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Vol. 29. Issue S6.
La infección por citomegalovirus en el trasplante de órgano sólido: nuevas evidencias de un patógeno clásico
Pages 1-3 (December 2011)
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Vol. 29. Issue S6.
La infección por citomegalovirus en el trasplante de órgano sólido: nuevas evidencias de un patógeno clásico
Pages 1-3 (December 2011)
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Luces y sombras de la infección por citomegalovirus en el trasplante de órgano sólido
Lights and shadows of cytomegalovirus infection in solid organ transplantation
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3136
M. Carmen Fariñasa,
Corresponding author
farinasc@unican.es

Autor para correspondencia.
, Julián Torre-Cisnerosb, Albert Pahissac
a Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, IFIMAV, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, España
b UCG de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía-Instituto Maimonides de Investigación de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, España
c Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
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Resumen

La infección por citomegalovirus (CMV) aparece en el 30–80% de los pacientes sometidos a trasplante de órgano sólido (TOS). Su incidencia y la presencia de enfermedad sintomática varían dependiendo del tipo de trasplante, de la presencia de factores de riesgo asociados, de la intensidad de inmunosupresión y de las estrategias de prevención. El impacto que el CMV tiene en el TOS no sólo viene dado por sus efectos directos produciendo una enfermedad por CMV, sino también por sus múltiples efectos indirectos dado su papel inmunomodulador y de inmunoactivación debido a la latencia viral. Las 2 estrategias de profilaxis (profilaxis universal y terapia anticipada) son igualmente útiles, presentan ventajas e inconvenientes y quedan dudas por resolver en cuanto a las poblaciones que la deben recibir y el período que se debe administrar. Es necesario tanto para el diagnóstico y pronóstico como para la evaluación de la respuesta terapéutica que los pacientes con TOS sean monitorizados virológicamente para detectar la infección por CMV. Las nuevas técnicas de PCR real time han supuesto numerosas ventajas, pero hay problemas de estandarización y es preciso obtener valores de referencia comunes. Disponemos de antivirales anti-CMV específicos, pero temas como el papel del valganciclovir frente al ganciclovir, la aparición de resistencias y la duración óptima del tratamiento son objeto de debate. La terapia complementaria con inhibidores mTOR o el ensayo de vacunas frente a CMV son aspectos terapéuticos alternativos sobre los que no hay datos concluyentes.

Palabras clave:
CMV
Trasplante de órgano solido
Antivirales
Abstract

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) develops in 30–80% of patients undergoing solid organ transplantation (SOT). The incidence and presence of symptomatic disease varies depending on the type of transplant, the presence of associated risk factors, the intensity of immunosuppression, and the prevention strategies used. The impact of CMV on SOT is due not only to the effects of CMV disease per se, but also to its multiple indirect effects resulting from its immunomodulatory role and immunoactivation caused by viral latency. The two prophylactic strategies used (universal prophylaxis and preemptive therapy) are equally useful. Both strategies have advantages and disadvantages, and uncertainties remain on the populations that should receive prophylaxis and for how long. Viral monitoring to detect CMV infection is important for diagnosis, prognosis and evaluation of treatment response. The new real-time polymerase chain reaction techniques have provided numerous advantages but standardization remains an issue and common reference values are required. Specific anti-CMV drugs are available but issues such as the role of valganciclovir versus ganciclovir, the development of resistances and optimal treatment length are still being debated. Complementary therapy with mTOR inhibitors and vaccine strategies against CMV are alternatives for which conclusive data are lacking.

Keywords:
CMV
Solid organ transplantation
Antiviral agents
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Copyright © 2011. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
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