Review article
Urinary tract infection in kidney transplant recipients
Infección del Tracto Urinario en el Paciente Trasplantado Renal
Natalia Chacón-Mora
, Jerónimo Pachón Díaz, Elisa Cordero Matía
Corresponding author
Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/cSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
Read
4136
Timeswas read the article
665
Total PDF
3471
Total HTML
Share statistics
array:24 [ "pii" => "S2529993X17300965" "issn" => "2529993X" "doi" => "10.1016/j.eimce.2016.03.004" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-04-01" "aid" => "1522" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica" "copyrightAnyo" => "2016" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "ssu" "cita" => "Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2017;35:255-9" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 664 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 7 "HTML" => 462 "PDF" => 195 ] ] "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S0213005X16300489" "issn" => "0213005X" "doi" => "10.1016/j.eimc.2016.03.003" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-04-01" "aid" => "1522" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "ssu" "cita" => "Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2017;35:255-9" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 2557 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 9 "HTML" => 2056 "PDF" => 492 ] ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Review article</span>" "titulo" => "Urinary tract infection in kidney transplant recipients" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "255" "paginaFinal" => "259" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Infección del Tracto Urinario en el Paciente Trasplantado Renal" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Natalia Chacón-Mora, Jerónimo Pachón Díaz, Elisa Cordero Matía" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Natalia" "apellidos" => "Chacón-Mora" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jerónimo" "apellidos" => "Pachón Díaz" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Elisa" "apellidos" => "Cordero Matía" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "en" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S2529993X17300965" "doi" => "10.1016/j.eimce.2016.03.004" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2529993X17300965?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0213005X16300489?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/0213005X/0000003500000004/v1_201703280011/S0213005X16300489/v1_201703280011/en/main.assets" ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2529993X17300801" "issn" => "2529993X" "doi" => "10.1016/j.eimce.2017.03.002" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-04-01" "aid" => "1367" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica" "documento" => "simple-article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "crp" "cita" => "Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2017;35:260-1" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 406 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 7 "HTML" => 312 "PDF" => 87 ] ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Diagnosis at first sight</span>" "titulo" => "Abdominal pain and asthenia in a 7 years old boy" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "260" "paginaFinal" => "261" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Dolor abdominal y astenia en niño de 7 años" ] ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figs. 1–3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 473 "Ancho" => 1800 "Tamanyo" => 121354 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fibrin-covered superficial circumferential ulcers in the ascending colon and caecum, with adjacent areas of seemingly healthy mucosa.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Raquel Plácido Paias, Alejandro Rodríguez Martínez, María Dolores Falcón Neyra" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Raquel" "apellidos" => "Plácido Paias" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Alejandro" "apellidos" => "Rodríguez Martínez" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María Dolores" "apellidos" => "Falcón Neyra" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0213005X15002670" "doi" => "10.1016/j.eimc.2015.06.010" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0213005X15002670?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2529993X17300801?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/2529993X/0000003500000004/v1_201704140226/S2529993X17300801/v1_201704140226/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:19 [ "pii" => "S2529993X17300904" "issn" => "2529993X" "doi" => "10.1016/j.eimce.2016.12.001" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2017-04-01" "aid" => "1653" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U. and Sociedad Española de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 1 "subdocumento" => "sco" "cita" => "Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2017;35:246-54" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 1977 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 5 "HTML" => 1471 "PDF" => 501 ] ] "en" => array:12 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Continuing medical education: Methods of rapid diagnosis</span>" "titulo" => "Rapid diagnosis in serology" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "246" "paginaFinal" => "254" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Diagnóstico rápido en serología" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Isabel García-Bermejo, Fernando de Ory" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Isabel" "apellidos" => "García-Bermejo" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Fernando" "apellidos" => "de Ory" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "Traduccion" => array:1 [ "es" => array:9 [ "pii" => "S0213005X17300095" "doi" => "10.1016/j.eimc.2016.12.013" "estado" => "S300" "subdocumento" => "" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => false "ES2" => false "LATM" => false ] "gratuito" => false "lecturas" => array:1 [ "total" => 0 ] "idiomaDefecto" => "es" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S0213005X17300095?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ] ] "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2529993X17300904?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/2529993X/0000003500000004/v1_201704140226/S2529993X17300904/v1_201704140226/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:17 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Review article</span>" "titulo" => "Urinary tract infection in kidney transplant recipients" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "255" "paginaFinal" => "259" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Natalia Chacón-Mora, Jerónimo Pachón Díaz, Elisa Cordero Matía" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Natalia" "apellidos" => "Chacón-Mora" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "natchamor@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Jerónimo" "apellidos" => "Pachón Díaz" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Elisa" "apellidos" => "Cordero Matía" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío/cSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Infección del Tracto Urinario en el Paciente Trasplantado Renal" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite improved surgical techniques, antimicrobial prophylaxis, new schemes of immunosuppressive therapy and hygiene measures in the management of transplant patients, infectious complications remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplantation (SOT) patients. Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most common infectious complications among them.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1–5</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the largest prospective series described that 4.4% of patients receiving solid organ transplant developed urinary tract infection with an overall incidence of 0.23 episodes per 1000 days of transplant. This incidence varies also significantly depending on the type of transplanted organ. Kidney recipients have the highest risk of developing UTI with an incidence of 7.3%, followed by kidney–pancreas (4.9%), heart (2.2%), liver (1.6%) and lung recipients (0.7%).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Other authors described an incidence that ranged from 25% to 75% in renal allograft recipients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2–5</span></a> Moreover, in a Spanish cohort of 867 kidney recipients, 184 (21%) patients developed an UTI during the first year post-transplantation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Another recent study of prevalence in Yemen, has shown that the incidence of bacterial UTI raises to 33.3% in a cohort of 150 renal transplant recipients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">These differences might be explained by the heterogeneity in the definition of UTI in the different reports, such as asymptomatic bacteriuria, pyuria, acute cystitis, pyelonephritis or bacteremia and by differences in the follow-up period. Most episodes of UTI occur during the first 6 months after the transplant,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2,8</span></a> probably secondary to surgical injury, bladder catheterization and the most intensive immunosuppressant regimens.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In a prospective study of 161 renal transplant recipients, 25% were diagnosed of at least one UTI during the monitoring period (median of 180 days), half of the episodes occurring in the first 44 days after transplantation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0295"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Furthermore, the different surgical techniques strategies performed, antimicrobial prophylaxis used and immunosuppression regimens employed also influence these differences in incidence.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Impact of urinary tract infection on graft survival</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The effect of UTI on graft survival in transplant patients remains controversial. So far it has not been established a consensus on whether the development of UTI in the solid organ recipient carries a higher mortality or graft loss, although it has been suggested a tendency to graft dysfunction.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,10,11</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pellé et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> found that acute graft pyelonephritis (AGP) was an independent risk factor for impaired renal function, by analyzing the serum creatinine and creatinine clearance, compared with those renal transplant recipients without UTI or with uncomplicated cystitis. However, it did not increase the risk of graft loss, development of acute rejection or mortality rate during the first year after transplantation. Time to AGP has also been related to graft and recipient outcome. Giral et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> observed that AGP occurring within the first 3 months after transplantation was associated to graft loss. Nevertheless, Abott et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> in a retrospective cohort study of 28,942 renal transplant recipients in the USA observed that UTI occurring after 6 months of the transplant was associated with death and graft loss. However, among patients who died, primary specific causes of death were missing or unknown for 61% of the patients.</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other authors did not observe any association between graft survival and UTI. Fiorante et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0310"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> reported 25 episodes of AGP among 189 renal transplant patients and did not find any relationship between the development of UTI and graft dysfunction. More recently, Ariza et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0315"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> did not find a worsening of renal function in patients without UTI compared with patients who developed at least one episode of UTI in the first year post-transplant when kidney function was measured by eGFR. However, when using iothalamate clearance (iGFR) to determine allograft function, the predicted difference in iGFR was 5.09% lower in patients who had at least one UTI than in those who did not. In the Spanish cohort RESITRA,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> UTI was not associated with increased graft loss or increased mortality, even with a related pyelonephritis bacteremia rate of 18.9%. Lee et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0320"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> conducted a retrospective study of 1166 renal transplant patients with an incidence of UTI-related bacteremia of 12.1%. In this study, treated UTI was not associated to acute graft rejection however the absence of antimicrobial therapy was associated with a higher rate of acute graft rejection. In the study of Bodro et al., 867 kidney recipients were included retrospectively to analyze the clinical impact of UTI on graft function and one year post-transplantation graft survival. They found that presenting with one or more episodes of AGP was significantly associated with impaired kidney graft function and graft loss one year after transplantation. Furthermore, patients with AGP caused by resistant strains, extended spectrum betalactamase (ESBL) producing <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterobacteriaceae</span> and MDR <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span>, had worse graft function along the monitoring, with the difference almost reaching statistical significance.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In summary, definitive effects of UTI on a kidney transplant patient are controversial, thus more studies are needed to clarify this issue.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Management of urinary tract infections in renal transplant recipients. Multirresistant microorganisms urinary tract infection</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Epidemiologically, the most frequent microorganisms causing UTI in the SOT setting are, as in the general population, gramnegative bacilli, mainly <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span>, followed by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Klebsiella</span> spp., <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterococcus</span> spp. Current data indicate an increasing rate of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of urinary pathogens worldwide. The RESITRA cohort reported an ESBL-producing <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. coli</span> rate of 26.3% and resistance to quinolones was achieved in 38–45% of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. coli</span>, 25–31% of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Klebsiella</span> spp., and 21% of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. aeruginosa</span> isolates. The resistance of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. coli</span> isolates to cotrimoxazole was 77%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Senger et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> found a resistance of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. coli</span> strains to ciprofloxacin in 50% of the UTI that occurred during the first month post-transplant and in 32.4% of those occurring after 6 months of transplantation. Furthermore the rate of resistance of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. coli</span> to trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (TMP–SMX) was 70.6% in UTI occurring during the first 6 months after transplantation. This resistance to TMP–SMX can be explained by its use for the prophylaxis of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Pneumocystis jiroveci</span> pneumonia during the first 6 months after transplantation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0325"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> In a Polish study where 295 renal transplant patients were analyzed, the proportion of ESBL-producing <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterobacteriaceae</span> was 52.5%, attributing this finding to the use of prolonged prophylaxis with ceftriaxone.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0330"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Similar results were obtained in Turkey, where 124 patients were retrospectively analyzed and found that <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. coli</span> was the most frequent isolate, with a rate of 52.8% of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. coli</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Klebsiella</span> spp. producing ESBL.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0335"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This high incidence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms is associated with increased mortality and graft failure<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0340"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> and favors the recurrence of UTI.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A growing problem is the current spread of carbapenem resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span> (CRKP). Brizendine et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> described 108 urinary tract infections in SOT recipients caused by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span> and compared three groups: carbapenem resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">K. pneumoniae</span> (22 cases, 20%), ESBL-producing <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">K. pneumoniae</span> (22 cases, 20%) and susceptible <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">K. pneumoniae</span> (64 cases, 60%). Among overall transplant recipients with UTI due to CRKP, 64% received combined antibiotic therapy with at least 2 different classes of drugs, 45% received fosfomycin. Compared to susceptible <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">K. pneumoniae</span>, patients with UTI due to CRKP or ESBL-producing <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">K. pneumoniae</span> were more likely to have a prolonged stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) and CRKP was associated with microbiological failure among SOT patients with UTI, though no association with mortality was found.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The only available antibacterial agents with activity against CPKP are polymyxins (colistin and polymyxin B), tigecycline, fosfomycin, gentamicin, and amikacin but there are several limitations to each of these agents and little evidence. Therefore, combination therapy for carbapenem resistant enterobacteria should be considered.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0355"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In vitro activity of fosfomycin against CRKP has been demonstrated,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0360"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a> however data supporting its efficacy for carbapenem resistant enterobacteria infection are limited, resistance may develop rapidly and optimal dosage and duration of fosfomycin treatment is unknown in this setting.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0365"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Avibactam is a non-β-lactam, β-lactamase inhibitor with activity against class A carbapenemases. Recently, a case of CPKP urinary tract infection in a kidney transplant recipient successfully treated with ceftazidime–avibactam has been described.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0370"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> Although there is still little evidence, it can be a promising new drug in this setting.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most infections due to multidrug-resistant strains are acquired during hospitalization, but most patients undergoing solid organ transplantation have previous risk factors that predispose to these infections, such as chronic underlying diseases that lead to multiple hospital admissions and continuous contact with health care devices.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the general population, relationship with health care services or nursing home residency, prolonged hospital stay, intensive care unit admission, prior antimicrobial therapy and recurrent UTI are some of the factors that have been associated with the risk of ESBL-producing enterobacteria UTI.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0350"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20,25,26</span></a> SOT recipients accomplish many of these factors, due to concomitant comorbidities and continuous contact with the health care environment.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Empirical antibiotic therapy for UTI in SOT patients as well as their optimal duration is based on the established recommendations for the general population due to the lack of randomized clinical trials in this setting. To guide empirical therapy it is necessary to consider host clinical characteristics, including infection severity, local epidemiological data, patient's history of resistant microorganisms and prior antibiotic therapies.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Due to the high frequency of sepsis and bacteremia secondary to UTI in the transplant setting,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11,14</span></a> the empirical treatment of severe graft acute pyelonephritis should be active against gram negative bacilli, including <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">P. aeruginosa</span>, as well as gram positive cocci. Antibiotic should be simplified once the susceptibility analysis is available. Uncomplicated cystitis can be treated as outpatients while suspected acute pyelonephritis requires hospitalization and intravenous treatment should begin as soon as possible.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27,28</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although no conclusive evidence is available on the optimal duration of therapy for pyelonephritis in SOT recipients, cystitis should usually be treated empirically with a single oral antibiotic like ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin–clavulanate or an oral third generation cephalosporin (e.g. cefixime) for 5–7 days.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Others authors recommend that even uncomplicated cystitis occurring early post-transplant (e.g. within the first 6 months), should be treated for 7–10 days. Removal or replacement of urinary tract instruments such as urethral catheters and urologic stents is recommended.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Few data exist on the treatment of non-complicated UTI with fosfomycin trometamol. A meta-analysis of 27 randomized controlled trials in the general population compared a single 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g oral dose of fosfomycin trometamole with regimens of 3–7 days of fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin), pipemidic acid, trimethoprim, cotrimoxazole, betalactams (cefalexin, amoxicillin) and nitrofurantoin for the treatment of cystitis. The study demonstrated no difference in microbiological success between these regimens. The fosfomycin single-dose was associated with fewer adverse effects in comparison with longer regimens in pregnant women.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0400"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A Greek study evaluated the in vitro activity of fosfomycin against 578 urinary isolates. They found 29 cases of ESBL-producing <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. coli</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">K. pneumoniae</span> isolates and fosfomycin was active against all them. Furthermore, 60% of isolates of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span> non-susceptible to carbapenem were susceptible to fosfomycin.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0405"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">31</span></a> Falagas et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0410"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">32</span></a> reviewed 17 studies evaluating the antimicrobial activity or the clinical effectiveness of fosfomycin. 5057 clinical isolates of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterobacteriaceae</span> with advanced resistance to antimicrobial drugs were analyzed and 96.8% of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span> isolates producing ESBL were susceptible to fosfomycin. Therefore, a single 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g oral dose of fosfomycin-trometamole may be a good option in uncomplicated cystitis but studies in the transplant population are necessary.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In case of acute graft pyelonephritis or urosepsis, longer treatment, 14–21 days, with extended spectrum intravenous antibiotics such as piperacillin–tazobactam or cefepime are recommended.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Clinical trials are in progress to determine whether shorter courses of antibiotic therapy are effective and safe in bacteremic UTI.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0415"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">33</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In cases of suspecting multirresistant microorganisms and severe disease, the use of a carbapenem with or without vancomycin may be considered.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a> Once susceptibility data are available, the most narrow-spectrum antibiotic should be used to complete course of therapy. Complicated pyelonephritis with a renal or perinephric abscess or emphysematous pyelonephritis may occur and usually requires a multidisciplinary approach for percutaneous or surgical drainage of abscesses. Duration of treatment should be at least 2 weeks, and should be extended until an adequate drainage of abscesses and clinical resolution of infection has been achieved.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0395"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">29</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Recurrent urinary tract infection prophylaxis</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recurrent UTI is defined as the presence of three or more episodes of symptomatic UTI over a 12-month period, or two episodes in the previous 6 months.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0420"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">34</span></a> It is not an infrequent problem in renal transplant recipients, with an incidence of 2.9–27% of kidney recipients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0425"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">35–39</span></a> Indeed, it is not exceptional in other SOT recipients, with a rate of 2.7%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Recurrent UTI has been related to an increased risk for subsequent UTI<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> but the long term effect on graft function or survival has not been conclusively established.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Risk factors for recurrent UTI are not well defined. A randomized trial of 201 kidney transplant recipients in the United Kingdom evaluating the effectiveness of ureteral stenting found a significant increase in urinary tract infection in patients with ureteral stent beyond 30 days after transplantation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0450"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">40</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Further, female gender, diabetes mellitus, concomitant cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease, vesico-ureteral reflux, native kidney disease with urological malformations, and retransplantation have been associated with recurrent UTI throughout the post-kidney transplant period.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0430"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">36,38</span></a> Recently, two observational studies have shown that multidrug resistant bacteria UTI was a risk factor for recurrent UTI. However, they did not observed an impact of recurrent UTI in graft function.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0345"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19,41</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recurrent UTI must be promptly investigated in kidney transplant patients in order to rule out the existence of any anatomical or functional abnormalities of the urinary tract such as urinary tract obstruction, strictures, stenosis, vesico-ureteral reflux, renal calculi, neurogenic bladder or complex cysts with a meticulous exam including imaging studies of the urinary tract, cystoscopy, cystogram, uroflowmetry and other urodynamic techniques, if necessary.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,27,42</span></a></p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Knowledge of the etiology of previous UTI should be used to guide the selection of the empiric antibiotic regimen in the recurrent UTI. The duration of therapy is controversial because of the lack of controlled studies that analyze the length of antimicrobial treatment. Some studies propose a 6-week treatment period<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0460"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">42,43</span></a> while others suggest prolonging it for at least three months<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0385"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> or even indefinitely. Anatomical changes must be corrected if possible, as this action has been associated with recurrent UTI resolution.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0470"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">44</span></a></p><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Secondary antimicrobial prophylaxis for prevention of recurrent UTI in SOT recipients has not been well studied. In a Turkish study of 136 renal transplant recipients, 15 of 34 patients with recurrent UTI received nitrofurantoin for 10 weeks to 3 months, but this strategy seemed to lack efficiency for its prevention.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0435"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">37</span></a> It can be extrapolated from the literature in general population that treatment should be designed according to antibiotic susceptibility of previous isolates.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0475"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">45</span></a> However, the use of long-term antibiotic regimens may develop secondary resistances.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0390"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28,46</span></a> Some authors recommended indefinite treatment, equivalent to secondary prophylaxis, in selected cases such as diabetic patients, prior history of UTIs before transplantation or nearly after, and those receiving high dose immunosuppressive treatment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0485"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">47</span></a> In the general population, fosfomycin 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>g weekly, has demonstrated non-inferiority in prevention of recurrent UTI in comparison with a fluoroquinolone agent.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0490"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">48</span></a> Due to the increase resistance of the main uropathogens to TMP–SMX and fluorquinolones, studies are required in SOT population about the use of fosfomycin in this setting.</p><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is little information about non-pharmacological antimicrobial prophylaxis strategies to prevent the development of UTI in transplant recipients. Pagonas et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0495"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">49</span></a> retrospectively studied the prophylactic use of cranberry extract and <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">l</span>-Methionine in transplant population with recurrent UTI finding that using cranberry and/or methionine led to an overall reduction in the incidence of recurrent UTI by 50% of the patients in the study. Its mechanism is not well defined, but it is speculated that it interferes with the adhesion of uropathogenic bacteria, primarily <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">E. coli</span>, to the uroepithelial cells.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0500"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">50</span></a></p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion, urinary tract infection remains a major problem in solid organ transplantation patients because of the high frequency and the unknown impact on graft survival. Many issues need to be studied in this population, such as the empiric antibiotic treatment of choice, the safety of short regimens of treatment, the use of new drugs and the prevention of recurrent UTI. A growing problem in this population is the current spread of ESBL-enterobacteria and carbapenem resistant enterobacteria, requiring the use of combined therapy and research of new drugs.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres827777" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec824092" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres827776" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec824091" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Impact of urinary tract infection on graft survival" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Management of urinary tract infections in renal transplant recipients. Multirresistant microorganisms urinary tract infection" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Recurrent urinary tract infection prophylaxis" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2015-11-24" "fechaAceptado" => "2016-03-14" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec824092" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Solid organ transplantation" 1 => "Kidney transplantation" 2 => "Urinary tract infection" 3 => "Pyelonephritis" 4 => "Graft function" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec824091" "palabras" => array:5 [ 0 => "Trasplante de órgano sólido" 1 => "Trasplante renal" 2 => "Infección del tracto urinario" 3 => "Pielonefritis" 4 => "Función del injerto" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Infectious complications remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality among transplant recipients. Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common infectious complication in kidney transplant recipients with a reported incidence from 25% to 75%, varies widely likely due to differences in definition, diagnostic criteria, study design, and length of observation. We sought reviews the incidence and importance of urinary tract infection on graft survival, the microbiology with special emphasis on multidrug resistant microorganisms, the therapeutic management of UTI and the prophylaxis of recurrent UTI among solid organ transplant recipients, highlighting the need for prospective clinical trials to unify the clinical management in this population.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Las complicaciones infecciosas siguen siendo una causa importante de morbimortalidad entre los pacientes trasplantados de órgano sólido. La infección del tracto urinario (ITU) es la complicación infecciosa más frecuente en los trasplantados renales con una incidencia que varía entre el 25 y el 75% según los estudios, debido a diferencias en la definición, criterios diagnósticos, diseño de los estudios y tiempo de seguimiento. Revisamos la incidencia e importancia de la ITU en la supervivencia del injerto, la microbiología, con especial énfasis en los microorganismos multirresistentes, el manejo terapéutico de la ITU y la profilaxis de la infección urinaria recurrente en los receptores de trasplante renal destacando la necesidad de ensayos clínicos prospectivos que unifiquen el manejo clínico en esta población.</p></span>" ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:50 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0255" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bacterial urinary tract infection after solid organ transplantation in the RESITRA cohort" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "E. Vidal" 1 => "J. Torre-Cisneros" 2 => "M. Blanes" 3 => "M. Montejo" 4 => "C. Cervera" 5 => "J.M. Aguado" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1399-3062.2012.00744.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Transpl Infect Dis" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "14" "paginaInicial" => "595" "paginaFinal" => "603" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22650416" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0260" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Infective complications in renal allograft recipients: epidemiology and outcome" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. Veroux" 1 => "G. Giuffrida" 2 => "D. Corona" 3 => "M. Gagliano" 4 => "V. Scriffignano" 5 => "D. Vizcarra" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.05.065" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Transplant Proc" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "40" "paginaInicial" => "1873" "paginaFinal" => "1876" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18675076" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0265" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Infectious complications after kidney transplantation: current epidemiology and associated risk factors" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "G.J. Alangaden" 1 => "R. Thyagarajan" 2 => "S.A. Gruber" 3 => "K. Morawski" 4 => "J. Garnick" 5 => "J.M. El-Amm" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1399-0012.2006.00519.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Clin Transplant" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "20" "paginaInicial" => "401" "paginaFinal" => "409" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16842513" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0270" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Acute pyelonephritis represents a risk factor impairing long-term kidney graft function" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "G. Pellé" 1 => "S. Vimont" 2 => "P.P. Levy" 3 => "A. Hertig" 4 => "N. Ouali" 5 => "C. Chassin" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01700.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Transplant" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "7" "paginaInicial" => "899" "paginaFinal" => "907" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17286620" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0275" "etiqueta" => "5" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bacterial urinary tract infection in renal transplant recipients and their antibiotic resistance pattern: a four-year study" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "A.D. Khosravi" 1 => "E. Abasi Montazeri" 2 => "A. Ghorbani" 3 => "N. Parhizgari" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Iran J Microbiol" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "6" "paginaInicial" => "74" "paginaFinal" => "78" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25705355" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0280" "etiqueta" => "6" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Impact of urinary tract infections on short-term kidney graft outcome" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. Bodro" 1 => "G. Sanclemente" 2 => "I. Lipperheide" 3 => "M. Allali" 4 => "F. Marco" 5 => "J. Bosch" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.cmi.2015.07.021" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Clin Microbiol Infect" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "21" "paginaInicial" => "1104.e1" "paginaFinal" => "1104.e8" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26253289" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0285" "etiqueta" => "7" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Urinary tract infection among renal transplant recipients in Yemen" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "A.S. Gondos" 1 => "K.A. Al-Moyed" 2 => "A.B. Al-Robasi" 3 => "H.A. Al-Shamahy" 4 => "N.A. Alyousefi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1371/journal.pone.0144266" "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "PLoS ONE" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "10" "paginaInicial" => "e0144266" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26657128" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0290" "etiqueta" => "8" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Treated asymptomatic bacteriuria during first year after renal transplantation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "J.E. Gołębiewska" 1 => "A. Dębska-Ślizień" 2 => "B. Rutkowski" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/tid.12255" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Transpl Infect Dis" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "16" "paginaInicial" => "605" "paginaFinal" => "615" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24980847" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0295" "etiqueta" => "9" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Epidemiology of urinary infections in renal transplant recipients" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "B. Valera" 1 => "M.A. Gentil" 2 => "V. Cabello" 3 => "J. Fijo" 4 => "E. Cordero" 5 => "J.M. Cisneros" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.transproceed.2006.08.018" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Transplant Proc" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "38" "paginaInicial" => "2414" "paginaFinal" => "2415" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17097953" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0300" "etiqueta" => "10" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Acute graft pyelonephritis and long-term kidney allograft outcome" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. Giral" 1 => "G. Pascuariello" 2 => "G. Karam" 3 => "M. Hourmant" 4 => "D. Cantarovich" 5 => "J. Dantal" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1046/j.1523-1755.2002.00323.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Kidney Int" "fecha" => "2002" "volumen" => "61" "paginaInicial" => "1880" "paginaFinal" => "1886" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11967040" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0305" "etiqueta" => "11" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Late urinary tract infection after renal transplantation in the United States" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "K.C. Abbott" 1 => "S.J. Swanson" 2 => "E.R. Richter" 3 => "E.M. Bohen" 4 => "L.Y. Agodoa" 5 => "T.G. Peters" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Kidney Dis" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "44" "paginaInicial" => "353" "paginaFinal" => "362" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15264195" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0310" "etiqueta" => "12" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Acute graft pyelonephritis in renal transplant recipients: incidence, risk factors and long-term outcome" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "S. Fiorante" 1 => "M. Fernández-Ruiz" 2 => "F. López-Medrano" 3 => "M. Lizasoain" 4 => "A. Lalueza" 5 => "J.M. Morales" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/ndt/gfq531" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nephrol Dial Transplant" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "26" "paginaInicial" => "1065" "paginaFinal" => "1073" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20805254" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0315" "etiqueta" => "13" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Impact of urinary tract infection on allograft function after kidney transplantation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "E.J. Ariza-Heredia" 1 => "E.N. Beam" 2 => "T.G. Lesnick" 3 => "F.G. Cosio" 4 => "W.K. Kremers" 5 => "R.R. Razonable" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/ctr.12366" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Clin Transplant" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "28" "paginaInicial" => "683" "paginaFinal" => "690" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24654771" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0320" "etiqueta" => "14" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Independent risk factors for urinary tract infection and for subsequent bacteremia or acute cellular rejection: a single-center report of 1166 kidney allograft recipients" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J.R. Lee" 1 => "H. Bang" 2 => "D. Dadhania" 3 => "C. Hartono" 4 => "M.J. Aull" 5 => "M. Satlin" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/TP.0b013e3182a04997" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Transplantation" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "96" "paginaInicial" => "732" "paginaFinal" => "738" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23917724" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0325" "etiqueta" => "15" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Urinary tract infections in renal transplant recipients" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "S.S. Senger" 1 => "H. Arslan" 2 => "O.K. Azap" 3 => "F. Timurkaynak" 4 => "U. Cağir" 5 => "M. Haberal" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.02.060" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Transplant Proc" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "39" "paginaInicial" => "1016" "paginaFinal" => "1017" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17524879" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0330" "etiqueta" => "16" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Urinary tract infections in the early posttransplant period after kidney transplantation: etiologic agents and their susceptibility" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "D. Kawecki" 1 => "A. Kwiatkowski" 2 => "A. Sawicka-Grzelak" 3 => "M. Durlik" 4 => "L. Paczek" 5 => "A. Chmura" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.transproceed.2011.09.002" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Transplant Proc" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "43" "paginaInicial" => "2991" "paginaFinal" => "2993" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21996207" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0335" "etiqueta" => "17" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Infections in renal transplant patients: risk factors and infectious agents" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "O. Ak" 1 => "M. Yildirim" 2 => "H.F. Kucuk" 3 => "S. Gencer" 4 => "T. Demir" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.02.080" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Transplant Proc" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "45" "paginaInicial" => "944" "paginaFinal" => "948" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23622594" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0340" "etiqueta" => "18" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Epidemiology and outcomes of multiple antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection in renal transplantation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "L. Linares" 1 => "C. Cervera" 2 => "F. Cofán" 3 => "M.J. Ricart" 4 => "N. Esforzado" 5 => "V. Torregrosa" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.06.061" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Transplant Proc" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "39" "paginaInicial" => "2222" "paginaFinal" => "2224" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17889144" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 18 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0345" "etiqueta" => "19" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Impact of antibiotic resistance on the development of recurrent and relapsing symptomatic urinary tract infection in kidney recipients" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M. Bodro" 1 => "G. Sanclemente" 2 => "I. Lipperheide" 3 => "M. Allali" 4 => "F. Marco" 5 => "J. Bosch" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/ajt.13075" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Transplant" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "15" "paginaInicial" => "1021" "paginaFinal" => "1027" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25676738" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 19 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0350" "etiqueta" => "20" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Carbapenem-resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span> urinary tract infection following solid organ transplantation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "K.D. Brizendine" 1 => "S.S. Richter" 2 => "E.D. Cober" 3 => "D. Van Duin" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1128/AAC.04284-14" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Antimicrob Agents Chemother" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "59" "paginaInicial" => "553" "paginaFinal" => "557" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25385105" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 20 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0355" "etiqueta" => "21" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The global challenge of carbapenem-resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterobacteriaceae</span> in transplant recipients and patients with hematologic malignancies" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M.J. Satlin" 1 => "S.G. Jenkins" 2 => "T.J. Walsh" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/cid/ciu052" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Clin Infect Dis" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "58" "paginaInicial" => "1274" "paginaFinal" => "1283" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24463280" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 21 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0360" "etiqueta" => "22" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "In vitro activity of fosfomycin against blaKPC-containing <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Klebsiella pneumoniae</span> isolates, including those nonsusceptible to tigecycline and/or colistin" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A. Endimiani" 1 => "G. Patel" 2 => "K.M. Hujer" 3 => "M. Swaminathan" 4 => "F. Perez" 5 => "L.B. Rice" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1128/AAC.01235-09" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Antimicrob Agents Chemother" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "54" "paginaInicial" => "526" "paginaFinal" => "529" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19901089" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 22 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0365" "etiqueta" => "23" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Fosfomycin: evaluation of the published evidence on the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative pathogens" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "D.E. Karageorgopoulos" 1 => "R. Wang" 2 => "X.H. Yu" 3 => "M.E. Falagas" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/jac/dkr466" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Antimicrob Chemother" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "67" "paginaInicial" => "255" "paginaFinal" => "268" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22096042" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 23 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0370" "etiqueta" => "24" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Ceftazidime-avibactam in urinary tract infections due to carbapenemase-producing <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Klebsiella</span> in kidney transplantation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "F. Caravaca-Fontán" 1 => "S. Jiménez-Álvaro" 2 => "R. Marcén-Letosa" 3 => "A. Fernández-Rodríguez" 4 => "C.Q. Rodríguez-Navarro" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.nefro.2015.01.001" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nefrologia" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "35" "paginaInicial" => "412" "paginaFinal" => "413" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26306955" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 24 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0375" "etiqueta" => "25" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Prevalence and risk factors of multi-drug resistant organism colonization among long-term care facilities in Gran Canaria (Spain)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "C. Del Rosario-Quintana" 1 => "T. Tosco-Núñez" 2 => "L. Lorenzo" 3 => "A.M. Martín-Sánchez" 4 => "J. Molina-Cabrillana" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.regg.2014.11.006" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "50" "paginaInicial" => "232" "paginaFinal" => "236" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25576447" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 25 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0380" "etiqueta" => "26" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Urinary tract infections due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Gram-negative bacteria: identification of risk factors and outcome predictors in an Australian tertiary referral hospital" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "M. Osthoff" 1 => "S.L. McGuinness" 2 => "A.Z. Wagen" 3 => "D.P. Eisen" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.ijid.2015.03.006" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int J Infect Dis" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "34" "paginaInicial" => "79" "paginaFinal" => "83" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25769526" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 26 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0385" "etiqueta" => "27" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Urinary tract infection in renal transplant recipients" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "M. Säemann" 1 => "W.H. Hörl" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1365-2362.2008.02014.x" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Eur J Clin Invest" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "38" "numero" => "Suppl. 2" "paginaInicial" => "58" "paginaFinal" => "65" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18826483" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 27 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0390" "etiqueta" => "28" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Antibiotic prophylaxis for urinary tract infections in renal transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "H. Green" 1 => "R. Rahamimov" 2 => "U. Gafter" 3 => "L. Leibovitci" 4 => "M. Paul" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1399-3062.2011.00644.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Transpl Infect Dis" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "13" "paginaInicial" => "441" "paginaFinal" => "447" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21521435" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 28 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0395" "etiqueta" => "29" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Urinary tract infections in solid organ transplantation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "R. Parasuraman" 1 => "K. Julian" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/ajt.12124" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Transplant" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "13" "numero" => "Suppl. 4" "paginaInicial" => "327" "paginaFinal" => "336" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23465025" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 29 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0400" "etiqueta" => "30" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Fosfomycin versus other antibiotics for the treatment of cystitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "M.E. Falagas" 1 => "E.K. Vouloumanou" 2 => "A.G. Togias" 3 => "M. Karadima" 4 => "A.M. Kapaskelis" 5 => "P.I. Rafailidis" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1093/jac/dkq237" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Antimicrob Chemother" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "65" "paginaInicial" => "1862" "paginaFinal" => "1877" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20587612" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 30 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0405" "etiqueta" => "31" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Susceptibility of urinary tract bacteria to fosfomycin" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "S. Maraki" 1 => "G. Samonis" 2 => "P.I. Rafailidis" 3 => "E.K. Vouloumanou" 4 => "E. Mavromanolakis" 5 => "M.E. Falagas" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1128/AAC.00721-09" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Antimicrob Agents Chemother" "fecha" => "2009" "volumen" => "53" "paginaInicial" => "4508" "paginaFinal" => "4510" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19687248" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 31 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0410" "etiqueta" => "32" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Fosfomycin for the treatment of multidrug-resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Enterobacteriaceae</span> infections: a systematic review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "M. Falagas" 1 => "A. Kastoris" 2 => "A.M. Kapaskelis" 3 => "D.E. Karageorgopoulos" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70325-1" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Lancet Infect Dis" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "10" "paginaInicial" => "43" "paginaFinal" => "50" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20129148" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 32 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0415" "etiqueta" => "33" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "EudraCT: 2013-002148-95." ] ] ] 33 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0420" "etiqueta" => "34" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in non-pregnant women" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "X. Albert" 1 => "I. Huertas" 2 => "I.I. Pereiro" 3 => "J. Sanfelix" 4 => "V. Gosalbes" 5 => "C. Perrota" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:4 [ "tituloSerie" => "Cochrane Database Syst Rev" "fecha" => "2004" "volumen" => "3" "paginaInicial" => "CD001209" ] ] ] ] ] ] 34 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0425" "etiqueta" => "35" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Endoscopic subureteral polydimethylsiloxane injection and prevention of recurrent acute graft pyelonephritis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "J.C. Song" 1 => "H.S. Hwang" 2 => "H.E. Yoon" 3 => "J.C. Kim" 4 => "B.S. Choi" 5 => "Y.S. Kim" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1159/000321526" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nephron Clin Pract" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "117" "paginaInicial" => "c385" "paginaFinal" => "c389" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21071963" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 35 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0430" "etiqueta" => "36" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Acute graft pyelonephritis following renal transplantation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "N.S. Kamath" 1 => "G.T. John" 2 => "N. Neelakantan" 3 => "M.G. Kirubakaran" 4 => "C.K. Jacob" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1399-3062.2006.00148.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Transpl Infect Dis" "fecha" => "2006" "volumen" => "8" "paginaInicial" => "140" "paginaFinal" => "147" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16913972" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 36 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0435" "etiqueta" => "37" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Urinary tract infections following renal transplantation: a single-center experience" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "K.O. Memikoglu" 1 => "K. Keven" 2 => "S. Sengul" 3 => "Z. Soypaçaci" 4 => "S. Ertürk" 5 => "B. Erbay" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.transproceed.2007.10.005" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Transplant Proc" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "39" "paginaInicial" => "3131" "paginaFinal" => "3134" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18089338" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 37 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0440" "etiqueta" => "38" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Late recurrent urinary tract infections may produce renal allograft scarring even in the absence of symptoms or vesicoureteric reflux" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "P.J. Dupont" 1 => "E. Psimenou" 2 => "R. Lord" 3 => "J.R. Buscombe" 4 => "A.J. Hilson" 5 => "P. Sweny" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1097/01.tp.0000275377.09660.fa" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Transplantation" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "84" "paginaInicial" => "351" "paginaFinal" => "355" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17700160" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 38 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0445" "etiqueta" => "39" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Urinary tract infections after renal transplantation: a retrospective review at two US transplant centers" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "P. Chuang" 1 => "C.R. Parikh" 2 => "A. Langone" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1111/j.1399-0012.2005.00327.x" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Clin Transplant" "fecha" => "2005" "volumen" => "19" "paginaInicial" => "230" "paginaFinal" => "235" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15740560" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 39 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0450" "etiqueta" => "40" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Impact of stents on urological complications and health care expenditure in renal transplant recipients: results of a prospective, randomized clinical trial" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A. Tavakoli" 1 => "R.S. Surange" 2 => "R.C. Pearson" 3 => "N.R. Parrott" 4 => "T. Augustine" 5 => "H.N. Riad" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.juro.2007.01.152" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "J Urol" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "177" "paginaInicial" => "2260" "paginaFinal" => "2264" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17509336" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 40 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0455" "etiqueta" => "41" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Recurrent urinary tract infections in kidney transplant recipients" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "C. Silva" 1 => "N. Afonso" 2 => "F. Macário" 3 => "R. Alves" 4 => "A. Mota" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.transproceed.2013.02.019" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Transplant Proc" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "45" "paginaInicial" => "1092" "paginaFinal" => "1095" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23622634" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 41 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0460" "etiqueta" => "42" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Management of urinary tract infections and lymphocele in renal transplant recipients" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "P. Muñoz" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1086/320905" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Clin Infect Dis" "fecha" => "2001" "volumen" => "33" "numero" => "Suppl. 1" "paginaInicial" => "S53" "paginaFinal" => "S57" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11389523" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 42 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0465" "etiqueta" => "43" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Urinary tract infection in the renal transplant patient" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "R.M. De Souza" 1 => "J. Olsburgh" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1038/ncpneph0781" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Nat Clin Pract Nephrol" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "4" "paginaInicial" => "252" "paginaFinal" => "264" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18334970" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 43 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0470" "etiqueta" => "44" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Surgical correction of vesico-ureteric reflux for recurrent febrile urinary tract infections after kidney transplantation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "A. Dinckan" 1 => "I. Aliosmanoglu" 2 => "H. Kocak" 3 => "F. Gunseren" 4 => "A. Mesci" 5 => "Z. Ertug" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "BJU Int" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "112" "paginaInicial" => "366" "paginaFinal" => "371" "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0022510X10005642" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "0022510X" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 44 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0475" "etiqueta" => "45" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Antimicrobial prophylaxis of recurrent urinary tract infections: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "W.E. Stamm" 1 => "G.W. Counts" 2 => "K.F. Wagner" 3 => "D. Martin" 4 => "D. Gregory" 5 => "M. McKevitt" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Ann Intern Med" "fecha" => "1980" "volumen" => "92" "paginaInicial" => "770" "paginaFinal" => "775" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6992677" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 45 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0480" "etiqueta" => "46" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Incidence of urinary tract infections caused by germs resistant to antibiotics commonly used after renal transplantation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "P. Di Cocco" 1 => "G. Orlando" 2 => "C. Mazzotta" 3 => "V. Rizza" 4 => "M. D’Angelo" 5 => "K. Clemente" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.transproceed.2008.05.014" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Transplant Proc" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "40" "paginaInicial" => "1881" "paginaFinal" => "1884" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18675078" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 46 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0485" "etiqueta" => "47" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "[Epub ahead of print PMID: 25976754]" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Management of urinary tract infection in solid organ transplant recipients: consensus statement of the Group for the Study of Infection in Transplant Recipients (GESITRA) of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC) and the Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "E. Vidal" 1 => "C. Cervera" 2 => "E. Cordero" 3 => "C. Armiñanzas" 4 => "J. Carratalá" 5 => "J.M. Cisneros" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.eimc.2015.03.024" "Revista" => array:3 [ "tituloSerie" => "Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin" "fecha" => "2015" "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0022510X10003990" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "0022510X" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 47 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0490" "etiqueta" => "48" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Prulifloxacin vs fosfomycin for prophylaxis in female patients with recurrent UTIs: a non-inferiority trial" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "E. Costantini" 1 => "A. Zucchi" 2 => "E. Salvini" 3 => "A. Cicalese" 4 => "V. Li Marzi" 5 => "M.T. Filocamo" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1007/s00192-013-2318-1" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Int Urogynecol J" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "25" "paginaInicial" => "1173" "paginaFinal" => "1178" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24554302" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 48 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0495" "etiqueta" => "49" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Prophylaxis of recurrent urinary tract infection after renal transplantation by cranberry juice and <span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">l</span>-methionine" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "N. Pagonas" 1 => "J. Hörstrup" 2 => "D. Schmidt" 3 => "P. Benz" 4 => "R. Schindler" 5 => "P. Reinke" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.06.071" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Transplant Proc" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "44" "paginaInicial" => "3017" "paginaFinal" => "3021" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23195017" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 49 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0500" "etiqueta" => "50" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A systematic review of the evidence for cranberries and blueberries in UTI prevention" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "R.G. Jepson" 1 => "J.C. Craig" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1002/mnfr.200600275" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Mol Nutr Food Res" "fecha" => "2007" "volumen" => "51" "paginaInicial" => "738" "paginaFinal" => "745" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17492798" "web" => "Medline" ] ] "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0022395611001464" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "00223956" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/2529993X/0000003500000004/v1_201704140226/S2529993X17300965/v1_201704140226/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "63563" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Review article" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/2529993X/0000003500000004/v1_201704140226/S2529993X17300965/v1_201704140226/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2529993X17300965?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 9 | 1 | 10 |
| 2024 October | 113 | 15 | 128 |
| 2024 September | 129 | 7 | 136 |
| 2024 August | 78 | 16 | 94 |
| 2024 July | 62 | 4 | 66 |
| 2024 June | 71 | 4 | 75 |
| 2024 May | 85 | 5 | 90 |
| 2024 April | 64 | 10 | 74 |
| 2024 March | 85 | 8 | 93 |
| 2024 February | 115 | 16 | 131 |
| 2024 January | 149 | 10 | 159 |
| 2023 December | 93 | 17 | 110 |
| 2023 November | 121 | 13 | 134 |
| 2023 October | 116 | 7 | 123 |
| 2023 September | 103 | 11 | 114 |
| 2023 August | 57 | 6 | 63 |
| 2023 July | 45 | 2 | 47 |
| 2023 June | 51 | 3 | 54 |
| 2023 May | 62 | 10 | 72 |
| 2023 April | 53 | 5 | 58 |
| 2023 March | 90 | 2 | 92 |
| 2023 February | 39 | 0 | 39 |
| 2023 January | 95 | 5 | 100 |
| 2022 December | 66 | 1 | 67 |
| 2022 November | 74 | 13 | 87 |
| 2022 October | 56 | 9 | 65 |
| 2022 September | 48 | 15 | 63 |
| 2022 August | 40 | 12 | 52 |
| 2022 July | 32 | 7 | 39 |
| 2022 June | 39 | 6 | 45 |
| 2022 May | 23 | 13 | 36 |
| 2022 April | 27 | 12 | 39 |
| 2022 March | 45 | 10 | 55 |
| 2022 February | 39 | 10 | 49 |
| 2022 January | 59 | 7 | 66 |
| 2021 December | 55 | 10 | 65 |
| 2021 November | 57 | 7 | 64 |
| 2021 October | 31 | 15 | 46 |
| 2021 September | 15 | 10 | 25 |
| 2021 August | 42 | 12 | 54 |
| 2021 July | 34 | 11 | 45 |
| 2021 June | 19 | 12 | 31 |
| 2021 May | 21 | 8 | 29 |
| 2021 April | 39 | 7 | 46 |
| 2021 March | 21 | 11 | 32 |
| 2021 February | 22 | 8 | 30 |
| 2021 January | 19 | 9 | 28 |
| 2020 December | 17 | 6 | 23 |
| 2020 November | 22 | 3 | 25 |
| 2020 October | 15 | 5 | 20 |
| 2020 September | 15 | 8 | 23 |
| 2020 August | 18 | 3 | 21 |
| 2020 July | 14 | 7 | 21 |
| 2020 June | 24 | 8 | 32 |
| 2020 May | 44 | 9 | 53 |
| 2020 April | 8 | 3 | 11 |
| 2020 March | 19 | 5 | 24 |
| 2020 February | 11 | 3 | 14 |
| 2020 January | 18 | 11 | 29 |
| 2019 December | 45 | 6 | 51 |
| 2019 November | 15 | 4 | 19 |
| 2019 October | 24 | 3 | 27 |
| 2019 September | 23 | 6 | 29 |
| 2019 August | 33 | 4 | 37 |
| 2019 July | 34 | 9 | 43 |
| 2019 June | 21 | 15 | 36 |
| 2019 May | 55 | 41 | 96 |
| 2019 April | 27 | 23 | 50 |
| 2019 March | 3 | 8 | 11 |
| 2019 February | 5 | 7 | 12 |
| 2019 January | 3 | 4 | 7 |
| 2018 December | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| 2018 November | 4 | 5 | 9 |
| 2018 October | 5 | 11 | 16 |
| 2018 September | 11 | 2 | 13 |
| 2018 August | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2018 July | 9 | 5 | 14 |
| 2018 June | 9 | 1 | 10 |
| 2018 May | 20 | 7 | 27 |
| 2018 April | 29 | 2 | 31 |
| 2018 March | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| 2018 February | 10 | 1 | 11 |
| 2018 January | 8 | 2 | 10 |
| 2017 December | 8 | 3 | 11 |
| 2017 November | 7 | 5 | 12 |
| 2017 October | 11 | 4 | 15 |
| 2017 September | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2017 April | 5 | 0 | 5 |
Show all
