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Vol. 26. Issue S13.
Programa Externo de Control de Calidad SEIMC. Año 2007
Pages 54-60 (November 2008)
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Vol. 26. Issue S13.
Programa Externo de Control de Calidad SEIMC. Año 2007
Pages 54-60 (November 2008)
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Tuberculosis multirresistente
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
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5357
Fernando Alcaidea,b,
Corresponding author
falcaide@csub.scs.es

Correspondencia: Dr. F. Alcaide. Servicio de Microbiología. IBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge. Feixa Llarga, s/n. 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat. Barcelona. España.
, Miguel Santínc,d
a Servicio de Microbiología. IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge. L’Hospitalet de Llobregat. Barcelona. España
b Departamento de Patología y Terapéutica Experimental. Universitat de Barcelona. Barcelona. España
c Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas. IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge. L’Hospitalet de Llobregat. Barcelona. España
d Departamento de Ciencias Clínicas. Universitat de Barcelona. Barcelona. España
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La aparición y extensión de cepas de Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistentes a múltiples fármacos representa una amenaza para el control mundial de la tuberculosis. Según estimaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), en 2006 hubo cerca de 500.000 casos nuevos de tuberculosis resistente, al menos, a la isoniazida y la rifampicina (multirresistente o MDR-TB). Al mismo tiempo, ya se han detectado casos de MDR-TB con resistencia a alguna fluoroquinolona y, al menos, un fármaco inyectable de segunda línea (extremadamente resistente o XDR-TB) en 45 países de los 5 continentes. En España, el fenómeno de la multirresistencia es un problema emergente, pero de dimensiones limitadas ya que, según estimaciones de la OMS, la MDR-TB supone el 0,1% de los casos nuevos de tuberculosis y el 4,3% de los previamente tratados. El tratamiento de la tuberculosis resistente a múltiples fármacos es particularmente difícil, ya que requiere la utilización de fármacos alternativos menos eficaces y peor tolerados, precisando regímenes terapéuticos más prolongados y reduciendo extraordinariamente las posibilidades de éxito. Todo ello supone un grave problema en los países con escasos recursos económicos y, muy especialmente, en aquellos con una elevada prevalencia de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana tipo 1. Además, debido a los flujos migratorios masivos, se está generando la alarma en los países más ricos del planeta. La tuberculosis multirresistente debería ser una prioridad absoluta de salud pública mundial y de investigación biomédica.

Palabras clave:
Tuberculosis
Multirresistencia
Pruebas de sensibilidad
Tratamiento

The emergence and spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains resistant to multiple drugs represent a threat for global tuberculosis control. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that almost 500,000 cases of M. tuberculosis resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin (multidrug-resistant, or MDR-TB), at least, emerged in 2006. In addition, new cases of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB), defined as MDR-TB with resistance to a fluoroquinolone and at least one second line injectable agent, have been reported in 45 countries in all five continents. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis is an emerging problem in Spain but the impact of this disease is limited: the WHO estimates that 0.1% of new cases of tuberculosis and 4.3% of previously treated cases are MDR-TB. Treatment of MDR-TB is especially complicated, since this disease requires the use of drugs that are less effective and more toxic, requiring treatment to be administered over longer periods and severely reducing the probability of success.

This situation poses a serious problem for low income countries, especially those with a high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. MDR-TB and XDR-TB are also of special concern in wealthy countries, due to mass immigration. Therefore, tuberculosis resistant to multiple drugs should be given high priority in global public health and biomedical research.

Key words:
Tuberculosis
Multiresistance
Sensitivity tests
Treatment
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Copyright © 2008. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
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