metricas
covid
Buscar en
Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica
Toda la web
Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Present epidemiology of tuberculosis. Prevention and control programs
Journal Information
Vol. 29. Issue S1.
Update on tuberculosis
Pages 2-7 (March 2011)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 29. Issue S1.
Update on tuberculosis
Pages 2-7 (March 2011)
Full text access
Present epidemiology of tuberculosis. Prevention and control programs
Epidemiología actual de la tuberculosis. Programas de prevención y control
Visits
4064
Àngels Orcaua,b, Joan A. Caylàa,b,
Corresponding author
jcayla@aspb.cat

Corresponding author.
, José A. Martínezb,c
a Programa de Prevenció i Control de la Tuberculosi de Barcelona, Servei d’Epidemiologia, Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
b Unidad de Investigación en Tuberculosis de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
c Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
This item has received
Article information
Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) has affected humanity since the beginning of the recorded time and is associated with poverty, malnutrition, overcrowding, and immunosuppression. Since Koch discovered the infectious nature of the disease in 1882, knowledge about its history and physiopathology has advanced, but it continues to be a global public health problem.

More than 9 million new cases occurred in 2008 worldwide (with an incidence of 139/100,000 inhabitants), of whom more than one million died. Over half million of the cases presented with multidrug resistant-TB. Africa represents the continent with the highest incidence and the most HIV co-infection. The situation in Eastern Europe is also worrisome because of the high incidence and frequency drug resistance.

In developed countries, TB has been localized in more vulnerable populations, such as immigrants and persons with social contention. There is an increase of extra-pulmonary presentation in this context, related to non-European ethnicity, HIV infection, and younger age. In Spain, the increasing immigrant population has presented a need to improve coordination between territories and strengthen surveillance

The global control plan is based on the DOTS strategy, although the objectives and activities were redefined in 2006 to incorporate the measurement of global development, and community and healthcare strengthening. Adequate control measures in a more local context and continual activity evaluation are necessary to decrease the burden of suffering and economic loss that causes this ancient disease.

Keywords:
Tuberculosis
Surveillance
Control
Immigration
Resumen

La tuberculosis (TB) afecta a la humanidad desde tiempos inmemoriales y se asocia a la pobreza, mala alimentación, hacinamiento e inmunodepresión. Desde que Koch descubrió su naturaleza infecciosa en 1882, se ha avanzado mucho en el conocimiento de la historia natural y la fisiopatología de la infección, pero, sin embargo, continúa siendo un problema global de salud pública.

En 2008 ocurrieron más de 9 millones de nuevos casos en el mundo (incidencia de 139/100.000 habitantes) de los que más de 1 millón falleció. También más de medio millón de casos presentaron TB multirresistente. África es el continente con mayor incidencia y el más afectado por la coinfección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Es preocupante la situación epidemiológica del este de Europa por su elevada incidencia y resistencia a los fármacos.

En los países desarrollados, la enfermedad se está concentrando en poblaciones vulnerables, como inmigrantes y personas con exclusión social. En este contexto aumentan las localizaciones extrapulmonares, relacionadas con etnias no europeas, infección por VIH y menor edad. En España, el aumento de la proporción de inmigrantes pone de manifiesto la necesidad de mejorar la coordinación territorial y fortalecer la vigilancia.

La estrategia global de control se ha basado en la estrategia DOTS, aunque en 2006 se redefinieron los objetivos y actividades incorporando medidas globales de desarrollo y fortalecimiento de las comunidades y de los sistemas sanitarios. La adecuación de las medidas de control al contexto específico y la evaluación continuada de las actividades son imprescindibles para conseguir disminuir la carga de sufrimiento y las pérdidas económicas que causa esta vieja enfermedad.

Palabras clave:
Tuberculosis
Vigilancia
Control
Inmigración
Full text is only aviable in PDF
References
[1.]
M.C. Gutiérrez, S. Brisse, R. Brosch, M. Fabre, B. Omaïs, M. Marmiesse, et al.
Ancient origin and gene mosaicism of the progenitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
[2.]
R. Koch.
Die Aetiologie der Tuberculose.
Berl Klin Wochenschr, 15 (1882), pp. 221-230
[3.]
A. Buff, M. Raviglione.
Tuberculosis.
Control of Communicable Diseases Manual, pp. 639-658
[4.]
F. Van Leth, M.J. Van der Werf, M.W. Borgdorff.
Prevalence of tuberculous infection and incidence of tuberculosis; a re-assessment of the Styblo rule.
Bull World Health Organ, 86 (2008), pp. 20-26
[5.]
T.R. Frieden, T.R. Sterling, S.S. Munsiff, C.J. Watt, C. Dye.
Tuberculosis.
[6.]
M.S. Jassal, W.R. Bishai.
Epidemiology and challenges to the elimination of global tuberculosis.
Clin Infect Dis, 50 (2010), pp. S156-S164
[7.]
World Health Organization. Tuberculosis surveillance and monitoring: report of a WHO workshop, Geneva, 20–22 March 1991.
[8.]
World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis control 2009: surveillance, planning, financing. Available at: www://who.int/tb/publications/global_report/es
[9.]
P. Glaziou, K. Floyd, M. Raviglione.
Global burden and epidemiology of tuberculosis.
Clin Chest Med, 30 (2009), pp. 621-636
[10.]
OMS-ECDC Editor. Tuberculosis surveillance in Europe 2008. Available at: www.edcd.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/1003_SUR_tuberculosis_surveillance_in_europe_2008.pdf
[11.]
C. Ködmön, V. Hollo, E. Huitric, A. Amato-Gauci, D. Manissero.
Multidrug-and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: a persistent problem in the European Union European Union and European Economic Area.
Euro Surveill, 15 (2010),
[12.]
E. Rodríguez, G. Hernández, S. Villarrubia, O. Díaz, O. Tello.
Casos de tuberculosis declarados a la Red Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, España, 2008.
Bol Epidemiol Semanal, 17 (2009), pp. 121-132
[13.]
Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo. Plan para la Prevención y Control de la Tuberculosis en España. Available at: www.msc.es/profesionales/saludPublica/prevPromocion/docs/planTuberculosis.pdf
[14.]
D. Manissero, V. Hollo, E. Huitric, C. Kodmon, A. Amato-Gauci.
Analysis of tuberculosis treatment outcomes in the European Union and European Economic Area: efforts needed towards optimal case management and control.
Euro Surveill, 15 (2010),
[15.]
V. Hollo, A. Amato-Gauci, C. Kodmon, D. Manissero.
Tuberculosis in the EU and EEA/EFTA countries: what is the latest data telling us?.
Euro Surveill, 14 (2009),
[16.]
L. D’Ambrosio, R. Centis, A. Spanevello, G.B. Migliori.
Improving tuberculosis surveillance in Europe is key to controlling the disease.
Euro Surveill, 15 (2010),
[17.]
B. Musellim, S. Erturan, E. Sonmez Duman, G. Ongen.
Comparison of extra-pulmonary and pulmonary tuberculosis cases: factors influencing the site of reactivation.
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 9 (2005), pp. 1220-1223
[18.]
C.T. Sreeramareddy, K.V. Panduru, S.C. Verma, H.S. Joshi, M.N. Bates.
Comparison of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Nepal- a hospital-based retrospective study.
BMC Infect Dis, 8 (2008), pp. 8
[19.]
H.M. Peto, R.H. Pratt, T.A. Harrington, P.A. LoBue, L.R. Armstrong.
Epidemiology of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the United States, 1993–2006.
Clin Infect Dis, 49 (2009), pp. 1350-1357
[20.]
J.N. Lin, C.H. Lai, Y.H. Chen, S.S. Lee, S.S. Tsai, C.K. Huang, et al.
Risk factors for extrapulmonary tuberculosis compared to pulmonary tuberculosis.
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 13 (2009), pp. 620-625
[21.]
K. Noertjojo, C.M. Tam, S.L. Chan, M.M. Chan-Yeung.
Extra-pulmonary and pulmonary tuberculosis in Hong Kong.
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 6 (2002), pp. 879-886
[22.]
O.Y. González, G. Adams, L.D. Teeter, T.T. Bui, J.M. Musser, A.E. Graviss.
Extra-pulmonary manifestations in a large metropolitan area with a low incidence of tuberculosis.
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 7 (2003), pp. 1178-1185
[23.]
Z. Yang, Y. Kong, F. Wilson, B. Foxman, A.H. Fowler, C.F. Marrs, et al.
Identification of risk factors for extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Clin Infect Dis, 38 (2004), pp. 199-205
[24.]
J. Cailhol, B. Decludt, D. Che.
Sociodemographic factors that contribute to the development of extrapulmonary tuberculosis were identified.
J Clin Epidemiol, 58 (2005), pp. 1066-1071
[25.]
L.A. Te Beek, M.J. Van der Werf, C. Richter, M.W. Borgdorff.
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis by nationality, The Netherlands, 1993–2001.
Emerg Infect Dis, 12 (2006), pp. 1375-1382
[26.]
R.J. Asghar, R.H. Pratt, J.S. Kammerer, T.R. Navin.
Tuberculosis in South Asians living in the United States, 1993–2004.
Arch Intern Med, 168 (2008), pp. 936-942
[27.]
M. Forssbohm, M. Zwahlen, R. Loddenkemper, H.L. Rieder.
Demographic characteristics of patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Germany.
Eur Respir J, 31 (2008), pp. 99-105
[28.]
M.E. Kruijshaar, I. Abubakar.
Increase in extrapulmonary tuberculosis in England and Wales 1999–2006. Increase in extrapulmonary tuberculosis in England and Wales 1999–2006.
Thorax, 64 (2009), pp. 1090-1095
[29.]
C.T. Fiske, M.R. Griffin, H. Erin, J. Warkentin, K. Lisa, P.G. Arbogast, et al.
Black race, sex, and extrapulmonary tuberculosis risk: an observational study.
BMC Infect Dis, 10 (2010), pp. 16
[30.]
A. Raval, G. Akhavan-Toyserkani, A. Brinker, M. Avigan.
Brief communication: characteristics of spontaneous cases of tuberculosis associated with infliximab.
Ann Intern Med, 147 (2007), pp. 699-702
[31.]
J.F. García-Gómez, L. Linares, N. Benito, C. Cervera, F. Cofán, M.J. Ricart, et al.
Tuberculosis in solid organ transplant recipients at a tertiary hospital in the last 20 years in Barcelona, Spain.
Transplant Proc, 41 (2009), pp. 2268-2270
[32.]
R.J. Wilkinson, P. Patel, M. Llewelyn, C.S. Hirsch, G. Pasvol, G. Snounou, et al.
Influence of polymorphism in the genes for the interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist and IL-1beta on tuberculosis.
J Exp Med, 189 (1999), pp. 1863-1874
[33.]
R.J. Wilkinson, M. Llewelyn, Z. Toossi, P. Patel, G. Pasvol, A. Lalvani, et al.
Influence of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D receptor polymorphisms on tuberculosis among Gujarati Asians in west London: a case-control study.
[34.]
J.H. Kim, S.Y. Lee, S.H. Lee, C. Sin, J.J. Shim, K.H. In, et al.
NRAMP1 genetic polymorphisms as a risk factor of tuberculosis pleurisy.
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 7 (2003), pp. 370-375
[35.]
N.T. Thuong, T.R. Hawn, G.E. Thwaites, T.T. Chau, N.T. Lan, H.T. Quy, et al.
A polymorphism in human TLR2 is associated with increased susceptibility to tuberculous meningitis.
Genes Immun, 8 (2007), pp. 422-428
[36.]
S.L. Fernando, B.M. Saunders, R. Sluyter, K.K. Skarratt, H. Goldberg, G.B. Marks, et al.
A polymorphism in the P2X7 gene increases susceptibility to extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 175 (2007), pp. 360-366
[37.]
M.P. Nicol, R.J. Wilkinson.
The clinical consequences of strain diversity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, 102 (2008), pp. 955-965
[38.]
WHO Editor. Global Tuberculosis Control: a short update to 2009 report. Available at: http://www.who.int/tb/publications/global_report/2009/update/en/index.html
[39.]
Stop TB partnership.
The Global Plan to Stop TB 2006–2015.
World Health Organization, (2006),
[40.]
C. Dye, K. Lönnroth, E. Jaramillo, B.G. Williams, M. Raviglione.
Trends in tuberculosis incidence and their determinants in 134 countries.
Bull World Health Organ, 87 (2009), pp. 683-691
[41.]
J.E. Suk, D. Manissero, G. Büscher, J.C. Semenza.
Wealth inequality and tuberculosis elimination in Europe.
Emerg Infect Dis, 15 (2009), pp. 1812-1814
[42.]
D. Maher, C. Dye, K. Floyd, A. Pantoja, K. Lonnroth, A. Reid, et al.
Planning to improve global health: the next decade of tuberculosis control.
Bull World Health Organ, 85 (2007), pp. 341-347
[43.]
D.A. Enarson, N.E. Billo.
Critical evaluation of the Global DOTS Expansion Plan.
Bull World Health Organ, 85 (2007), pp. 395-398
[44.]
A. Seita.
The critical challenge in tuberculosis programmes: are we thinking critically?.
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis, 13 (2009), pp. 1444-1446
[45.]
M.J. Van der Werf, M.W. Borgdorff.
Targets for tuberculosis control: how confident can we be about the data?.
Bull World Health Organ, 85 (2007), pp. 370-376
[46.]
G.B. Migliori, S. Weis.
Searching for the tuberculosis “needle in the haystack”: do we need a new approach to find tuberculosis in countries with a low burden of tuberculosis?.
Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 15 (2009), pp. 916-917
[47.]
Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona. Servei d’Epidemiologia. La Tuberculosi a Barcelona, 2008. Available at: www.aspb.es/quefem/docs/TBC_2008.pdf
[48.]
Grupo de trabajo para el control de las tuberculosis importadas. Prevención y Control de la tuberculosis importada. Available at: www.aspb.es/uitb/docs/DocConsTBimport.pdf
[49.]
T. Rodrigo, J.A. Caylà.
Grupo de Trabajo para Evaluar Programas de Control de Tuberculosis.
Med Clin (Barc), 121 (2003), pp. 375-378
[50.]
Dirección General de Salud Pública y Planificación. Informe de tuberculosis en Galicia: Características de los casos de tuberculosis de Galicia de los años 2007 y 2008. Evolución en el período 1996–2008. Available at: http://www.sergas.es/MostrarContidos_N3_T02.aspx?IdPaxina=61317&uri=http://www.sergas.es/cas/DocumentacionTecnica/docs/SaudePublica/Tuberculose/informe_TUBERCULOSIS_castellano_WEB.pdf&hifr=1250&seccion=0
[51.]
A. Gillman, I. Berggren, S.E. Bergström, H. Wahlgren, R. Bennet.
Primary tuberculosis infection in 35 children at a Swedish day care center.
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 27 (2008), pp. 1078-1082
[52.]
J.L. Nelson, A. Moreno, A. Orcau, N. Altet, A. Martínez-Roig, J. Caylà, et al.
Transmission of childhood tuberculosis: risk factors associated with an unidentified index case and outbreak evolution in Barcelona (1987–2007).
Pediatr Infect Dis J, 29 (2010), pp. 876-879
[53.]
B.J. Marais, M.C. Raviglione, P.R. Donald, A.D. Harries, A.L. Kritski, S.M. Graham, et al.
Scale-up of services and research priorities for diagnosis, management, and control of tuberculosis: a call to action.
Lancet, 375 (2010), pp. 2179-2191
Copyright © 2011. Elsevier España S.L.. All rights reserved
Download PDF
Article options
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos