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The morbidity and mortality rates associated with Streptococcus pneumoniae remain very high worldwide. The virulence of this bacterium is largely dependent on its polysaccharide capsule, which is quite heterogeneous and represents a serious obstacle for designing effective vaccines. However, it has been demonstrated that numerous protein virulence factors are involved in the pathogenesis of pneumococcal disease. An important related finding from experimental animal models is that non-capsulated strains of pneumococci are protective against capsulated ones. Hence, new vaccine designs are focused on the surface proteins (e. g., PspA and PspC) and on the cytolysin, pneumolysin. Moreover, several virulence factors have potential value for pneumococcal diagnosis by urinalysis. In this paper, we review the virulence factors involved in bacteria-host interactions, and the new developments in vaccines and diagnostic methods.
Key words:
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Virulence factors
Vaccines
Diagnosis
Las tasas de morbimortalidad por Streptococcus pneumoniae permanecen muy elevadas en todo el mundo. La cápsula polisacarídica es esencial para la virulencia y, por su heterogeneidad, es un serio obstáculo en la generación de una vacuna más eficaz. Sin embargo, se ha demostrado que múltiples factores de virulencia proteicos están implicados en la patogénesis de la enfermedad neumocócica. Un importante hallazgo es el hecho de que cepas no capsuladas de neumococo ofrezcan protección frente a cepas capsuladas, en modelos animales de experimentación. Por ello, el diseño de nuevas vacunas se ha centrado en proteínas de superficie, como PspA y PspC, y en la citolisina neumolisina. Además, varios factores de virulencia tienen valor potencial para el diagnóstico del neumococo en muestras de orina. En este trabajo, revisamos los factores de virulencia implicados en la interacción bacteria-huésped, y en el desarrollo de nuevas vacunas y métodos de diagnóstico.
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