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Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Present epidemiology of tuberculosis. Prevention and control programs
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Vol. 29. Issue S1.
Update on tuberculosis
Pages 2-7 (March 2011)
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Vol. 29. Issue S1.
Update on tuberculosis
Pages 2-7 (March 2011)
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Present epidemiology of tuberculosis. Prevention and control programs
Epidemiología actual de la tuberculosis. Programas de prevención y control
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4011
Àngels Orcaua,b, Joan A. Caylàa,b,
Corresponding author
jcayla@aspb.cat

Corresponding author.
, José A. Martínezb,c
a Programa de Prevenció i Control de la Tuberculosi de Barcelona, Servei d’Epidemiologia, Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
b Unidad de Investigación en Tuberculosis de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
c Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Article information
Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) has affected humanity since the beginning of the recorded time and is associated with poverty, malnutrition, overcrowding, and immunosuppression. Since Koch discovered the infectious nature of the disease in 1882, knowledge about its history and physiopathology has advanced, but it continues to be a global public health problem.

More than 9 million new cases occurred in 2008 worldwide (with an incidence of 139/100,000 inhabitants), of whom more than one million died. Over half million of the cases presented with multidrug resistant-TB. Africa represents the continent with the highest incidence and the most HIV co-infection. The situation in Eastern Europe is also worrisome because of the high incidence and frequency drug resistance.

In developed countries, TB has been localized in more vulnerable populations, such as immigrants and persons with social contention. There is an increase of extra-pulmonary presentation in this context, related to non-European ethnicity, HIV infection, and younger age. In Spain, the increasing immigrant population has presented a need to improve coordination between territories and strengthen surveillance

The global control plan is based on the DOTS strategy, although the objectives and activities were redefined in 2006 to incorporate the measurement of global development, and community and healthcare strengthening. Adequate control measures in a more local context and continual activity evaluation are necessary to decrease the burden of suffering and economic loss that causes this ancient disease.

Keywords:
Tuberculosis
Surveillance
Control
Immigration
Resumen

La tuberculosis (TB) afecta a la humanidad desde tiempos inmemoriales y se asocia a la pobreza, mala alimentación, hacinamiento e inmunodepresión. Desde que Koch descubrió su naturaleza infecciosa en 1882, se ha avanzado mucho en el conocimiento de la historia natural y la fisiopatología de la infección, pero, sin embargo, continúa siendo un problema global de salud pública.

En 2008 ocurrieron más de 9 millones de nuevos casos en el mundo (incidencia de 139/100.000 habitantes) de los que más de 1 millón falleció. También más de medio millón de casos presentaron TB multirresistente. África es el continente con mayor incidencia y el más afectado por la coinfección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Es preocupante la situación epidemiológica del este de Europa por su elevada incidencia y resistencia a los fármacos.

En los países desarrollados, la enfermedad se está concentrando en poblaciones vulnerables, como inmigrantes y personas con exclusión social. En este contexto aumentan las localizaciones extrapulmonares, relacionadas con etnias no europeas, infección por VIH y menor edad. En España, el aumento de la proporción de inmigrantes pone de manifiesto la necesidad de mejorar la coordinación territorial y fortalecer la vigilancia.

La estrategia global de control se ha basado en la estrategia DOTS, aunque en 2006 se redefinieron los objetivos y actividades incorporando medidas globales de desarrollo y fortalecimiento de las comunidades y de los sistemas sanitarios. La adecuación de las medidas de control al contexto específico y la evaluación continuada de las actividades son imprescindibles para conseguir disminuir la carga de sufrimiento y las pérdidas económicas que causa esta vieja enfermedad.

Palabras clave:
Tuberculosis
Vigilancia
Control
Inmigración
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