metricas
covid
Buscar en
Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica
Toda la web
Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Resistencias en el virus de la hepatitis B
Journal Information
Vol. 26. Issue S7.
La hepatitis B en 2008
Pages 49-55 (May 2008)
Share
Share
Download PDF
More article options
Vol. 26. Issue S7.
La hepatitis B en 2008
Pages 49-55 (May 2008)
Full text access
Resistencias en el virus de la hepatitis B
Resistance in hepatitis B virus
Visits
4256
Julie Sheldona,
Corresponding author
julies73@yahoo.co.uk

Correspondencia: Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Hospital Carlos III. Sinesio Delgado, 10. 28029 Madrid. España.
, Rui Sarmento e Castrob, Vicente Sorianoa
a Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Hospital Carlos III. Madrid. España
b Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas. Hospital Joaquim Urbano. Porto. Portugal
This item has received
Article information

El desarrollo de fármacos inhibidores de la polimerasa del virus de la hepatitis B (VHB) ha revolucionado el tratamiento de la infección crónica por el VHB. Sin embargo, la aparición de resistencias puede comprometer su eficacia clínica y se han de conocer los mecanismos de estas resistencias, sus implicaciones clínicas, las estrategias para su prevención y cómo abordar el rescate. Dado que el VHB tiene un alto grado de replicación y una gran tasa de error, durante su ciclo vital se producen un gran número de mutaciones puntuales en individuos con replicación activa. Debido al gran tamaño del genoma del VHB, todos los posibles cambios puntuales se pueden producir diariamente y deben considerarse como preexistentes a cualquier medicación. Por tanto, en los individuos infectados por el VHB hay una mezcla de virus semejantes que evolucionan en el tiempo (cuasiespecies), algunos de los cuales son portadores de mutaciones de resistencia a los antivirales, lo que explica que puedan seleccionarse rápidamente tras la exposición al fármaco.

De los cinco fármacos aprobados en Europa para el tratamiento de la hepatitis B, tres de ellos (lamivudina, adefovir y entecavir) son susceptibles de verse afectados directamente por dichas mutaciones, así como otros fármacos activos, como son la telbivudina, el tenofovir y la emtricitabina. La caracterización de dichas mutaciones de resistencia ayuda tanto a su prevención como a la optimización del tratamiento antiviral.

Palabras clave:
Virus de la hepatitis B
Resistencias
Lamivudina
Adefovir
Entecavir

The development hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase inhibitors has revolutionised the treatment of chronic HBV infection. However, the emergence of resistance mutations can compromise their clinical efficacy and it is mandatory to know the mechanisms of these resistances, its clinical implications, strategies for prevention and how to deal with the rescue. Since HBV has a high degree of replication and a high error rate, during their life cycle it will produce a large number of punctual mutations in individuals with active replication. Due to the large size of the HBV genome, all the possible changes may occur daily and should be screened before starting any antiviral therapy. Therefore, in individuals infected with HBV there is a mixture of similar viruses that evolves over time (quasispecies), some of which are carriers of resistance mutations to antivirals, which explains why they can be selected quickly after exposure to drug.

Of the five drugs approved in Europe for the treatment of hepatitis B, three of them (lamivudine, adefovir and entecavir) are likely to be affected directly by these mutations, as well as other active drugs, such as telbivudine, tenofovir and the emtricitabine. The characterization of the resistance mutations is helpful for the prevention and the optimization of antiviral therapies.

Key words:
Hepatitis B virus
Resistance
Lamivudine
Adefovir
Entecavir
Full text is only aviable in PDF
Bibliografía
[1.]
M. Nowak, S. Bonhoeffer, A. Hill, R. Boehme, H. Thomas, H. McDade.
Viral dynamics in hepatitis B virus infection.
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93 (1996), pp. 4398-4402
[2.]
A. Lok, B. McMahon.
Chronic hepatitis B.
Hepatology, 45 (2007), pp. 507-539
[3.]
E. Rivas, P. Baena, M. García.
Tratamiento de la resistencia al VHB.
Gastroenterol Hepatol, 29 (2006), pp. 59-64
[4.]
A. Bartholomeusz, S. Locarnini.
Antiviral drug resistance: clinical consequences and molecular aspects.
Semin Liver Dis, 26 (2006), pp. 162-170
[5.]
J. Sheldon, B. Rodes, F. Zoulim, A. Bartholomeusz, V. Soriano.
Mutations affecting the replication capacity of the hepatitis B virus.
J Viral Hepat, 13 (2006), pp. 427-434
[6.]
D. Durantel, M. Brunelle, E. Gros, S. Carrouee-Durantel, C. Pichoud, S. Villet, et al.
Resistance of human hepatitis B virus to reverse transcriptase inhibitors: from genotypic to phenotypic testing.
J Clin Virol, 34 (2004), pp. 34-43
[7.]
F. Zoulim.
In vitro models for studying hepatitis B virus drug resistance.
Semin Liver Dis, 26 (2006), pp. 171-180
[8.]
A. Kay, F. Zoulim.
Hepatitis B virus genetic variability and evolution.
Virus Res, 127 (2007), pp. 164-176
[9.]
A. Sali, J. Overington, M. Johnson, T. Blundell.
From comparisons of protein sequences and structures to protein modelling and design.
Trends Biochem Sci, 15 (1990), pp. 235-240
[10.]
K. Das, X. Xiong, H. Yang, C. Westland, C. Gibbs, S. Sarafianos, et al.
Molecular modeling and biochemical characterization reveal the mechanism of hepatitis B virus polymerase resistance to lamivudine (3TC) and emtricitabine (FTC).
[11.]
A. Bartholomeusz, B. Tehan, D. Chalmers.
Comparisons of the HBV and HIV polymerase, and antiviral resistance mutations.
Antivir Ther, 9 (2004), pp. 149-160
[12.]
E. De Clercq.
Antivirals and antiviral strategies.
Nat Rev Microbiol, 2 (2004), pp. 704-720
[13.]
R. Van Leeuwen, C. Katlama, V. Kitchen, C. Boucher, R. Tubiana, M. McBride, et al.
Evaluation of safety and efficacy of 3TC (lamivudine) in patients with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic HIV infection: a phase I/II study.
J Infect Dis, 171 (1995), pp. 1166-1171
[14.]
C. Lai, J. Dienstag, E. Schiff, N. Leung, M. Atkins, C. Hunt, et al.
Prevalence and clinical correlates of YMDD variants during lamivudine therapy for patients with chronic hepatitis B.
Clin Infect Dis, 36 (2003), pp. 687-696
[15.]
M. Allen, M. Deslauriers, C. Andrews, G. Tipples, K. Walters, D. Tyrrell, et al.
Identification and characterization of mutations in hepatitis B virus resistant to lamivudine.
Hepatology, 27 (1998), pp. 1670-1677
[16.]
C. Yeh, R. Chien, C. Chu, Y. Liaw.
Clearance of the original hepatitis B virus YMDD-motif mutants with emergence of distinct lamivudine-resistant mutants during prolonged lamivudine therapy.
Hepatology, 31 (2000), pp. 1318-1326
[17.]
Sheldon J, Ramos B, García-Samaniego J, Batholomeusz A, Romero M, Locarnini S, et al. Selection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine escape mutants in HBV-infected and HBV/HIV-coinfected patients failing antiretroviral therapies with anti-HBV activity. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. En prensa.
[18.]
G. Matthews, A. Bartholomeusz, S. Locarnini, A. Ayres, J. Sasaduesz, E. Seaberg, et al.
Characteristics of drug resistant HBV in an international collaborative study of HIV-HBV-infected individuals on extended lamivudine therapy.
[19.]
S. Innaimo, M. Seifer, G. Bisacchi, D. Standring, R. Zahler, R. Colonno.
Identification of BMS-200475 as a potent and selective inhibitor of hepatitis B virus.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 41 (1997), pp. 1444-1448
[20.]
G. Yamanaka, T. Wilson, S. Innaimo, G. Bisacchi, P. Egli, J. Rinehart, et al.
Metabolic studies on BMS-200475, a new antiviral compound active against hepatitis B virus.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 43 (1999), pp. 190-193
[21.]
R. Colonno, R. Rose, C. Baldick, S. Levine, K. Pokornowski, C. Yu, et al.
Entecavir resistance is rare in nucleoside naive patients with hepatitis B.
Hepatology, 44 (2006), pp. 1656-1665
[22.]
D. Tenney, R. Rose, C. Baldick, S. Levine, K. Pokornowski, A. Walsh, et al.
Twoyear assessment of entecavir resistance in lamivudine-refractory hepatitis B virus patients reveals different clinical outcomes depending on the resistance substitutions present.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 51 (2007), pp. 902-911
[23.]
D. Tenney, S. Levine, R. Rose, A. Walsh, S. Weinheimer, L. Discotto, et al.
Clinical emergence of entecavir-resistant hepatitis B virus requires additional substitutions in virus already resistant to lamivudine.
Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 48 (2004), pp. 3498-3507
[24.]
S. Locarnini, X. Qi, S. Arterburn, A. Snow, C. Brosgart, G. Currie, et al.
Incidence and predictors of emergence of adefovir resistant HBV during four years of adefovir dipivoxil therapy for patients with chronic hepatitis B.
J Hepatol, 42 (2005), pp. 17A
[25.]
S. Hadziyannis, N. Tassopoulos, T. Chang.
Long-term adefovir dipivoxil treatment induces regression of liver fibrosis in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B: results after 5 years of treatment.
Hepatology, 42 (2005), pp. 754A
[26.]
A. Bartholomeusz, S. Locarnini.
Hepatitis B virus mutations associated with antiviral therapy.
J Med Virol, 78 (2006), pp. 52-55
[27.]
O. Schildgen, H. Sirma, A. Funk, C. Olotu, U. Wend, H. Hartmann, et al.
Variant of hepatitis B virus with primary resistance to adefovir.
N Engl J Med, 354 (2006), pp. 1807-1812
[28.]
C. Thio, S. Locarnini.
Treatment of HIV/HBV coinfection: clinical and virological issues.
AIDS Rev, 9 (2007), pp. 40-53
[29.]
O. Schildgen, C. Schewe, M. Vogel, et al.
Successful therapy of hepatitis B with tenofovir in HIV-infected patients failing previous adefovir and lamivudine treatment.
AIDS, 18 (2004), pp. 2325-2327
[30.]
T. Chang, C. Lai.
Hepatitis B virus with primary resistance to adefovir.
N Engl J Med, 355 (2006), pp. 322-323
[31.]
N. Chueca, C. Nogales, F. Rodríguez, J. Sheldon, P. Romero, A. Peña, et al.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotyping may influence therapeutic decisions in chronic hepatitis B. 5th European Drug Resistance Workshop. Cascais, 28-30 March 2007 [abstract 88].
Rev Antivir Ther, 2 (2007), pp. 86
[32.]
E. Karatayli, S. Karayalçcin, H. Karaaslan, H. Kayhan, A. Resat, F. Sahin, et al.
A novel emerging mutation pattern emerging during lamivudine treatment shows cross-resistance to adevovir dipivoxil treatment.
Antivir Ther, 12 (2007), pp. 761-768
[33.]
G. Dore, D. Cooper, A. Pozniak, E. DeJesus, L. Zhong, M. Miller, et al.
Efficacy of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in antiretroviral therapy-naive and -experienced patients coinfected with HIV-1 and hepatitis B virus.
J Infect Dis, 189 (2004), pp. 1185-1192
[34.]
O. Lada, Y. Benhamou, A. Cahour, C. Katlama, T. Poynard, V. Thibault.
In vitro susceptibility of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus to adefovir and tenofovir.
Antivir Ther, 9 (2004), pp. 353-363
[35.]
J. Sheldon, N. Camino, B. Rodes, A. Bartholomeusz, M. Kuiper, F. Tacke, et al.
Selection of hepatitis B virus polymerase mutations in HIV-coinfected patients treated with tenofovir.
Antivir Ther, 10 (2005), pp. 727-734
[36.]
M. Ghany, T. Liang.
Drug targets and molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in chronic hepatitis B.
Gastroenterol, 132 (2007), pp. 1574-1585
[37.]
C. Westland, H. Yang, W. Delaney, C. Gibbs, M. Miller, M. Wulfsohn, et al.
Week 48 resistance surveillance in two phase 3 clinical studies of adefovir dipivoxil for chronic hepatitis B.
Hepatology, 38 (2003), pp. 96-103
[38.]
S. Fung, H. Chae, R. Fontana, H. Conjeevaram, J. Marrero, K. Oberhelman, et al.
Virological response and resistance to adefovir in patients with chronic hepatitis B.
J Hepatol, 44 (2006), pp. 703-712
[39.]
Y. Lee, D. Suh, Y. Lim, S. Jung, K. Kim, H. Lee, et al.
Increased risk of adefovir resistance in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B after 48 weeks of adefovir dipivoxil monotherapy.
Hepatology, 43 (2006), pp. 1385-1391
[40.]
J. Villeneuve, D. Durantel, S. Durantel, C. Westland, S. Xiong, C. Brosgart, et al.
Selection of a hepatitis B virus strain resistant to adefovir in a liver transplantation patient.
J Hepatol, 39 (2003), pp. 1085-1089
[41.]
S. Fung, P. Andreone, S. Han, K. Rajender Reddy, A. Regev, E. Keeffe, et al.
Adefovir-resistant hepatitis B can be associated with viral rebound and hepatic decompensation.
J Hepatol, 43 (2005), pp. 937-943
[42.]
S. Durantel, B. Werle, D. Durantel, C. Pichoud, G. Currie, S. Xiong, et al.
Different profiles of response to adefovir dipivoxil and factors that may influence response in patients with chronic hepatitis B.
Hepatology, 40 (2004), pp. 654A
[43.]
M. Buti, I. Elefsiniotis, R. Jardi, V. Vargas, F. Rodriguez-Frias, M. Schapper, et al.
Viral genotype and baseline load predict the response to adefovir treatment in lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B patients.
J Hepatol, 47 (2007), pp. 366-372
[44.]
M. Sherman, C. Yurdaydin, J. Sollano, M. Silva, Y. Liaw, J. Cianciara, et al.
Entecavir for treatment of lamivudine-refractory, HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B.
Gastroenterology, 130 (2006), pp. 2039-2049
[45.]
M. McMahon, B. Jilek, T. Brennan, L. Shen, Y. Zhou, M. Wind-Rotolo, et al.
The HBV drug entecavir: effects on HIV-1 replication and resistance.
N Engl J Med, 356 (2007), pp. 2614-2621
[46.]
V. Soriano, J. Sheldon, P. Garcia-Gasco, E. Vispo.
Lack of anti-HIV activity of entecavir in an HIV patient coinfected with hepatitis B and delta viruses.
AIDS, 21 (2007), pp. 2253-2254
Copyright © 2008. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
Download PDF
Article options
es en pt

¿Es usted profesional sanitario apto para prescribir o dispensar medicamentos?

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos