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Vol. 26. Núm. S9.
Utilidad de la biología molecular en el diagnóstico microbiológico
Páginas 42-49 (julio 2008)
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Vol. 26. Núm. S9.
Utilidad de la biología molecular en el diagnóstico microbiológico
Páginas 42-49 (julio 2008)
Acceso a texto completo
Utilidad de las técnicas de biología molecular en el diagnóstico de las infecciones de transmisión sexual y otras infecciones genitales
Utility of molecular biology techniques in the diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases and genital infections
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Luis Otero Guerraa, José Antonio Lepe Jiménezb, María Antonia Blanco Galánc, Javier Aznar Martínb,d, Fernando Vázquez Valdése,
Autor para correspondencia
fvazquez@uniovi.es

Correspondencia: Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Monte Naranco. Avda. Dres. Fernández-Vega, 107. 33012 Oviedo. España.
a Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital de Cabueñes. Gijón. Asturias. España
b Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío. Sevilla. España
c Unidad de Microbiología. Hospital Santa Cristina. Madrid. España
d Departamento de Microbiología. Facultad de Medicina. Sevilla. España
e Servicio de Microbiología. Hospital Monte Naranco. Área de Microbiología. Facultad de Medicina. Oviedo. Asturias. España
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Históricamente, el diagnóstico de las infecciones de transmisión sexual ha sido difícil. La introducción en el diagnóstico microbiológico de las técnicas de biología molecular y su aplicación a muestras no invasivas ha permitido importantes avances en su diagnóstico. En general, la detección de Neisseria gonorrhoeae mediante técnicas de biología molecular proporciona un diagnóstico presuntivo y requiere confirmación por cultivo en zonas de baja prevalencia. Para Chlamydia trachomatis, estas técnicas se consideran como las más sensibles y específicas, tanto para estudios de cribado poblacional, como para el diagnóstico de pacientes sintomáticos. El diagnóstico de Mycoplasma genitalium por cultivo es muy lento, por ello, las técnicas moleculares son las únicas que pueden aportar información diagnóstica relevante. Para Treponema pallidum, las técnicas moleculares pueden aportar ventajas en el diagnóstico directo de la infección. Respecto a la donovaniosis, las técnicas moleculares no están establecidas para el diagnóstico sistemático, aunque se recomiendan en manos expertas. En el caso de Haemophilus ducreyi, las dificultades del cultivo y su baja sensibilidad aconsejan el uso de métodos moleculares. En el herpes genital, las técnicas moleculares han comenzado a recomendarse para el diagnóstico sistemático y pueden convertirse en la técnica de referencia en poco tiempo. Para otras infecciones genitales, como vaginosis bacteriana, vulvovaginitis candidiásica y tricomoniasis, los métodos moleculares para el diagnóstico están poco establecidos. Respecto a las verrugas genitales, las técnicas de cribado y genotipado disponibles para muestras endocervicales podrían utilizarse para ciertas poblaciones, aunque no se han validado para este cometido.

Palabras clave:
Biología molecular
Enfermedades de transmisión sexual
Gonococia
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Chlamydia trachomatis
Herpes genital

Historically, the diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) has been difficult. The introduction of molecular biology techniques in microbiological diagnosis and their application to non-invasive samples has produced significant advances in the diagnosis of these diseases. Overall, detection of Neisseria gonorrhoeae by molecular biology techniques provides a presumptive diagnosis and requires confirmation by culture in areas with a low prevalence. For Chlamydia trachomatis infections, these techniques are considered to be the most sensitive and specific procedures for mass screening studies, as well as for the diagnosis of symptomatic patients. Diagnosis of Mycoplasma genitalium infection by culture is very slow and consequently molecular techniques are the only procedures that can provide relevant diagnostic information. For Treponema pallidum, molecular techniques can provide direct benefits in the diagnosis of infection. Molecular techniques are not established for the routine diagnosis of donovanosis, but can be recommended when performed by experts. Molecular methods are advisable in Haemophilus ducreyi, because of the difficulties of culture and its low sensitivity. In genital herpes, molecular techniques have begun to be recommended for routine diagnosis and could soon become the technique of choice. For other genital infections, bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidosis and trichomoniasis, diagnosis by molecular methods is poorly established. With genital warts, techniques available for screening and genotyping of endocervical samples could be used for certain populations, but are not validated for this purpose.

Key words:
Molecular biology
Sexually transmitted diseases
Gonorrhoea
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Chlamydia trachomatis
Herpes genitalis
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