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Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Lectura interpretada del antibiograma de bacilos gramnegativos no fermentadores
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Vol. 20. Issue 6.
Pages 304-312 (June 2002)
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Vol. 20. Issue 6.
Pages 304-312 (June 2002)
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Lectura interpretada del antibiograma de bacilos gramnegativos no fermentadores
Interpretative reading of the non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli antibiogram
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Jordi Vila1
Corresponding author
jvilaestape@yahoo.com

Dr. J. Vila. Servicio de Microbiología. Institut d’Infeccions i Immunologia. Hospital Clínic i Provincial. Barcelona. España. Villarroel, 187. 0000 Barcelona. España.
, Francesc Marco
Servicio de Microbiología. Institut d’Infeccions i Immunologia. Hospital Clínic i Provincial. Barcelona. España
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Las tres especies de bacilos gramnegativos no fermentadores más relevantes clínicamente, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii y Stenotrophomonas maltophilia son, frecuentemente, multirresistentes. La resistencia de P. aeruginosa a los betalactámicos depende de la producción de betalactamasa cromosómica, de betalactamasas plasmídicas, de alteraciones de la permeabilidad (pérdida de la porina OprD, relacionada con la resistencia a carbapenemas), y de bombas de expulsión activa, en especial MexAB-OprM. En las cepas resistentes a aminoglucósidos, la principal causa es la producción de enzimas inactivantes; también está implicada la bomba de expulsión MexXY-OprM. La resistencia a quinolonas en P. aeruginosa se relaciona con alteraciones de las topoisomerasas, alteraciones de las porinas y bombas de expulsión activa. Los mecanismos de resistencia de A. baumannii no se conocen adecuadamente, lo que dificulta la lectura interpretada del antibiograma en esta especie. La resistencia a betalactámicos se relaciona con la producción de betalactamasas y con alteraciones en proteínas fijadoras de penicilinas. La resistencia a aminoglucósidos se ha relacionado con enzimas modificantes y la resistencia a quinolonas con alteraciones de las dianas. S. maltophilia presenta resistencia natural a carbapenemas y otros betalactámicos por producción de dos betalactamasas (L-1 y L-2). También en esta especie se han descrito enzimas modificantes de aminoglucósidos. A diferencia de lo observado en otros muchos organismos, la resistencia de S. maltophilia a quinolonas se relaciona más con bombas de expulsión que con alteraciones de la diana.

Palabras clave:
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Acinetobacter baumannii
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Determinación de la sensibilidad
Resistencia

Among non-fermenting Gram-negative rods, the most clinically important species are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, which are frequently multiresistant. P. aeruginosa resistance to beta-lactams depends on the production of chromosomal and plasmid-mediated beta-lactamases, altered permeability (loss of OprD porin is related to carbapenem-resistance) and active efflux pumps, particularly MexAB-OprM. In aminoglycoside-resistant strains the main mechanism of resistance is the production of inactivating enzymes; the efflux pump MexXY-OprM is also involved. Quinolone-resistance in P. aeruginosa is related to changes in topoisomerases, altered permeability and efflux pumps. The mechanisms of resistance of A. baumannii have not been well characterized, which makes interpretative reading of the antibiogram in this organism difficult. Resistance to beta-lactams is associated with the production of beta-lactamases and altered penicillin-binding proteins. Resistance to aminoglycosides has been related to modifying enzymes and resistance to quinolones to altered targets. S. maltophilia is resistant to carbapenems and other beta-lactams because of the production of two beta-lactamases (L-1 and L-2). Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes have also been described in this species. In contrast to what is observed in other organisms, S. maltophilia resistance to quinolones has been mainly related to active efflux, rather than to target alterations.

Key words:
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Acinetobacter baumannii
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Susceptibility testing
Resistance
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Copyright © 2002. Elsevier España, S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
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