Article information
En estas recomendaciones se analizan diferentes aspectos del diagnóstico de laboratorio de las infecciones fúngicas invasivas en pacientes inmunodeprimidos.
Son recomendaciones basadas en las indicaciones establecidas en diferentes estudios y en opiniones de expertos. Además, se adjuntan los niveles de evidencia para cada recomendación.
Palabras clave:
Infección fúngica invasora
Aspergillus
Candida
The guidelines presented herein, which are based on the indications established by various studies and expert opinions, analyze several issues related to laboratory diagnosis of invasive fungal infections in immunosuppressed patients.
Key words:
Invasive fungal infections
Aspergillus
Candida
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
M. Ellis.
Invasive fungal infections: Evolving challenges for diagnosis and therapeutics.
Mol Immunol, 38 (2002), pp. 947
[2.]
J.R. Perfect, W.A. Schell.
The new fungal opportunists are coming.
Clin Infect Dis, 22(Suppl 2) (1996), pp. 112-118
[3.]
T.J. Walsh, A.H. Groll.
Emerging fungal pathogens: Evolving challenges to immunocompromised patients for the twenty-first century.
Transpl Infect Dis, 1 (1999), pp. 247-261
[4.]
J.r. McGowan JE, P.J. Chesney, K.B. Crossley, F.M. LaForce.
Guidelines for the use of systemic glucocorticosteroids in the management of selected infections. Working Group on Steroid Use, Antimicrobial Agents Committee, Infectious Diseases Society of America.
J Infect Dis, 165 (1992), pp. 1-13
[5.]
Asociación Española de Micología. Guía práctica de identificación y diagnóstico en Micología clínica.
Bilbao: Revista Iberoamericana de Micología,
[6.]
M. Richardson, M. Ellis.
Clinical and laboratory diagnosis.
Hosp Med, 61 (2000), pp. 610-614
[7.]
E. Dannaoui, E. Borel, F. Persat, M.A. Piens, S. Picot.
Amphotericin B resistance of Aspergillus terreus in a murine model of disseminated aspergillosis.
J Med Microbiol, 49 (2000), pp. 601-606
[8.]
M.A. Pfaller, S.A. Messer, R.J. Hollis, R.N. Jones.
Antifungal activities of posaconazole, ravuconazole, and voriconazole compared to those of itraconazole and amphotericin B against 239 clinical isolates of Aspergillus spp. and other filamentous fungi: Report from SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 2000.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46 (2002), pp. 1032-1037
[9.]
M. Trachana, E. Roilides, N. Gompakis, K. Kanellopoulou, M. Mpantouraki, F. Kanakoudi-Tsakalidou.
Case report. Hepatic abscesses due to Aspergillus terreus in an immunodeficient child.
Mycoses, 44(9-10) (2001), pp. 415-418
[10.]
M. Cuenca-Estrella, B. Ruiz-Díez, J.V. Martínez-Suárez, A. Monzón, J.L. Rodríguez-Tudela.
Comparative in vitro activity of voriconazole (UK-109,496) and six other antifungal agents against clinical isolates of Scedosporium prolificans and Scedosporium apiospermum.
J Antimicrob Chemother, 43 (1999), pp. 149-151
[11.]
D. Ellis.
Amphotericin B: Spectrum and resistance.
J Antimicrob Chemother, 49(Suppl 1) (2002), pp. 7-10
[12.]
J. Meletiadis, J.F. Meis, J.W. Mouton, J.L. Rodríguez-Tudela, J.P. Donnelly, P.E. Verweij.
In vitro activities of new and conventional antifungal agents against clinical Scedosporium isolates.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46 (2002), pp. 62-68
[13.]
E. Segal, D. Elad.
Candida species and Blastoschizomyces capitatus.
Medical Mycology, pp. 423-460
[14.]
S. Perea, J.L. López-Ribot, B.L. Wickes, W.R. Kirkpatrick, O.P. Dib, S.P. Bachmann.
Molecular mechanisms of fluconazole resistance in Candida dubliniensis isolates from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46 (2002), pp. 1695-1703
[15.]
A.C. Gales, M.A. Pfaller, A.K. Houston, S. Joly, D.J. Sullivan, D.C. Coleman.
Identification of Candida dubliniensis based on temperature and utilization of xylose and alpha-methyl-D-glucoside as determined with the API 20C AUX and vitek YBC systems.
J Clin Microbiol, 37 (1999), pp. 3804-3808
[16.]
W. Bar, H. Hecker.
Diagnosis of systemic Candida infections in patients of the intensive care unit. Significance of serum antigens and antibodies.
Mycoses, 45 (2002), pp. 22-28
[17.]
F.C. Odds, A. Davidson.
“Room temperature” use of CHROMAgar Candida.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 38 (2000), pp. 147-150
[18.]
J. Pontón, M.D. Moragues, G. Quindós.
Non-culture-based diagnostics.
Candida y Candidiasis, pp. 395-425
[19.]
B. Sendid, M. Tabouret, J.L. Poirot, D. Mathieu, J. Fruit, D. Poulain.
New enzyme immunoassays for sensitive detection of circulating Candida albicans mannan and antimannan antibodies: Useful combined test for diagnosis of systemic candidiasis.
J Clin Microbiol, 37 (1999), pp. 1510-1517
[20.]
H. Yera, B. Sendid, N. Francois, D. Camus, D. Poulain.
Contribution of serological tests and blood culture to the early diagnosis of systemic candidiasis.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 20 (2001), pp. 864-870
[21.]
J.C. García-Ruiz, M.C. Arilla, P. Regúlez, G. Quindós, A. Álvarez, J. Pontón.
Detection of antibodies to Candida albicans germ tubes for diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of invasive candidiasis in patients with hematologic malignancies.
J Clin Microbiol, 35 (1997), pp. 3284-3287
[22.]
G. Quindós, J. Pontón, R. Cisterna, D.W. Mackenzie.
Value of detection of antibodies to Candida albicans germ tube in the diagnosis of systemic candidosis.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 9 (1990), pp. 178-183
[23.]
P.M. Lepper, H. Wiedeck, G. Geldner, A. Essig, M. Trautmann.
Value of Candida antigen and antibody assays for the diagnosis of invasive candidosis in surgical intensive care patients.
Intensive Care Med, 27 (2001), pp. 916-920
[24.]
T.J. Walsh, J.W. Hathorn, J.D. Sobel, W.G. Merz, V. Sánchez, S.M. Maret.
Detection of circulating Candida enolase by immunoassay in patients with cancer and invasive candidiasis.
N Engl J Med, 324 (1991), pp. 1026-1031
[25.]
E. Reiss, T. Obayashi, K. Orle, M. Yoshida, R.M. Zancope-Oliveira.
Non-culture based diagnostic tests for mycotic infections.
Med Mycol, 38(Suppl 1) (2000), pp. 147-159
[26.]
G.P. Melcher, K.D. Reed, M.G. Rinaldi, J.W. Lee, P.A. Pizzo, T.J. Walsh.
Demonstration of a cell wall antigen cross-reacting with cryptococcal polysaccharide in experimental disseminated trichosporonosis.
J Clin Microbiol, 29 (1991), pp. 192-196
[27.]
J.P. Latge.
Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis.
Clin Microbiol Rev, 12 (1999), pp. 310-350
[28.]
P.E. Verweij, D. Stynen, A.J. Rijs, B.E. De Pauw, J.A. Hoogkamp-Korstanje, J.F. Meis.
Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay compared with Pastorex latex agglutination test for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients.
J Clin Microbiol, 33 (1995), pp. 1912-1914
[29.]
F. Boutboul, C. Alberti, T. Leblanc, A. Sulahian, E. Gluckman, F. Derouin.
Invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: Increasing antigenemia is associated with progressive disease.
Clin Infect Dis, 34 (2002), pp. 939-943
[30.]
R. Herbrecht, V. Letscher-Bru, C. Oprea, B. Lioure, J. Waller, F. Campos.
Aspergillus galactomannan detection in the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in cancer patients.
J Clin Oncol, 20 (2002), pp. 1898-1906
[31.]
M. Siemann, M. Koch-Dorfler.
The Platelia Aspergillus ELISA in diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergilosis (IPA).
Mycoses, 44 (2001), pp. 266-272
[32.]
C. Viscoli, M. Machetti, P. Gazzola, A. De María, D. Paola, M.T. Van Lint.
Aspergillus galactomannan antigen in the cerebrospinal fluid of bone marrow transplant recipients with probable cerebral aspergillosis.
J Clin Microbiol, 40 (2002), pp. 1496-1499
[33.]
J. Maertens, J. Verhaegen, H. Demuynck, P. Brock, G. Verhoef, P. Vandenberghe.
Autopsy-controlled prospective evaluation of serial screening for circulating galactomannan by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for hematological patients at risk for invasive aspergillosis.
J Clin Microbiol, 37 (1999), pp. 3223-3228
[34.]
A. Sulahian, F. Boutboul, P. Ribaud, T. Leblanc, C. Lacroix, F. Derouin.
Value of antigen detection using an enzyme immunoassay in the diagnosis and prediction of invasive aspergillosis in two adult and pediatric hematology units during a 4-year prospective study.
Cancer, 91 (2001), pp. 311-318
[35.]
J. Maertens, J. Verhaegen, K. Lagrou, J. Van Eldere, M. Boogaerts.
Screening for circulating galactomannan as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for invasive aspergillosis in prolonged neutropenic patients and stem cell transplantation recipients: a prospective validation.
Blood, 97 (2001), pp. 1604-1610
[36.]
M. Machetti, M. Feasi, N. Mordini, M.T. Van Lint, A. Bacigalupo, J.P. Latge.
Comparison of an enzyme immunoassay and a latex agglutination system for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in bone marrow transplant recipients.
Bone Marrow Transplant, 21 (1998), pp. 917-921
[37.]
M.A. Hossain, T. Miyazaki, K. Mitsutake, H. Kakeya, Y. Yamamoto, K. Yanagihara.
Comparison between Wako-WB003 and Fungitec G tests for detection of (1– >3)-beta-D-glucan in systemic mycosis.
J Clin Lab Anal, 11 (1997), pp. 73-77
[38.]
T. Obayashi, M. Yoshida, T. Mori, H. Goto, A. Yasuoka, H. Iwasaki.
Plasma (1– >3)-beta-D-glucan measurement in diagnosis of invasive deep mycosis and fungal febrile episodes.
Lancet, 345 (1995), pp. 17-20
[39.]
H. Hebart, J. Offler, C. Meisner, F. Serey, D. Schmidt, A. Ohme.
Early detection of Aspergillus infection after allogeneic stem cell transplantation by polymerase chain reaction screening.
J Infect Dis, 181 (2000), pp. 1713-1719
[40.]
R. Evans, D.O. Ho-Yen.
Nested PCR is useful to the clinician in the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
J Infect, 40 (2000), pp. 207-208
[41.]
S.I. Fujita, Y. Senda, S. Nakaguchi, T. Hashimoto.
Multiplex PCR using internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 regions for rapid detection and identification of yeast strains.
J Clin Microbiol, 39 (2001), pp. 3617-3622
[42.]
C. Martin, D. Roberts, W.M. Van Der, R. Rossau, G. Jannes, T. Smith.
Development of a PCR-based line probe assay for identification of fungal pathogens.
J Clin Microbiol, 38 (2000), pp. 3735-3742
[43.]
G. Morace, L. Pagano, M. Sanguinetti, B. Posteraro, L. Mele, F. Equitani.
PCR-restriction enzyme analysis for detection of Candida DNA in blood from febrile patients with hematological malignancies.
J Clin Microbiol, 37 (1999), pp. 1871-1875
[44.]
J.A. Van Burik, D. Myerson, R.W. Schreckhise, R.A. Bowden.
Panfungal PCR assay for detection of fungal infection in human blood specimens.
J Clin Microbiol, 36 (1998), pp. 1169-1175
[45.]
M. Kami, T. Fukui, S. Ogawa, Y. Kazuyama, U. Machida, Y. Tanaka.
Use of real-time PCR on blood samples for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis.
Clin Infect Dis, 33 (2001), pp. 1504-1512
[46.]
M.M. Balkis, S.D. Leidich, P.K. Mukherjee, M.A. Ghannoum.
Mechanisms of fungal resistance: An overview.
Drugs, 62 (2002), pp. 1025-1040
[47.]
J.H. Rex, M.A. Pfaller, T.J. Walsh, V. Chaturvedi, A. Espinel-Ingroff, M.A. Ghannoum.
Antifungal susceptibility testing: Practical aspects and current challenges.
Clin Microbiol Rev, 14 (2001), pp. 643-658
[48.]
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of yeasts. Document M27-A2. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, USA. 2002.
[49.]
Subcommittee of Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of the European Committee on Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Method for determination of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by broth dilution of fermentative yeasts. Discussion Document 7.1. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Taufkirchen, Germany. 2003. En prensa.
[50.]
M. Cuenca-Estrella, W. Lee, M.A. Ciblak, B.A. Arthington-Skaggs, E.WDW. Mellado, J.L. Rodríguez-Tudela.
Comparative evaluation of NCCLS M27-a and EUCAST broth microdilution procedures for antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida spp.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46 (2002), pp. 3644-3647
[51.]
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi. Document M38-A. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, USA. 2002.
[52.]
M. Cuenca-Estrella, J.L. Rodríguez-Tudela.
Present status of the detection of antifungal resistance: The perspective from both sides of the ocean.
Clin Microbiol Infect, 7(Suppl 2) (2001), pp. 46-53
[53.]
A. Espinel-Ingroff, M. Pfaller, S.A. Messer, C.C. Knapp, S. Killian, H.A. Norris.
Multicenter comparison of the sensititre YeastOne Colorimetric Antifungal Panel with the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards M27-A reference method for testing clinical isolates of common and emerging Candida spp., Cryptococcus spp., and other yeasts and yeast-like organisms.
J Clin Microbiol, 37 (1999), pp. 591-595
[54.]
S. Arikan, G. Hascelik.
Comparison of NCCLS microdilution method and Etest in antifungal susceptibility testing of clinical Trichosporon asahii isolates.
Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 43 (2002), pp. 107-111
[55.]
C.J. Clancy, M.H. Nguyen.
Correlation between in vitro susceptibility determined by E test and response to therapy with amphotericin B: Results from a multicenter prospective study of candidemia.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 43 (1999), pp. 1289-1290
[56.]
E. Dannaoui, S. Colin, J. Pichot, M.A. Piens.
Evaluation of the E test for fluconazole susceptibility testing of Candida albicans isolates from oropharyngeal candidiasis.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 16 (1997), pp. 228-232
[57.]
A. Espinel-Ingroff.
Comparison of the E-test with the NCCLS M38-P method for antifungal susceptibility testing of common and emerging pathogenic filamentous fungi.
J Clin Microbiol, 39 (2001), pp. 1360-1367
[58.]
D. Ellis, D. Marriott, R.A. Hajjeh, D. Warnock, W. Meyer, R. Barton.
Epidemiology: Surveillance of fungal infections.
Med Mycol, 38(Suppl 1) (2000), pp. 173-182
Copyright © 2004. Elsevier España, S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
