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Inicio Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica Utilidad de la biología molecular en el diagnóstico microbiológico de las inf...
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Vol. 26. Issue S9.
Utilidad de la biología molecular en el diagnóstico microbiológico
Pages 33-41 (July 2008)
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Vol. 26. Issue S9.
Utilidad de la biología molecular en el diagnóstico microbiológico
Pages 33-41 (July 2008)
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Utilidad de la biología molecular en el diagnóstico microbiológico de las infecciones por micobacterias
Utility of molecular biology in the microbiological diagnosis of mycobacterial infections
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José Domínguez, Silvia Blanco, Alicia Lacoma, Nerea García-Sierra, Cristina Prat, Vicente Ausina
Corresponding author
vausina.germanstrias@gencat.net

Correspondencia: Servei de Microbiologia. Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol. Carretera del Canyet, s/n. 08916. Badalona. Barcelona. España.
Servei de Microbiologia. Fundació Institut d’Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol. Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol. Badalona. Barcelona. España. CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias. Instituto de Salud Carlos III. Madrid. España. Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Barcelona. España
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Las micobacterias constituyen un grupo de bacterias de gran interés en medicina, ya que, junto a especies telúricas y oportunistas, se hallan 2 especies (Mycobacterium tuberculosis y Mycobacterium leprae) de gran importancia en salud pública. A pesar de los esfuerzos realizados para su control, la tuberculosis (TB) sigue siendo en la actualidad uno de los problemas sanitarios de más trascendencia mundial.

En los últimos años, la micobacteriología ha experimentado importantes avances tecnológicos. A pesar de ello, el diagnóstico temprano de la infección por micobacterias y, especialmente de la TB, sigue recayendo en el examen microscópico de las muestras teñidas de manera adecuada. En la actualidad, éste sigue siendo el procedimiento más simple, de mejor coste-efectividad y rapidez para proporcionar al clínico una orientación diagnóstica preliminar.

El control efectivo de la TB se basa en la detección rápida de M. tuberculosis, seguido por la inmediata implementación del tratamiento antituberculoso adecuado. La emergencia de cepas resistentes a los fármacos antituberculosos agudiza la necesidad de disponer de métodos rápidos de detección de M. tuberculosis y de resistencias. La disponibilidad de métodos de epidemiología molecular de fácil implementación y estandarización, que nos permitan identificar casos relacionados, es fundamental para identificar brotes epidémicos que ayuden a controlar la propagación de la TB.

Aun reconociendo los evidentes progresos realizados en el diagnóstico molecular de las infecciones micobacterianas, las técnicas disponibles son todavía insuficientes. En esta revisión, describimos el estado actual de las principales técnicas moleculares para la detección directa de micobacterias en muestras clínicas, para su identificación, detección de resistencias a los principales fármacos antituberculosos y de epidemiología molecular. En cada caso, destacamos las ventajas y las limitaciones de ellas.

En un próximo futuro la micobacteriología clínica evolucionará, con bastante probabilidad, hacia la universalización de las técnicas genéticas aplicadas al diagnóstico directo y la detección de resistencias. La epidemiología molecular de la TB se realizará, en sus diferentes aplicaciones, con técnicas más rápidas y automatizadas que las actuales.

Palabras clave:
Micobacterias
Detección directa
Identificación
Detección de resistencias
Epidemiología molecular

Species within the Mycobacterium genus are of major medical interest, since, together with environmental and opportunistic species, there are two species (Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae) that remain an important public health challenge. Despite efforts to control tuberculosis (TB), this disease remains one of the most prominent health problems worldwide. In the last few years, mycobacteriology has experienced major technological advances. Nevertheless, the early diagnosis of mycobacterial infection and, especially of TB, is still based on microscopic examination of properly stained samples. At present, this procedure is still the simplest, fastest and most cost-effective method for preliminary diagnostic guidance. Effective control of TB is based on rapid detection of M. tuberculosis, followed by immediate implementation of the appropriate antituberculosis therapy. Because of the emergence of multidrug resistant strains, the development of rapid diagnostic methods, both for identification of M. tuberculosis and susceptibility testing, has become a pressing need. The availability of molecular epidemiology methods that are easy to implement and standardized and that would allow identification of related cases is of key importance to identify epidemic outbreaks and control the spread of TB. Despite the evident progress in the molecular diagnosis of mycobacterial infections, the available techniques are still inadequate. In this review, we describe the state of the art of the main molecular techniques for direct detection of mycobacteria in clinical samples, their identification, detection of resistance to the most important antituberculosis agents, and molecular epidemiology. In each case, we describe the advantages and limitations of current techniques. In the near future, clinical mycobacteriology will probably evolve to the universal use of genetic techniques for direct diagnosis and detection of resistance. The molecular epidemiology of TB will be performed, in its various applications, by faster and more automated techniques than those currently available.

Key words:
Mycobacteria
Direct detection
Identification
Resistance detection
Molecular epidemiology
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