming pool.
Am J Public Health, 78 (1988), pp. 659-662
[10.]
L.J. Podewils, L. Zanardi Blevins, M. Hagenbuch, D. Itani, A. Burns, C. Otto, et al.
Outbreak of norovirus illness associated with a swimming pool.
Epidemiol Infect, 135 (2007), pp. 827-833
[11.]
L. Maunula, S. Kalso, C.H. von Bonsdorff, A. Ponka.
Wading pool water contaminated with both noroviruses and astroviruses as the source of a gastroenteritis outbreak.
Epidemiol Infect, 132 (2004), pp. 737-743
[12.]
M.S. Friedman, T. Roels, J.E. Koehler, L. Feldman, W.F. Bibb, P. Blake.
Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreak associated with an improperly chlorinated swimming pool.
Clin Infect Dis, 29 (1999), pp. 298-303
[13.]
D.H. Brewster, M.I. Brown, D. Robertson, G.L. Houghton, J. Bimson, J.C. Sharp.
An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 associated with a children's paddling pool.
Epidemiol Infect, 112 (1994), pp. 441-447
[14.]
Y. Yu, A.S. Cheng, L. Wang, W.M. Dunne, S.J. Bayliss.
Hot tub folliculitis or hot hand-foot syndrome caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 57 (2007), pp. 596-600
[15.]
D. Tate, S. Mawer, A. Newton.
Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis associated with a swimming pool inflatable.
Epidemiol Infect, 130 (2003), pp. 187-192
[16.]
M. Hajjartabar.
Poor-quality water in swimming pools associated with a substantial risk of otitis externa due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Water Sci Technol, 50 (2004), pp. 63-67
[17.]
E.M. Begier, K. Frenette, N.L. Barrett, P. Mshar, S. Petit, D.J. Boxrud, et al.
A high-morbidity outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among players on a college football team, facilitated by cosmetic body shaving and turf burns.
Clin Infect Dis, 39 (2004), pp. 1446-1453
[18.]
G.D. Huhn, B. Adam, R. Ruden, L. Hilliard, P. Kirkpatrick, J. Todd, et al.
Outbreak of travel-related pontiac fever among hotel guests illustrating the need for better diagnostic tests.
J Travel Med, 12 (2005), pp. 173-179
[19.]
R.E. O’Loughlin, L. Kightlinger, M.C. Werpy, E. Brown, V. Stevens, C. Hepper, et al.
Restaurant outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease associated with a decorative fountain: an environmental and case-control study.
BMC Infect Dis, 7 (2007), pp. 93
[20.]
K. Beyrer, S. Lai, J. Dreesman, J.V. Lee, C. Joseph, T. Harrison, et al.
Legionnaires’ disease outbreak associated with a cruise liner, August 2003: epidemiological and microbiological findings.
Epidemiol Infect, 135 (2007), pp. 802-810
[21.]
S. Alsibai, P. Bilo de Bernardi, C. Janin, D. Che, J.V. Lee.
Outbreak of legionellosis suspected to be related to a whirlpool spa display, September 2006, Lorquin, France.
Euro Surveill, 11 (2006),
[22.]
K. Foster, R. Gorton, J. Waller.
Outbreak of legionellosis associated with a spa pool, United Kingdom.
Euro Surveill, 11 (2006),
[23.]
H. Nakamura, H. Yagyu, K. Kishi, F. Tsuchida, S. Oh-Ishi, K. Yamaguchi, et al.
A large outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease due to an inadequate circulating and filtration system for bath water—epidemiologic manifestations.
Intern Med, 42 (2003), pp. 806-811
[24.]
Q. Ruscoe, S. Hill, T. Blackmore, M. McLean.
An outbreak of Legionella pneumophila suspected to be associated with spa pools on display at a retail store in New Zealand.
N Z Med J, 119 (2006), pp. U2253
[25.]
R. Cano, N. Prieto, C. Martín, C. Pelaz, S. de Mateo.
Legionnaires’ disease clusters associated with travel to Spain during the period January 2001 to July 2003.
Euro Surveill, 9 (2004), pp. 14-15
[26.]
D.G. Korich, J.R. Mead, M.S. Madore, N.A. Sinclair, C.R. Sterling.
Effects of ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and monochloramine on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability.
Appl Environ Microbiol, 56 (1990), pp. 1423-1428
Copyright © 2008. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
Descargar PDF
Opciones de artículo
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos

Quizás le interese:
10.1016/j.eimc.2019.12.013
No mostrar más