Article information
El tratamiento antirretroviral de gran actividad ha resultado eficaz para reducir las infecciones oportunistas en países industrializados. Sin embargo, las infecciones parasitarias constituyen todavía la primera causa de mortalidad asociada a infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en países en desarrollo. Estas infecciones también pueden afectar a la población de inmigrantes que residen en España, así como a pacientes con infección por el VIH que viajan a países de baja renta per cápita. Por otro lado, los inmigrantes con frecuencia presentan infecciones causadas por herpesvirus, papilomavirus y poliomavirus que están íntimamente relacionadas con conductas de riesgo y la prostitución. En este artículo revisamos las características de las infecciones parasitarias y virales en pacientes con infección por el VIH, con el fin de mejorar el conocimiento de este grupo de población tan vulnerable.
Palabras clave:
Virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana
VIH
Enfermedades parasitarias
Malaria
Enfermedades virales
Highly-active antiretroviral therapy is effective in reducing opportunistic infections in industrialized countries. However, opportunistic parasitic infections remain the leading cause of HIV-related mortality in developing countries. These infections can also affect HIV-positive immigrants residing in Spain, as well as HIV-infected patients traveling to low-income countries. In addition, immigrants often have viral infections caused by herpesvirus, papillomavirus and polyomavirus, which are closely related to risk behaviors and commercial sex. The present article reviews the characteristics of parasitic and viral infections in patients with HIV infection with the aimof improving understanding of this vulnerable population group.
Key words:
Human immunodeficiency virus
HIV
Parasitic infections
Malaria
Viral infections
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
Ch.L. Karp, F.A. Neva.
Tropical infectious diseases in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients.
Clin Infect Dis, 28 (1999), pp. 947-965
[2.]
G. Hams, H. Feldmeier.
Review: HIV Infection and tropical parasitic diseases-deleterious interactions in both directions.
Trop Med Int Health, 7 (2002), pp. 479-488
[3.]
S.B. McCombs, M.S. Dworkin, P.C. Wan.
Helminth Infections in HIV infected persons in the United States 1990-1999.
Clin Infect Dis, 30 (2000), pp. 241-242
[4.]
R. López Vélez.
Infección por VIH y enfermedades parasitarias.
Enf Emerg, 5 (2003), pp. 9-12
[5.]
M. Seijo Martínez, G. González-Mediero, P. Santiago, A. Rodríguez De Lope, J. Diz, C. Conde, et al.
Granulomatous amebic encephalitis in a patient with AIDS: isolation of Acanthamoeba sp. Group II from brain tissue and successful treatment with sulfadiazine and fluconazole.
J Clin Microbiol, 38 (2000), pp. 3892-3895
[6.]
M. Paltiel, E. Powell, J. Lynch, B. Baranowski, C. Martins.
Disseminated cutaneous acanthamebiasis: a case report and review of the literature.
Cutis, 73 (2004), pp. 241-248
[7.]
J.B. Nachega, P. Rombaux, B. Weynand, G. Thomas, F. Zech.
Successful treatment of Acanthamoeba rhinosinusitis in a patient with AIDS.
AIDS Patient Care STDS, 19 (2005), pp. 621-625
[8.]
J.A. Gelfang, E. Vannier.
Babesia species.
Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 6th ed., pp. 3209-3215
[9.]
M.K. Froberg, D. Dannen, J.S. Bakken.
Babesiosis and HIV.
Lancet, 363 (2004), pp. 704
[10.]
A. Gassama, P.S. Sow, F. Fall, P. Camara, A. Gueye-N’daye, R. Seng, et al.
Ordinary and opportunistic enteropathogens associated with diarrhea in Senegalese adults in relation to human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Int J Infect Dis, 5 (2001), pp. 192-198
[11.]
M. De Gorgolas, J. Fortes, M.L. Fernández Guerrero.
Ciclosporiasis.
Med Clin (Barc), 115 (2000), pp. 431-434
[12.]
G.E. Alakpa, S.C. Clarke, A.F. Fagbenro-Beyioku.
Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in Lagos, Nigeria.
Clin Microbiol Infect, 9 (2003), pp. 731-733
[13.]
M. De Gorgolas, J. Fortes, M.L. Fernández Guerrero.
Cyclospora cayetanensis Cholecystitis in a patient with AIDS.
Ann Intern Med, 134 (2001), pp. 166
[14.]
F.A. Zar, E. El-Bayoumi, M.M. Yungbluth.
Histologic proof of acalculous cholecystitis due to Cyclospora cayetanensis.
Clin Infect Dis, 33 (2001), pp. E140-E141
[15.]
X.M. Chen, J.S. Keithly, C.V. Paya, N.F. LaRusso.
Cryptosporidiosis.
N Engl J Med, 346 (2002), pp. 1723-1731
[16.]
P.R. Hunter, G. Nichols.
Epidemiology and clinical features of Cryptosporidium infection in immunocompromised patients.
Clin Microbiol Rev, 15 (2002), pp. 145-155
[17.]
H.V. Smith, G.D. Corcoran.
New drugs and treatment for cryptosporidiosis.
Curr Opin Infect Dis, 17 (2004), pp. 557-564
[18.]
A.L. Fontanet, T. Sahlu, T. Rinke de Wit, T. Messele, W. Masho, T. Woldemichael, et al.
Epidemiology of infections with intestinal parasites and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among sugar-estate residents in Ethiopia.
Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 94 (2000), pp. 269-278
[19.]
P. Moran, F. Ramos, M. Ramiro, O. Curiel, E. González, A. Valadez, et al.
Infection by human immunodeficiency virus-1 is not a risk factor for amebiasis.
Am J Trop Med Hyg, 73 (2005), pp. 296-300
[20.]
C.C. Hung, H.Y. Deng, W.H. Hsiao, S.M. Hsieh, C.F. Hsiao, M.Y. Chen, et al.
Invasive amebiasis as an emerging parasitic disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in Taiwan.
Arch Intern Med, 165 (2005), pp. 409-415
[21.]
G. Brindicci, C. Picciarelli, L. Fumarola, S. Carbonara, F. Stano, E. Ciraci, et al.
Amoebic hepatic abscesses in an HIV-positive patient.
AIDS Patient Care STDS, 20 (2006), pp. 606-611
[22.]
G. Certad, A. Arenas-Pinto, L. Pocaterra, G. Ferrara, J. Castro, A. Bello, et al.
Isosporiasis in Venezuelan adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus: clinical characterization.
Am J Trop Med Hyg, 69 (2003), pp. 217-222
[23.]
C.V. Silva, M.S. Ferreira, A.S. Borges, J.M. Costa-Cruz.
Intestinal parasitic infections in HIV/AIDS patients: experience at a teaching hospital in central Brazil.
Scand J Infect Dis, 37 (2005), pp. 211-215
[24.]
J. Alvar, C. Canavate, B. Gutiérrez-Solar, M. Jiménez, F. Laguna, R. López-Vélez, et al.
Leishmania and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection: the first ten years.
Clin Microbiol Rew, 10 (1997), pp. 298-319
[25.]
V. Pintado, P. Martin Rabadan, M.L. Rivera, S. Moreno, E. Bouza.
Visceral leishmaniasis in HIV infected and non HIV infected patients. A comparative study.
Medicine, 80 (2001), pp. 54-73
[26.]
R. López Vélez, J.A. Pérez Molina, A. Guerrero, F. Baquero, J. Villarrubia, L. Escribano, et al.
Clinicoepidemiologic characteristics, prognostic factors and survival analysis of patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus and Leishmania in an area of Madrid Spain.
Am J Trop Med Hyg, 58 (1998), pp. 436-443
[27.]
A. Rabello, M. Orsini, J. Disch.
Leishmania/HIV co-infection in Brazil: an appraisal.
Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 97 (2003), pp. 17-28
[28.]
P. Mathur, J.C. Samantaray, M. Vajpayee, P. Samanta.
Visceral leishmaniasis/human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in India: the focus of two epidemics.
J Med Microbiol, 55 (2006), pp. 919-922
[29.]
N. Berhe, A. Hailu, D. Wolday, Y. Negesse, P. Cenini, D. Frommel.
Ethiopian visceral leishmaniasis patients co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 89 (1995), pp. 205-207
[30.]
J. Alvar, S. Croft, P. Olliaro.
Chemotherapy in the treatment and control of leishmaniasis.
Adv Parasitol, 61 (2006), pp. 223-274
[31.]
D. Stark, S. Pett, D. Marriott, J. Harkness.
Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum in a human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patient.
J Clin Microbiol, 44 (2006), pp. 1178-1180
[32.]
P. Niamba, A. Traore, O. Goumbri-Lompo, C. Labreze, F. Traore-Barro, M. Bonkoungou, et al.
Cutaneous leishmania in HIV patient in Ouagadougou: clinical and therapeutic aspects.
Ann Dermatol Venereol, 133 (2006), pp. 537-542
[33.]
C. Schraner, B. Hasse, U. Hasse, D. Baumann, A. Faeh, G. Burg, et al.
Successful treatment with miltefosine of disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis in a severely immunocompromised patient infected with HIV-1.
Clin Infect Dis, 40 (2005),
[34.]
T. Endeshaw, A. Kebede, J.J. Verweij, D. Wolday, A. Zewide, K. Tsige, et al.
Intestinal microsporidiosis in diarrhoeal patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Jpn J Infect Dis, 59 (2006), pp. 306-310
[35.]
C. Bern, V. Kawai, D. Vargas, J. Rabke-Verani, J. Williamson, R. Chávez-Valdez, et al.
The epidemiology of intestinal microsporidiosis in patients with HIV/AIDS in Lima, Peru.
Infect Dis, 191 (2005), pp. 1658-1664
[36.]
C.N. Conteas, O.G. Berlin, L.R. Ash, J.S. Pruthi.
Therapy for human gastrointestinal microsporidiosis.
Am J Trop Med Hyg, 63 (2000), pp. 121-127
[37.]
G. Harms, H. Feldmeier.
The impact of HIV infection on tropical diseases.
Infect Dis Clin North Am, 19 (2005), pp. 121-135
[38.]
F.H. Verhoeff, J. Veenmans, C.E. West.
HIV infection and malaria parasitemia.
Lancet, 357 (2001), pp. 232-233
[39.]
F.H. Verhoeff, B.J. Bravin, C.A. Hart, L. Chinsuku, P. Kazembe, L.R. Brodhead.
Increased prevalence of malaria in HIV infected pregnant women and its implication for malaria control.
Trop Med Int Health, 4 (1999), pp. 5-12
[40.]
M.E. Valencia Ortega, A. Holguin Fernández, V. Moreno Celda, A. Álvarez Ferrero, M. Lago Núñez, J. González Lahoz.
Infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana tipo 1 e inmigración: manifestaciones clínicas, subtipos y evolución de 78 pacientes ingresados durante 5 años.
Med Clin (Barc), 128 (2007), pp. 302-304
[41.]
M. Walker, J.R. Zunt.
Parasitic central nervous system infections in immunocompromised hosts.
Clin Infect Dis, 40 (2005), pp. 1005-1015
[42.]
J.E. Vidal, A.V. Hernández, A.C. De Oliveira, R.F. Dauar, S.P. Barbosa Jr, R. Focaccia.
Cerebral toxoplasmosis in HIV-positive patients in Brazil: clinical features and predictors of treatment response in the HAART era.
AIDS Patient Care STDS, 19 (2005), pp. 626-634
[43.]
H.A. Meda, F. Doua, C. Laveissiere, T.W. Miezan, E. Gaens, K. Brattegaard, et al.
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and human African trypanosomiasis: a case-control study in Cote d’Ivoire.
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 89 (1995), pp. 639-643
[44.]
M. Corti.
Enfermedad de Chagas y síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida.
Enf Emerg, 5 (2003), pp. 13-17
[45.]
A.K. Vaidian, L.M. Weiss, H.B. Tanowitz.
Chagas’ disease and AIDS.
Kinetoplastid Biol Dis, 3 (2004), pp. 2
[46.]
J. Rivera, L.D. Hillis, B.D. Levine.
Reactivation of cardiac Chagas’ disease in acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
Am J Cardiol, 94 (2004), pp. 1102-1103
[47.]
T.W. Yoo, A. Mlikotic, M.E. Cornford, C.K. Beck.
Concurrent cerebral american trypanosomiasis and toxoplasmosis in a patient with AIDS.
Clin Infect Dis, 39 (2004), pp. e30-e34
[48.]
A.M. Sartori, J.E. Neto, E.V. Nunes, L.M. Braz, H.H. Caiaffa-Filho, C. Oliveira Oda Jr, et al.
Trypanosoma cruzi parasitemia in chronic Chagas disease: comparison between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative patients.
J Infect Dis, 186 (2002), pp. 872-875
[49.]
A.M. Sartori, M.A. Shikanai-Yasuda, V. Mato, M.H. Lopes.
Follow up of 18 patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection and chronic Chagas’ disease with reactivation diseases causing cardiac disease in three patients.
Clin Infect Dis, 26 (1998), pp. 177-179
[50.]
J.R. Cermeno, I. Hernández De Cuesta, O. Uzcategui, J. Páez, M. Rivera, N. Baliachi.
Balantidium coli in an HIV-infected patient with chronic diarrhoea.
AIDS, 17 (2003), pp. 941-942
[51.]
C. Carcamo, T. Hooton, M.H. Wener, N.S. Weiss, R. Gilman, J. Arevalo, et al.
Etiologies and manifestations of persistent diarrhea in adults with HIV-1 infection: a case-control study in Lima, Peru.
J Infect Dis, 191 (2005), pp. 11-19
[52.]
G. Feitosa, A.C. Bandeira, D.P. Sampaio, R. Badaro, C. Brites.
High prevalence of giardiasis and stronglyloidiasis among HIV-infected patients in Bahia, Brazil.
Braz J Infect Dis, 5 (2001), pp. 339-344
[53.]
R. Gopinath, M. Ostrowski, S.J. Justement, A.S. Fauci, T.B. Nutman.
Filarial infections increase susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro.
J Infect Dis, 182 (2000), pp. 1804-1808
[54.]
N.O. Nielsen, P.E. Simonsen, P. Magnussen, S. Magesa, H. Friis.
Cross-sectional relationship between HIV, lymphatic filariasis and other parasitic infections in adults in coastal northeastern Tanzania.
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 100 (2006), pp. 543-550
[55.]
W. Kipp, J. Bamhuhiiga, T. Rubaale, G. Kabagambe.
Adverse reactions to the ivermectin treatment of onchocerciasis patients: doesinfection with the human immunodeficiency virus play a role?.
Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 99 (2005), pp. 395-402
[56.]
M. Simao Ferreira.
Strongyloidiasis and acquired inmnodeficiency syndrome.
Enf Emerg, 5 (2003), pp. 18-26
[57.]
M.E. Viney, M. Brown, N.E. Omoding, J.W. Bailey, M.P. Gardner, E. Roberts, et al.
Why does HIV infection not lead to disseminated strongyloidiasis?.
J Infect Dis, 190 (2004), pp. 2175-2180
[58.]
M. Lanzafame, F. Faggian, E. Lattuada, D. Antolini, S. Vento.
Strongyloidiasis in an HIV-1-infected patient after highly active antiretroviral therapy-induced immune restoration.
J Infect Dis, 191 (2005), pp. 1027
[59.]
M. Brown, J.D. Cartledge, R.F. Miller.
Dissemination of Strongyloides stercoralis as an immune restoration phenomenon in an HIV-1-infected man on antiretroviral therapy.
Int J STD AIDS, 17 (2006), pp. 560-561
[60.]
G. Sauca Subias, P. Barrufet Barque, A. Besa Beringues, E. Rodríguez Ramos.
Hiperinfección por Strongyloides stercoralis en un paciente con síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida.
An Med Interna, 22 (2005), pp. 139-141
[61.]
S. De Silva, J. Walsh, M. Brown.
Symptomatic Schistosoma mansoni infection as an immune restoration phenomenon in a patient receiving antiretroviral therapy.
Clin Infect Dis, 42 (2006), pp. 303-304
[62.]
V.C. Prabhakaran, L.J. Brown.
Cervical schistosomiasis and neoplasia in HIV-infected patients.
Int J Gynecol Pathol, 23 (2004), pp. 403-404
[63.]
D.M. Karanja, A.L. Boyer, M. Strand, B.L. Nahlen, J.H. Ouma, W.E. Secour.
Studies of schistosomiasis in Western Kenia II. Efficacy of praziquantel for treatment of schistosomiasis in persons coinfected with HIV.
Am J Trop Med Hyg, 59 (1998), pp. 307-311
[64.]
G. Modi, M. Modi, I. Martinus, D. Saffer.
New-onset seizures associated with HIV infection.
Neurology, 55 (2000), pp. 1558-1560
[65.]
S. Prasad, R.R. MacGregor, P. Tebas, L.B. Rodríguez, J.A. Bustos, A.C. White.
Management of potential neurocysticercosis in patients with HIV infection.
Clin Infect Dis, 42 (2006), pp. e30-e40
[66.]
J.L. Soto Hernández, L. Ostrosky Zeichner, G. Tavera, A. Gómez Avina.
Neurocysticercosis and HIV infection: report of two cases and review.
Surg Neurol, 45 (1996), pp. 57-61
[67.]
J.M. Ramos, M. Masia, S. Padillla, E. Bernal, A. Martín-Hidalgo, F. Gutiérrez.
Fatal infection due to larval cysts of cestodes (neurocysticercosis and hydatid disease) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients in Spain: report of two cases.
Scand J Infect Dis, 39 (2007), pp. 719-723
[68.]
F.J. Martínez-Marcos, P. Viciana, E. Cañas, J. Martín-Juan, I. Moreno, J. Pachón.
Etiology of solitary pulmonary nodules in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.
Clin Infect Dis, 24 (1997), pp. 908-913
[69.]
A.L. Kakrani, V.R. Chowdhary, V.M. Bapat.
Disseminated pulmonary hydatid disease presenting as multiple cannon ball shadows in human immunodeficiency virus infection.
J Assoc Physicians India, 48 (2000), pp. 1208-1209
[70.]
M. Sailer, B. Soelder, F. Allerberger, D. Zaknun, H. Feichtinger, B. Gottstein.
Alveolar echinococcosis if the liver a six-year-old girl with acquired immunodefiency syndrome.
J Pediatr, 130 (1997), pp. 320-323
[71.]
W. Zingg, E.C. Renner-Schnelter, C. Pauli-Magnus, E.L. Renner, J. Van Overberck, E. Schläpfer, et al.
Alveolar echinococcosis of the liver in an adult with human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection.
Infection, 32 (2004), pp. 299-302
[72.]
A. Francois, L. Favennec, C. Cambon-Michot, I. Gueit, N. Biga, F. Tron, et al.
Taenia crassiceps invasive cysticercosis: a new human pathogen in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome?.
Am J Surg Pathol, 22 (1998), pp. 488-492
[73.]
P.D. Olson, K. Yoder, L.G. Fajardo, A.M. Marty, S. Van de Pas, C. Olivier, et al.
Lethal invasive cestodiasis in immunosuppressed patients.
J Infect Dis, 187 (2003), pp. 1962-1966
[74.]
R.G. Kaminsky, R.J. Soto, A. Campa, M.K. Baum.
Intestinal parasitic infections and eosinophilia in an human immunodeficiency virus positive population in Honduras.
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 99 (2004), pp. 773-778
[75.]
T.E. Nash.
Visceral larva migrans and other inusual helminto infections.
Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 6th ed., pp. 3293-3300
[76.]
M. Josephine, E. Issac, A. George, M. Ngole, S.E. Albert.
Patterns of skin manifestations and their relationships with CD4 counts among HIV/AIDS patients in Cameroon.
Int J Dermatol, 45 (2006), pp. 280-284
[77.]
C. Brites, M. Weyll, C. Pedroso, R. Badaro.
Severe and Norwegian scabies are strongly associated with retroviral (HIV-1/HTLV-1) infection in Bahia, Brazil.
AIDS, 16 (2002), pp. 1292-1293
[78.]
J.J. Portu, J.M. Agud, J.M. Santamaría, Z. Zubero, J.M. Careaga.
Atypical scabies in HIV positive patients.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 34 (1996), pp. 915-917
[79.]
G. Osborne, C. Taylor, L. Fuller.
The management of HIV related skin disease. Part I: Infections.
Int J STD AIDS, 14 (2003), pp. 78-88
[80.]
C. Aquilina, R. Viraben, S. Sire.
Ivermectin-responsive Demodex infestation during human immunodeficiency virus infection. A case report and literature review.
Dermatology, 205 (2002), pp. 394-397
[81.]
C.W. Wester, H. Bussmann, S. Moyo, A. Avalos, T. Gaolathe, N. Ndwapi, et al.
Serological evidence of HIV-associated infection among HIV-1-infected adults in Botswana.
Clin Infect Dis, 43 (2006), pp. 1612-1615
[82.]
G.J. Dore, Y. Li, A. McDonald, J.M. Kaldor.
Spectrum of AIDS-defining illnesses in Australia, 1992 to 1998: influence of country/region of birth.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 26 (2001), pp. 283-290
[83.]
K.P. Balo, Y.P. Amoussou, A. Bechetoille, H. Mihluedo, P.A. Djagnikpo, S.M. Akpandja, et al.
Cytomegalovirus retinitis and ocular complications in AIDS patients in Togo.
J Fr Ophtalmol, 22 (1999), pp. 1042-1046
[84.]
R. López-Vélez, H. Huerga, M.C. Turrientes.
Infectious diseases in immigrants from the perspective of a tropical medicine referral unit.
Am J Trop Med Hyg, 69 (2003), pp. 115-121
[85.]
J.J. González-García, B. Mahillo, S. Hernández, R. Pacheco, S. Diz, P. García, et al.
Estudio multicéntrico sobre prevalencia de las coinfecciones por virus de hepatitis, indicación de tratamiento de hepatitis crónica C y necesidades de trasplante hepático en pacientes infectados por el VIH en España. Estudio GESIDA 29/02-FIPSE 12185/01.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 23 (2005), pp. 340-348
[86.]
J.M. Echevarría, P. León.
Hepatitis B virus genotypes identified by a Line Probe Assay (LiPA) among chronic carriers from Spain.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 22 (2004), pp. 452-454
[87.]
C. Toro, B. Ramos, V. Soriano.
Implicaciones diagnósticas, clínicas y terapéuticas de las hepatitis virales en el paciente infectado por el VIH.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 24 (2006), pp. 30-35
[88.]
A.Z. Mohammed, E.J. Nwana, A.N. Manasseh.
Changing patterns of Kaposi's sarcoma in Nigerians.
Trop Doct, 35 (2005), pp. 168-169
[89.]
R.L. Menéndez Capote, L. Chappotten Delahanty Mde, A. Ruiz Pérez, F. Antonica Costa.
Enfermedades marcadoras de sida en un grupo de pacientes africanos con infección por VIH/sida.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 24 (2006), pp. 287-288
[90.]
H.R. Wabinga, D.M. Parkin, F. Wabwire–Mangen, J.W. Mugerwa.
Cancer in Kampala Uganda in 1989-91: changes in the incidence in the era of AIDS.
Int J Cancer, 54 (1993), pp. 26-36
[91.]
F.X. Mbopi-Keou, N.J. Robinson, P. Mayaud, L. Belec, D.W.G. Brown.
Herpes simplex virus type 2 and heterosexual spread of human immunodeficiency virus infection in developing countries.
Clin Microbiol Infect, 9 (2003), pp. 161-171
[92.]
H. Weiss.
Epidemiology of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in the developing world.
Herpes, 11 (2004), pp. 24A-35A
[93.]
J.L. Sverson, S.K. Tyring.
Relation between Herpes Simplex Viruses and Human Immunodeficiency virus infections.
Arch Dermatol, 135 (1999), pp. 1393-1397
[94.]
P.C. Zancanaro, L.Y. McGirt, A.J. Mamelak, R.H. Nguyen, C.R. Martins.
Cutaneous manifestations of HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: an institutional urban clinic experience.
J Am Acad Dermatol, 54 (2006), pp. 581-588
[95.]
B.M. Trope, M.E. Lenzi.
AIDS and HIV infections: uncommon presentations.
Clin Dermatol, 23 (2005), pp. 572-580
[96.]
F. Morfin, D. Thouvenot.
Herpes simplex virus resistance to antiviral drugs.
J Clin Virol, 26 (2003), pp. 29-37
[97.]
R. Colebubders, J.M. Mann, H. Francis.
Herpes zoster in African patients. A clinical predictor of human immunodeficiency virus infection.
J Infect Dis, 157 (1988), pp. 314-318
[98.]
D. Morgan, C. Mahe, B. Mayanha, J.A.G. Whitworth.
Progression to symptomatic disease in people infected with HIV-1 in rural Uganda: prospective cohort study.
BMJ, 324 (2002), pp. 193-196
[99.]
W. Amirali, C. Moshiro, K. Ramaiya.
Assessment of clinical case-definition for HIV/AIDS in Tanzania.
East Afr Med J, 81 (2004), pp. 226-229
[100.]
I. Ratnam, C. Chiu, N.B. Kandala, P.J. Easterbrook.
Incidence and risk factors for immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in an ethnically diverse HIV type 1-infected cohort.
Clin Infect Dis, 42 (2006), pp. 418-427
[101.]
A. Ferenczy, F. Coutlee, E. Franco, C. Hankins.
Human papillomavirus and HIV coinfection and the risk of neoplasias of the lower genital tract: a review of recent developments.
CMAJ, 169 (2003), pp. 431-434
[102.]
G. Sirera, S. Videla, P. Herranz, J. Corzo-Delgado, por el grupo de Estudio del Sida (geSIDA).
Virus del papiloma humano y virus de la inmunodeficiencia/sida.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 24 (2006), pp. 40-47
[103.]
G.M. Clifford, M.A. Goncalves, S. Franceschi, For the HPV and HIV Study Group.
Human papillomavirus types among women infected with HIV: a meta-analysis.
AIDS, 20 (2006), pp. 2337-2344
[104.]
P.K. Drain, K.K. Holmes, J.P. Hughues, L.A. Kontsky.
Determinants of cervical cancer rates in developing countries.
Int J Cancer, 100 (2002), pp. 199-205
[105.]
Z.M. Chirenje, L. Loeb, M. Mwale, P. Nyamapfeni, M. Kamba, N. Padian.
Association of cervical SIL and HIV infection among Zimbabwean women in an HIV/STI prevention study.
Int J STD AIDS, 13 (2002), pp. 765-768
[106.]
S.C. Chima, H.T. Agostini, C.F. Ryschkewitsch, S.B. Lucas, G.L. Stoner.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and JC virus genotypes in West African patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a clinicopathologic DNA sequence analysis of 4 cases.
Arch Pathol Lab Med, 123 (1999), pp. 395-403
[107.]
S.K. Shankar, P. Satishchandra, A. Mahadevan, T.C. Yasha, D. Nagaraja, A.B. Taly, et al.
Low prevalence of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in India and Africa: is there a biological explanation?.
J Neurovirol, 9 (2003), pp. 59-67
[108.]
S. Rojanasuphot, N. Shaffer, T. Chotpitayasunondh, S. Phumiamorn, P. Mock, S. Chearskul, et al.
Response to JE vaccine among HIV-infected children, Bangkok, Thailand.
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health, 29 (1998), pp. 443-450
[109.]
S. Ida, N. Tachinawa, A. Najajima, M. Daikoku, M. Yano, Y. Kikuchi, et al.
Influence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on acute hepatitis A virus infection.
Clin Infect Dis, 34 (2002), pp. 379-385
[110.]
N.J. Bodsworth, G.A. Nielsen, B. Donovan.
The effect of the immunization with inactivated hepatitis A vaccine on the clinical course of HIV-1 infection. One year follow up.
AIDS, 11 (1997), pp. 747-749
[111.]
S.A. González, A.H. Talal.
Hepatitis C virus in human immunodeficiency virus infected individuals: an emerging comorbidity with significant implications.
Semin Liver Dis, 23 (2003), pp. 149-166
[112.]
W.J. Moss, C.J. Clements, N.A. Halsey.
Immunization of children at risk of infection with human immunodeficiency virus.
Bull World Health Organ, 81 (2003), pp. 61-70
[113.]
W.J. Moss, M. Monze, J.J. Ryon, T.C. Quinn, D.E. Griffin, F. Cutts.
Prospective study of measles in hospitalised, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected and HIV-uninfected children in Zambia.
Clin Infect Dis, 35 (2002), pp. 189-196
[114.]
C. Toro, V. Soriano, Grupo Español de Estudio del VIH-2 y HTLV-1/2.
Infecciones por VIH-2 y HTLV-1/2 en España.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 24 (2006), pp. 481-482
[115.]
G. Zehender, C. Colasante, C. De Maddalena, F. Bernini, V. Savasi, T. Persico, et al.
High prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) in immigrant male-to-female transsexual sex workers with HIV-1 infection.
J Med Virol, 74 (2004), pp. 207-215
[116.]
P. Aparicio, E. Rodríguez, T. Garate, R. Molina, A. Soto, J. Alvar.
Tratamiento antiparasitario.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 21 (2003), pp. 579-592
[117.]
M. Tuset, M.T. Martín-Conde, J.M. Miró, E. Del Cacho, A. Alberdi, C. Codina, et al.
Características de los fármacos antivirales.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 21 (2003), pp. 433-457
[118.]
J. Berenguer, F. Laguna, J. López-Aldeguer, S. Moreno, J.R. Arribas, J. Arrizabalaga, et al.
Prevención de las infecciones oportunistas en pacientes adultos y adolescentes infectados por el VIH. Recomendaciones de GESIDA/Plan Nacional sobre el Sida.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 22 (2004), pp. 160-176
[119.]
M. Tuset, J.M. Miró, C. Codina, J. Ribas.
Guía de interacciones farmacológicas en HIV.
6.ª ed., SiCom XXI, (2006),
Copyright © 2008. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
