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Chorioamnionitis and neonatal septicaemia due to Eikenella corrodens
Corioamnionitis y sepsis neonatal causada por Eikenella corrodens
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López" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "iangulo@humv.es" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Amaia" "apellidos" => "Aguirre Quiñonero" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Marina" "apellidos" => "Fernández Torres" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Estíbaliz" "apellidos" => "Alegría Echauri" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Corioamnionitis y sepsis neonatal causada por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Eikenella corrodens</span>" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 975 "Ancho" => 1300 "Tamanyo" => 161077 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Appearance of the colonies in blood agar after 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of incubation.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Eikenella corrodens (E. corrodens)</span> is a slow-growing, Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic coccobacillus commonly found in the flora of the oral cavity, the upper respiratory tract and the digestive tract. It most often causes head, neck and intra-abdominal infections, as well as endocarditis and human bite infections.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> However, there are very few cases of obstetric and gynaecological infections to be found in the literature.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present a case of chorioamnionitis and neonatal sepsis caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. corrodens</span>.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 25-year-old woman presented with a dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy at 24+3 weeks and was admitted for cervical effacement without having gone into labour. The patient had no relevant medical history and the prenatal screening was normal. On the tenth day of admission, and after premature rupture of membranes, the patient went into spontaneous labour, requiring a Caesarian section as one of the twins was lying transverse. Given that chorioamnionitis was suspected, a placenta sample was sent for microbiological culture and histological examination.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The newborn (800<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g) presented clinical and biochemical signs of infection. The blood count revealed 4000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>leukocytes/μl, (9% segmented, 72% lymphocytes and 15% monocytes) and 112,000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>platelets/μl. C-reactive protein was 5.3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/dl. A bottle of blood culture was extracted and empirical antibiotic treatment with ampicillin (50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg/dose every 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h) and tobramycin (5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/kg/dose every 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h) was established.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The histological examination of the placenta revealed active sites of chorioamnionitis, and a Gram-negative bacillus was isolated from the microbiological culture after 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of incubation. The colonies grown in blood agar presented a classic punctiform shape with grey, translucent, non-haemolytic circular borders (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>). They gave off a characteristic hypochlorite odour and were catalase-negative and oxidase-positive.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The bottle of blood culture was positive after 34<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of incubation. After the Gram stain, which revealed Gram-negative coccobacilli, a subculture was prepared in chocolate agar and blood agar at 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C and 5% CO<span class="elsevierStyleInf">2.</span> After 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of incubation, the colonies grown presented the same morphological and biochemical characteristics as the placenta culture. The automated Vitek 2<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span> System (bioMérieux, Spain) was used to identify both microorganisms, but it failed to do so. Presumptive identification was performed using clinical chemistry tests (negative indole, positive ornithine decarboxylase and prolyl arylamidase, no carbohydrate fermentation). Finally, the 16S ribosomal RNA gene was amplified and sequenced, confirming both bacteria to be <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. corrodens</span>.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The sensitivity test was performed using antibiotic gradient strips in Müeller-Hinton agar, supplemented with 5% blood and NAD (MH-F, Oxoid). According to the CLSI M45 guidelines,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> the isolated strains were sensitive to penicillin (MIC: 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/ml), amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (MIC: 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/ml), cefotaxime (MIC: 0.06<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/ml), erythromycin (MIC: 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/ml), ciprofloxacin (MIC: 0.006<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/ml), cotrimoxazole (MIC: <0.002<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/ml) and doxycycline (MIC: 1<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/ml), intermediate to gentamicin (MIC: 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/ml) and amikacin (MIC: 16<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/ml), and resistant to clindamycin (MIC: >256<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/ml) and metronidazole (MIC: >256<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg/ml), consistent with the antibiotic sensitivity described in the bibliography for this microorganism.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The bacteria <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. corrodens</span> has traditionally been included in the so-called HACEK group of slow-growing, fastidious microorganisms, which are made up of the following genera: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Haemophilus</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aggregatibacter</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cardiobacterium</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Eikenella</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Kingella</span>.</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Penicillin G or amoxicillin-clavulanic acid are considered the treatment of choice. In our case, after obtaining the antibiogram, intravenous penicillin G was administered (50,000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>IU/kg/dose every 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h for 7 days), with favourable progression and sterile blood culture at 5 days of life.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Very few cases of neonatal sepsis caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. corrodens</span> have been published.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3–5</span></a> It is usually isolated in mixed infections, in patients with some degree of immunosuppression. In the case presented, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. corrodens</span> chorioamnionitis was caused by genital colonisation of the bacteria during pregnancy, that ascended from the vagina. Some authors have suggested that oral sex during pregnancy may trigger chorioamnionitis by this microorganism.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6–9</span></a> It is presumed that the neonatal sepsis was vertically transmitted.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Infections caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. corrodens</span> may be underestimated because of the bacteria's slow growth and due to the fact that they may be present in mixed infections, thereby hindering their microbiological identification.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as: Angulo López I, Aguirre Quiñonero A, Fernández Torres M, Alegría Echauri E. Corioamnionitis y sepsis neonatal causada por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Eikenella corrodens</span>. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2017;35:266–267.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 975 "Ancho" => 1300 "Tamanyo" => 161077 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Appearance of the colonies in blood agar after 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h of incubation.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Manual of clinical microbiology" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "P.R. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2024 October | 17 | 29 | 46 |
| 2024 September | 29 | 25 | 54 |
| 2024 August | 19 | 24 | 43 |
| 2024 July | 32 | 24 | 56 |
| 2024 June | 29 | 20 | 49 |
| 2024 May | 16 | 19 | 35 |
| 2024 April | 31 | 4 | 35 |
| 2024 March | 33 | 4 | 37 |
| 2024 February | 20 | 3 | 23 |
| 2024 January | 32 | 11 | 43 |
| 2023 December | 57 | 25 | 82 |
| 2023 November | 46 | 20 | 66 |
| 2023 October | 78 | 12 | 90 |
| 2023 September | 33 | 6 | 39 |
| 2023 August | 22 | 18 | 40 |
| 2023 July | 60 | 21 | 81 |
| 2023 June | 81 | 18 | 99 |
| 2023 May | 134 | 12 | 146 |
| 2023 April | 89 | 11 | 100 |
| 2023 March | 110 | 6 | 116 |
| 2023 February | 59 | 3 | 62 |
| 2023 January | 61 | 14 | 75 |
| 2022 December | 77 | 17 | 94 |
| 2022 November | 72 | 18 | 90 |
| 2022 October | 52 | 10 | 62 |
| 2022 September | 57 | 12 | 69 |
| 2022 August | 55 | 25 | 80 |
| 2022 July | 37 | 9 | 46 |
| 2022 June | 22 | 10 | 32 |
| 2022 May | 41 | 11 | 52 |
| 2022 April | 65 | 22 | 87 |
| 2022 March | 80 | 27 | 107 |
| 2022 February | 74 | 18 | 92 |
| 2022 January | 116 | 28 | 144 |
| 2021 December | 82 | 22 | 104 |
| 2021 November | 56 | 16 | 72 |
| 2021 October | 102 | 22 | 124 |
| 2021 September | 70 | 22 | 92 |
| 2021 August | 61 | 20 | 81 |
| 2021 July | 48 | 10 | 58 |
| 2021 June | 37 | 12 | 49 |
| 2021 May | 40 | 15 | 55 |
| 2021 April | 86 | 28 | 114 |
| 2021 March | 55 | 17 | 72 |
| 2021 February | 30 | 16 | 46 |
| 2021 January | 42 | 17 | 59 |
| 2020 December | 61 | 18 | 79 |
| 2020 November | 50 | 24 | 74 |
| 2020 October | 41 | 12 | 53 |
| 2020 September | 34 | 13 | 47 |
| 2020 August | 39 | 22 | 61 |
| 2020 July | 36 | 12 | 48 |
| 2020 June | 12 | 16 | 28 |
| 2020 May | 34 | 12 | 46 |
| 2020 April | 25 | 5 | 30 |
| 2020 March | 30 | 8 | 38 |
| 2020 February | 22 | 10 | 32 |
| 2020 January | 19 | 9 | 28 |
| 2019 December | 22 | 16 | 38 |
| 2019 November | 16 | 6 | 22 |
| 2019 October | 17 | 9 | 26 |
| 2019 September | 26 | 8 | 34 |
| 2019 August | 21 | 3 | 24 |
| 2019 July | 17 | 11 | 28 |
| 2019 June | 16 | 24 | 40 |
| 2019 May | 43 | 29 | 72 |
| 2019 April | 29 | 29 | 58 |
| 2019 March | 7 | 10 | 17 |
| 2019 February | 10 | 6 | 16 |
| 2019 January | 4 | 7 | 11 |
| 2018 December | 5 | 5 | 10 |
| 2018 November | 7 | 4 | 11 |
| 2018 October | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| 2018 September | 6 | 6 | 12 |
| 2018 August | 25 | 22 | 47 |
| 2018 July | 7 | 4 | 11 |
| 2018 June | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| 2018 May | 6 | 7 | 13 |
| 2018 April | 37 | 1 | 38 |
| 2018 March | 30 | 0 | 30 |
| 2018 February | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 2018 January | 15 | 0 | 15 |
| 2017 December | 6 | 0 | 6 |
| 2017 November | 7 | 1 | 8 |
| 2017 October | 11 | 4 | 15 |
| 2017 September | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2017 April | 2 | 1 | 3 |
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