metricas
covid
Buscar en
Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica
Toda la web
Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Posicionamiento de etravirina en la terapia antirretroviral de combinación
Journal Information
Vol. 27. Issue S2.
Etravirina
Pages 46-51 (December 2009)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 27. Issue S2.
Etravirina
Pages 46-51 (December 2009)
Full text access
Posicionamiento de etravirina en la terapia antirretroviral de combinación
Role of etravirine in combination antiretroviral therapy
Visits
3319
Pere Domingo
Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
This item has received
Article information
Resumen

Etravirina (ETR) es un nuevo fármaco antirretroviral que pertenece a la familia de los inhibidores de la transcriptasa inversa no análogos de los nucleósidos (ITINAN) y que ha sido recientemente autorizado por las agencias reguladoras para el tratamiento de pacientes con experiencia previa a antirretrovirales, con evidencia de replicación viral activa y que albergan cepas de virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana 1 multirresistentes. En este contexto, en Europa se ha autorizado su uso en combinación con inhibidores de proteasa potenciados e inhibidores de la transcriptasa inversa análogos de nucleósidos. Dicha indicación se ha establecido basándose en los resultados de los estudios DUET, estudios aleatorizados y doble ciego, en los que los pacientes que se aleatorizaron a ETR evidenciaron una respuesta estadísticamente superior en cuanto a eficacia virológica, recuperación inmunológica y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud. Desde el punto de vista de la seguridad, ETR mostró en dichos estudios ser tan bien tolerada como el placebo, con una única excepción, la aparición de exantema. Éste fue más frecuente que en el grupo placebo, generalmente leve a moderado, y obligó a interrumpir el tratamiento con ETR sólo en un 2% de los pacientes.

Sin embargo, las características de ETR, es decir, su potencia virológica, su excelente perfil de seguridad, su perfil de resistencias, sus propiedades farmacocinéticas y su perfil de interacciones farmacológicas permiten entrever que su utilidad no se halla restringida al perfil de pacientes aprobado por las agencias reguladoras. No obstante, en la mayoría de estos supuestos no hay evidencias formales de su uso, aunque algunos de ellos están en fase de ensayo clínico. Así pues, hay en marcha un estudio en pacientes naïve (SENSE) con administración en toma única diaria con el objetivo de demostrar mejor tolerabilidad sobre el sistema nervioso central que efavirenz. En otros supuestos, su perfil de tolerabilidad hepática, neuropsiquiátrica, e incluso cutánea sugieren que ETR puede constituir una buena alternativa cuando haya toxicidad, o peligro de la misma, causada por los ITINAN de primera generación. Cuando hay fracaso virológico a un régimen de inicio con ITINAN de primera generación, el perfil diferencial de resistencias de ETR puede permitir construir una combinación de rescate basada en ETR. Su ausencia de teratogenicidad la hace potencialmente útil en pacientes embarazadas o en mujeres que hayan expresado deseo gestacional. Finalmente, su benigno perfil de interacciones medicamentosas debe permitir una mejor utilización en pacientes que se hallen sometidos a comedicación, y ello puede ser especialmente importante en áreas con elevada prevalencia de tratamiento con metadona puesto que no hay interacción significativa entre ambos fármacos.

ETR se halla aprobada para uso en rescate avanzado. Sin embargo, sus características permiten suponer que hay una serie de indicaciones potenciales basadas en su potencia antiviral, perfil diferencial de resistencias, seguridad y tolerabilidad y perfil de interacciones medicamentosas.

Palabras clave:
Etravirina
No análogos de nucleósido
Efavirenz
Nevirapina
Eficacia virológica
Seguridad
Interacciones
Indicaciones
Embarazo
Abstract

Etravirine (ETR) is a new antiretroviral drug of the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) family that has recently been approved by the regulatory agencies for the treatment of patients with prior experience with antiretrovirals, evidence of active viral replication, and who harbor multidrug resistant HIV-1 strains. In this context, in Europe, the use of this drug has been authorized combined with boosted protease inhibitors and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. This approval was based on the results of the randomized double-blind DUET studies, in which the ETR arm was statistically superior to the placebo arms in terms of virological efficacy, immunological recovery, clinical progression and health- related quality of life. These studies showed that ETR was as well-tolerated as placebo, except for the appearance of rash, which was more common in the ETR arm. However, rash was usually mild or moderate and caused discontinuation of ETR in only 2% of the patients.

The characteristics of ETR, i.e., potency, benign safety profile, resistance profile, pharmacokinetic characteristics, and drug interactions suggest that the use of this drug may go beyond its currently approved indications. Nevertheless, the evidence supporting these alternative uses is still scarce, although a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial (SENSE) is under way in treatment-naïve patients. In this trial ETR will be administered once daily and the principal objective is to show that ETR has better tolerability in the central nervous system (CNS) than efavirenz. Moreover, the tolerability profile in the CNS, liver, and even skin suggest that ETR may be a good option when there are toxicity problems, or a risk of toxicity, with first-generation NNRTIs. When there is virological failure with an initial first-generation NNRTI-based regimen, the differential resistance profile of ETR may allow this drug to be used to construct a rescue combination. ETR is not teratogenic and can therefore be safely used in pregnant or fertile women. Finally, ETR has an excellent drug-drug interaction profile, which may be useful in patients administered other medications. This interaction profile may be especially important in areas with a high prevalence of methadone treatment, as both drugs can be coadministered safely.

ETR has received approval as advanced rescue therapy. However, the characteristics of this drug suggest that it may be useful in a series of potential indications, due to its antiviral potency, differential resistance profile, safety, tolerability and drug-drug interaction profile.

Key words:
Etravirine
Non-nucleoside analogues
Efavirenz
Nevirapine
Virological efficacy
Safety
Drug-drug interactions
Indication
Pregnancy
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. Department of Health and Human Services. November 3, 2008; 1-139 [consultado 1-9-2009]. Disponible en: http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ContentFiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf
[2.]
S.M. Hammer, J.J. Eron Jr., P. Reiss, R.T. Schooley, M.A. Thompson, S. Walmsley, et al.
Antiretroviral treatment of adult HIV infection: 2008 recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA panel.
JAMA, 300 (2008), pp. 555-570
[3.]
B.G. Gazzard, BHIVA Treatment Guidelines Writing Group.
British HIV Association Guidelines for the treatment of HIV-1-infected adults with antiretroviral therapy 2008.
[4.]
A.M. Mills, M. Nelson, D. Jayaweera, K. Ruxrungtham, I. Cassetti, P.M. Girard, et al.
Once-daily darunavir/ritonavir vs. lopinavir/ritonavir in treatment-naive, HIV-1- infected patients: 96-week analysis.
[5.]
A. Lazzarin, T. Campbell, B. Clotet, M. Johnson, C. Katlama, A. Moll, et al.
Efficacy and safety of TMC125 (etravirine) in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients in DUET-2: 24-week results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
[6.]
J.V. Madruga, P. Cahn, B. Grinsztejn, R. Haubrich, J. Lalezari, A. Mills, et al.
Efficacy and safety of TMC125 (etravirine) in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients in DUET-1: 24-week results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
[7.]
R.T. Steigbigel, D.A. Cooper, P.N. Kumar, J.E. Eron, M. Schechter, M. Markowitz, et al.
Raltegravir with optimized background therapy for resistant HIV-1 infection.
N Engl J Med, 359 (2008), pp. 339-354
[8.]
P. Viciana, R. Rubio, E. Ribera, H. Knobel, J.A. Iribarren, J.R. Arribas, et al.
Longitudinal study on adherence, treatment satisfaction, and effectiveness of once-daily versus twice-daily antiretroviral therapy in a Spanish cohort of HIV-infected patients (CUVA study).
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin, 26 (2008), pp. 127-134
[9.]
A. D’Arminio Monforte, A.C. Lepri, G. Rezza, P. Pezzotti, A. Antinori, A.N. Phillips, et al.
Insights into the reasons for discontinuation of the first highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen in a cohort of antiretroviral naïve patients. ICONA Study Group. Italian Cohort of Antiretroviral-Naïve Patients.
AIDS, 14 (2000), pp. 499-507
[10.]
Y. Yuan, G. L’italien, J. Mukherjee, U.H. Iloeje.
Determinants of discontinuation of initial highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens in a US HIV-infected patient cohort.
[11.]
B. Clotet, N. Bellos, J.M. Molina, D. Cooper, J.C. Goffard, A. Lazzarin, et al.
Efficacy and safety of darunavir-ritonavir at week 48 in treatment-experienced patients with HIV-1 infection in POWER 1 and 2: a pooled subgroup analysis of data from two randomised trials.
Lancet, 369 (2007), pp. 1169-1178
[12.]
C.B. Hicks, P. Cahn, D.A. Cooper, S.L. Walmsley, C. Katlama, B. Clotet, et al.
Durable efficacy of tipranavir-ritonavir in combination with an optimised background regimen of antiretroviral drugs for treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients at 48 weeks in the Randomized Evaluation of Strategic Intervention in multi-drug reSistant patients with Tipranavir (RESIST) studies: an analysis of combined data from two randomised open-label trials.
[13.]
Food and Drug Administration. IntelenceTM (etravirine) tablets: US prescribing information [consultado 18-8-2009]. Disponible en: http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/label/2008/022187.pdf
[14.]
Janssen-Ortho Inc. Pr[Intelence (etravirine tablets 100 mg): product monograph [consultado 18-8-2009]. Disponible en : http://cpe0013211b4c6d-cm0014e88ee7a4.cpe.net.cable.rogers.com/dpdonline/searchRequest.do
[15.]
European Medicines Agency. Intelence 100 mg tablets: summary of product characteristics [consultado 1-8-2009]. Disponible en: http://www.emea.europa.eu/humandocs/PDFs/EPAR/intelence/H-900-PI-en.pdf
[16.]
C. Katlama, J.M. Gatell, J.M. Molina, M. Peeters, J. Vingerhoets, B. Woodfall, et al.
Pooled 24-week results of DUET-1 and DUET-2: efficacy of TMC125 in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients.
11th European AIDS Conference,
[17.]
K. Peeters, M. Viala, H. Gilet, B. Woodfall, D. Dubois, D. Cella.
Helath-related quality of life (HRQL) as measured by the functional assessment of HIV Infection (FAHI) questionnaire in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients: 24-week results from the pooled DUET trials.
11th European AIDS Conference,
[18.]
J.M. Gatell, G. Beatty, M. Johnson, S. Martin, M. Peeters, B. Woodfall.
Impact of TMC125, a next-generation NNRTI, on clinical outcomes (AIDS-defining illnesses and deaths): 24-week findings from a planned pooled analysis of the DUET studies.
11th European AIDS Conference,
[19.]
C. Katlama, R. Haubrich, J. Lalezari, A. Lazzarin, J.V. Madruga, J.M. Molina, et al.
Efficacy and safety of etravirine in treatment-experienced, HIV-1 patients: pooled 48 week analysis of two randomized, controlled trials.
AIDS, (2009),
[20.]
B. Trottier, A. Mills, P. Cahn, et al.
Durable efficacy and safety of etravirine in treatment- experienced, HIV-1 infected patients: pooled Week 96 results from the Phase III DUET-1 and DUET-2 trials.
18th Annual Canadian Conference on HIV/AIDS Research, pp. P148
[21.]
R. Haubrich, P. Cahn, B. Grinsztejn, J. Lalezari, J. Madruga, A. Mills, et al.
DUET-1: week-48 results of a phase III randomized double-blind trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TMC125 vs. plaebo in 612 treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients.
15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections,
[22.]
G. Di Perri, P.M. Girard, N. Clumeck, M. Peeters, M. Janssens, G. De Smedt, et al.
Pooled 24-week results of DUET-1 and -2: TMC125 (etravirine) safety and tolerability in treatment-experienced, HIV-1-infected patients.
11th European AIDS Conference,
[23.]
T. Campbell, A. Mills, P. Morlat, M. Schechter, G. De Smedt, M. Peeters, et al.
TMC125 safety and tolerability in treatment-experienced hepatitis B or C coinfected patients in DUET-1 and DUET-2-HEP DART Conference,
[24.]
Data on file. Little Island, County Cook, Ireland: Tibotec Pharmaceuticals Ltd.; 2007.
[25.]
M. Johnson, T. Campbell, B. Clotet, C. Katlama, A. Lazzarin, W. Towner, et al.
DUET-2: week-48 results of a phase III randomized double-blind trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of TMC125 vs. placebo in 591treatment-experienced patients.
15th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections,
[26.]
Y. Yazdanpanah, C. Fagard, D. Descamps, A.M. Taburet, C. Colin, B. Roquebert, et al.
High rate of virologic suppression with raltegravir plus etravirine and darunavir/ritonavir among treatment-experienced patients infected with multidrug-resistant HIV: results of the ANRS 139 TRIO trial.
Clin Infect Dis, 49 (2009), pp. 1441-1449
[27.]
A. Imaz, S.V. Del Saz, M.A. Ribas, A. Curran, E. Caballero, V. Falcó, et al.
Raltegravir, etravirine, and ritonavir-boosted darunavir: a safe and successful rescue regimen for multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, (2009),
[28.]
B. Gruzdev, A. Rakhmanova, E. Doubovskaya, A. Yakovlev, M. Peeters, A. Rinehart, et al.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of TMC125 as 7-day monotherapy in antiretroviral naive, HIV-1 infected subjects.
[29.]
B.G. Gazzard, A.L. Pozniak, W. Rosenbaum, G.P. Yeni, S. Staszewski, K. Arasteh, et al.
An open-label assessment of TMC 125-a new, next-generation NNRTI, for 7 days in HIV-1 infected individuals with NNRTI resistance.
[30.]
K.P. Bhavan, V.N. Kampalath, E.T. Overton.
The aging of the HIV epidemic.
Curr HIV/AIDS Rep, 5 (2008), pp. 150-158
[31.]
D.D. Deeks, G.M. Keating.
Etravirine.
Drugs, 68 (2008), pp. 2357-2372
[32.]
J.M. Llibre, J.R. Santos, T. Puig, J. Molto, L. Ruiz, R. Paredes, et al.
Prevalence of etravirine-associated mutations in clinical samples with resistance to nevirapine and efavirenz.
J Antimicrob Chemother, 62 (2008), pp. 909-913
[33.]
J. Llenas-García, S. Fiorante, J. Julia Villar, D. Maseda, V. Delgado, A. Hernando, et al.
Elevada frecuencia de resistencias primarias en pacientes inmigrantes con infección por el VIH en una unidad especializada en Madrid.
Programa de XIII Reunión de la SEIMC, (2009),
[34.]
C. De Mendoza, C. Rodríguez, J. Colomina, C. Tuset, F. García, J.M. Eiros, et al.
Resistance to nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and prevalence of HIV type 1 non-B subtypes are increasing among persons with recent infection in Spain.
Clin Infect Dis, 41 (2005), pp. 1350-1354
[35.]
D. Maitland, A. Jackson, J. Osorio, S. Mandalia, B.G. Gazzard, G.J. Moyle, et al.
Switching from twice-daily abacavir and lamivudine to the once-daily fixed-dose combination tablet of abacavir and lamivudine improves patient adherence and satisfaction with therapy.
[36.]
J. Lalezari, E. DeJesus, O. Osiyemi, P. Ruane, Z. Haigney, R. Ryan, et al.
Pharmacokinetics of once-daily etravirine (ETR) without and with once-daily darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r) in antiretroviral-naïve HIV-1 infected adults.
Ninth International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection (HIV9),
[37.]
A Clinical Trial Comparing Etravirine to Efavirenz in Combination With 2 Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors in Treatment-naive HIV-1 Infected Patients [consultado 12-9-2009]. Disponible en: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00903682?term=etravirine+in+naive+patients&rank=3
[38.]
A. Mills, B. Grinsztejn, C. Katlama, M. Peeters, K. Janssen, T. Kakuda, et al.
The incidence of rash observed with the NNRTI etravirine (TMC125, ETR) in the phase III DUET trials using pooled 48-week data.
XVII International AIDS Conference,
[39.]
R. Gupta, A. Hill, A.W. Sawyer, D. Pillay.
Emergence of drug resistance in HIV type-1- infected patients after receipt of first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review of clinical t rials.
Clin Infect Dis, 47 (2008), pp. 712-722
[40.]
K. Ruxrungtham, R. Pedro, G. Latiff, F. Conradie, P. Domingo, S. Lupo, et al.
Impact of reverse transcriptase resistance on the efficacy of TMC125 (etravirine) with two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in protease inhibitor-naïve, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-experienced patients: study TMC125-C227.
[41.]
R.K. Lodwick, C.J. Smith, M. Youle, F.C. Lampe, M. Tyrer, S. Bhagani, et al.
Stability of antiretroviral regimens in patients with viral suppression.
[42.]
A. Mocroft, A.N. Phillips, V. Soriano, J. Rockstroh, A. Blaxhult, C. Katlama, et al.
Reasons for stopping antiretrovirals used in an initial highly active antiretroviral regimen: increased incidence of stopping due to toxicity or patient/physician choice in patients with hepatitis C coinfection.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses, 21 (2005), pp. 527-536
[43.]
R. Manfredi, L. Calza, F. Chiodo.
Efavirenz versus nevirapine in current clinical practice: a prospective, open-label observational study.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 35 (2004), pp. 492-502
[44.]
B. Clotet, C. Katlama, A. Lazzarin, K. Janssen, T. Kakuda, G. De Smedt.
Safety and tolerability of etravirine in hepatitis B and/or C co-infected patients in DUET-1 and DUET-2: pooled 48-week results.
9th International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection,
[45.]
C. Scott, A. Teague, M. Bower, B. Gizzard, M. Nelson.
Etravirine use in clinical practice: 48 week data from a single centre cohort- an update.
15th British HIV Association (BHIVA) meeting,
[46.]
E. Martínez, J.A. Arnaiz, D. Podzamczer, D. Dalmau, E. Ribera, P. Domingo, et al.
JM. Three-year follow-up of protease inhibitor-based regimen simplification in HIVinfected patients.
[47.]
Perinatal HIV Guidelines Working Group. Public Health Service Task Force Recommendations for Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant HIV-Infected Women for Maternal Health and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal HIV Transmission in the United States. April 29, 2009; p. 1-90 [consultado 12-9-2009]. Disponible en: http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/ContentFiles/PerinatalGL.pdf
[48.]
A. Raoof, S. Lachau-Durand, J. Verbeeck, et al.
Etravirine has not effect on fetal development in rats and rabbits.
XVII International AIDS Conference,
[49.]
F. Van Leth, P. Phanuphak, K. Ruxrungtham, E. Baraldi, S. Miller, B. Gazzard, et al.
Comparison of first-line antiretroviral therapy with regimens including nevirapine, efavirenz, or both drugs, plus stavudine and lamivudine: a randomised openlabel trial, the 2NN Study.
Lancet, 363 (2004), pp. 1253-1263
[50.]
C.R. Fumaz, J.A. Muñoz-Moreno, J. Moltó, E. Negredo, M.J. Ferrer, G. Sirera, et al.
Longterm neuropsychiatric disorders on efavirenz-based approaches: quality of life, psychologic issues, and adherence.
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, 38 (2005), pp. 560-565
[51.]
C. Katlama, T. Campbell, M. Schechter, M. Peeters, C. Bicer, R. Sinha, et al.
Incidence and severity of nervous system and psychiatric events are similar with etravirine versus placebo: pooled 48-week data from the phase III DUET studies.
XVIIth International AIDS Conference,
[52.]
Schöller-Gyüre, W. Brink, T. Kakuda, B. Woodfall, G. De Smedt, H. Vanaken, et al.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the concomitant administration of methadone and TMC125 in HIV-negative volunteers.
J Clin Pharmacol, 48 (2008), pp. 322-329
Copyright © 2009. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
Download PDF
Article options
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos