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Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Posicionamiento de etravirina en la terapia antirretroviral de combinación
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Vol. 27. Issue S2.
Etravirina
Pages 46-51 (December 2009)
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Vol. 27. Issue S2.
Etravirina
Pages 46-51 (December 2009)
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Posicionamiento de etravirina en la terapia antirretroviral de combinación
Role of etravirine in combination antiretroviral therapy
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3313
Pere Domingo
Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
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Resumen

Etravirina (ETR) es un nuevo fármaco antirretroviral que pertenece a la familia de los inhibidores de la transcriptasa inversa no análogos de los nucleósidos (ITINAN) y que ha sido recientemente autorizado por las agencias reguladoras para el tratamiento de pacientes con experiencia previa a antirretrovirales, con evidencia de replicación viral activa y que albergan cepas de virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana 1 multirresistentes. En este contexto, en Europa se ha autorizado su uso en combinación con inhibidores de proteasa potenciados e inhibidores de la transcriptasa inversa análogos de nucleósidos. Dicha indicación se ha establecido basándose en los resultados de los estudios DUET, estudios aleatorizados y doble ciego, en los que los pacientes que se aleatorizaron a ETR evidenciaron una respuesta estadísticamente superior en cuanto a eficacia virológica, recuperación inmunológica y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. Desde el punto de vista de la seguridad, ETR mostró en dichos estudios ser tan bien tolerada como el placebo, con una única excepción, la aparición de exantema. Éste fue más frecuente que en el grupo placebo, generalmente leve a moderado, y obligó a interrumpir el tratamiento con ETR sólo en un 2% de los pacientes.

Sin embargo, las características de ETR, es decir, su potencia virológica, su excelente perfil de seguridad, su perfil de resistencias, sus propiedades farmacocinéticas y su perfil de interacciones farmacológicas permiten entrever que su utilidad no se halla restringida al perfil de pacientes aprobado por las agencias reguladoras. No obstante, en la mayoría de estos supuestos no hay evidencias formales de su uso, aunque algunos de ellos están en fase de ensayo clínico. Así pues, hay en marcha un estudio en pacientes naïve (SENSE) con administración en toma única diaria con el objetivo de demostrar mejor tolerabilidad sobre el sistema nervioso central que efavirenz. En otros supuestos, su perfil de tolerabilidad hepática, neuropsiquiátrica, e incluso cutánea sugieren que ETR puede constituir una buena alternativa cuando haya toxicidad, o peligro de la misma, causada por los ITINAN de primera generación. Cuando hay fracaso virológico a un régimen de inicio con ITINAN de primera generación, el perfil diferencial de resistencias de ETR puede permitir construir una combinación de rescate basada en ETR. Su ausencia de teratogenicidad la hace potencialmente útil en pacientes embarazadas o en mujeres que hayan expresado deseo gestacional. Finalmente, su benigno perfil de interacciones medicamentosas debe permitir una mejor utilización en pacientes que se hallen sometidos a comedicación, y ello puede ser especialmente importante en áreas con elevada prevalencia de tratamiento con metadona puesto que no hay interacción significativa entre ambos fármacos.

ETR se halla aprobada para uso en rescate avanzado. Sin embargo, sus características permiten suponer que hay una serie de indicaciones potenciales basadas en su potencia antiviral, perfil diferencial de resistencias, seguridad y tolerabilidad y perfil de interacciones medicamentosas.

Palabras clave:
Etravirina
No análogos de nucleósido
Efavirenz
Nevirapina
Eficacia virológica
Seguridad
Interacciones
Indicaciones
Embarazo
Abstract

Etravirine (ETR) is a new antiretroviral drug of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) family that has recently been approved by the regulatory agencies for the treatment of patients with prior experience with antiretrovirals, evidence of active viral replication, and who harbor multidrug resistant HIV-1 strains. In this context, in Europe, the use of this drug has been authorized combined with boosted protease inhibitors and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. This approval was based on the results of the randomized double-blind DUET studies, in which the ETR arm was statistically superior to the placebo arms in terms of virological efficacy, immunological recovery, clinical progression and health- related quality of life. These studies showed that ETR was as well-tolerated as placebo, except for the appearance of rash, which was more common in the ETR arm. However, rash was usually mild or moderate and caused discontinuation of ETR in only 2% of the patients.

The characteristics of ETR, i.e., potency, benign safety profile, resistance profile, pharmacokinetic characteristics, and drug interactions suggest that the use of this drug may go beyond its currently approved indications. Nevertheless, the evidence supporting these alternative uses is still scarce, although a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial (SENSE) is under way in treatment-naïve patients. In this trial ETR will be administered once daily and the principal objective is to show that ETR has better tolerability in the central nervous system (CNS) than efavirenz. Moreover, the tolerability profile in the CNS, liver, and even skin suggest that ETR may be a good option when there are toxicity problems, or a risk of toxicity, with first-generation NNRTIs. When there is virological failure with an initial first-generation NNRTI-based regimen, the differential resistance profile of ETR may allow this drug to be used to construct a rescue combination. ETR is not teratogenic and can therefore be safely used in pregnant or fertile women. Finally, ETR has an excellent drug-drug interaction profile, which may be useful in patients administered other medications. This interaction profile may be especially important in areas with a high prevalence of methadone treatment, as both drugs can be coadministered safely.

ETR has received approval as advanced rescue therapy. However, the characteristics of this drug suggest that it may be useful in a series of potential indications, due to its antiviral potency, differential resistance profile, safety, tolerability and drug-drug interaction profile.

Key words:
Etravirine
Non-nucleoside analogues
Efavirenz
Nevirapine
Virological efficacy
Safety
Drug-drug interactions
Indication
Pregnancy
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