Scientific letter
Literature review of mosquito-borne viral infections in non-tropical European Union territories: A cause of concern?
Infecciones virales transmitidas por mosquitos en la Unión Europea: revisión de la literatura. ¿Tenemos que preocuparnos?
Marta Díaz-Menéndez
, Clara Crespillo-Andújar
Corresponding author
Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital La Paz-Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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"tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "paginaInicial" => "620" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Marta Díaz-Menéndez, Clara Crespillo-Andújar" "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Marta" "apellidos" => "Díaz-Menéndez" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "marta.diazmenendez@gmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Clara" "apellidos" => "Crespillo-Andújar" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital La Paz-Carlos III, Madrid, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Infecciones virales transmitidas por mosquitos en la Unión Europea: revisión de la literatura. ¿Tenemos que preocuparnos?" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Increasing globalization in travel and trade, together with global expansion and the establishment of competent vectors, has enabled the introduction into European Union countries of arboviruses that are widely circulating in tropical areas. Furthermore, several European countries have a close link to highly endemic areas for arboviruses: France has important overseas colonies (Americas, Africa and Oceania), or Portuguese island of Madeira, that has strong social and commercial relations with Brazil. Many European countries, including Spain, receive a huge number of immigrants and travellers from Latin America every year. In that sense, viremic international travel returning from epidemic regions to an area where a competent vector is established can trigger outbreaks, as has happened previously.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Global warming has allowed mosquitoes, such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aedes o Culex</span>, to proliferate, adapt to environmental conditions, migrate and spread to new niche areas in Europe that have become warmer.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> This fact can contribute both to an increased risk of outbreaks of vector-borne diseases in Europe, such as the Dengue or Chikungunya viruses, and to open the door to new arbovirus infections, such as Zika, Ross River, or Mayaro.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Every year more than 200 seasonal cases of West Nile virus are reported, and sporadic and self-limited outbreaks of Dengue (including the recent report of autochthonous cases in Spain) and Chikungunya viral infection. We conducted an electronic literature search through PubMed (keywords used: [Chikungunya] OR [dengue] or [zika] or [west Nile] or [arboviral infection] AND [European autochthonous cases]) restricted to humans, and also consulted data extracted from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), focusing on the most recent outbreaks arboviral infections in non-tropical European Union territories from 2010 to November 2018 (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presence of a competent vector, optimal climatic conditions and the possibility of returning patients who are viremic are prerequisites for autochthonous transmission of arboviruses, are currently being met in many countries in Europe. Health professionals should be trained to identify arboviral diseases symptoms and to introduce them into the differential diagnosis, not only among patients returning from the tropics, but also in local patients from countries and areas with the presence of suitable vectors, so that possible outbreaks can be identified before they can have major consequences. Epidemiological and entomological surveillance is necessary to detect and control further outbreaks and to minimize the risk of local transmission in vector-colonized areas.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Fundings</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This work was supported by the <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Network of Tropical Diseases Research RICET</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs1">RD16/0027/0002</span>) and <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs2">FEDER</span>.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Competing interests</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Fundings" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Competing interests" ] 2 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Main mosquito vector \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Outbreaks (year, location, confirmed cases) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Chikungunya fever \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aedes albopictus</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">First case reported:</span> 2007; Ravenna, Italy (229<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a>)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>2010; Fréjus, France (2)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>2014; Montepellier, France (12)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>2017; Anzio, Italy (102)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>, Le Cannet-des-Mares, France (9)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Dengue Fever \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aedes albopictus, Aedes aegypti</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">First case reported</span>: 2010; Nice, France (2)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>2010; Pejesac, Croatia (17)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>2012; Madeira, Portugal (2218<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a>)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>2013; Aix-en-Provence, France (1)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>2015; Nimes, France (6)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>2018; Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur region, France; Murcia and Cadiz, Spain(3)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">West Nile fever \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Culex pipiens</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">First case reported</span>: 1962; Camargue France (2)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>2010; Austria, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Romania, Spain<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleSup">,</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>2011; Greece (100); Italy (14), Romania (11), Hungary (3)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>2012: Greece (161), Italy (50), Hungary (17), Romania (14)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>2013: Italy (69), Greece (68), Hungary (31), Romania (24), Croatia (16), CzechRepublic (1), Slovenia (1)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>2014: Italy (24), Romania (23), Greece (15) Hungary (11), Austria (1)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>2015; Italy (60), Romania (19), Hungary (18), Austria (7), Bulgaria (2), France(1), Portugal (1)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>2016; Romania (93), Italy (76); Hungary (44); Austria (5), Spain (3), Bulgari(2), Cyprus (1), Croatia (1) <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>2017; Romania (66), Italy (57), Greece (48), Hungary (21), Austria (5), Croatia(5), France (1), Bulgari (1) <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>2018; Italy (550), Greece (302), Romania (268), Hungary (212), Croatia (45),France (24), Austria (19), Bulgari (11), Slovenia (3) and the CzechRepublic (2)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2156687.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:4 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Aedes aegypty was the main vector un Madeira's outbreak.</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">Some of the cases were found with active case finding or retrospective serological studies.</p>" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "c" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">Information about number of confirmed/probable cases were only provided at the beginning of the epidemic.</p>" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0020" "etiqueta" => "d" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Number of cases were not reported.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Outbreaks of mosquito-borne viral infections in non-tropical European Union territories (2010–2018).</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Impact of climate change on human infectious diseases: empirical evidence and human adaptation" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "X. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 5 | 0 | 5 |
| 2024 October | 26 | 3 | 29 |
| 2024 September | 59 | 5 | 64 |
| 2024 August | 62 | 6 | 68 |
| 2024 July | 36 | 4 | 40 |
| 2024 June | 18 | 4 | 22 |
| 2024 May | 38 | 4 | 42 |
| 2024 April | 29 | 7 | 36 |
| 2024 March | 46 | 5 | 51 |
| 2024 February | 26 | 1 | 27 |
| 2024 January | 43 | 2 | 45 |
| 2023 December | 48 | 3 | 51 |
| 2023 November | 47 | 5 | 52 |
| 2023 October | 57 | 1 | 58 |
| 2023 September | 46 | 4 | 50 |
| 2023 August | 31 | 1 | 32 |
| 2023 July | 28 | 3 | 31 |
| 2023 June | 52 | 2 | 54 |
| 2023 May | 64 | 1 | 65 |
| 2023 April | 51 | 1 | 52 |
| 2023 March | 72 | 27 | 99 |
| 2023 February | 59 | 4 | 63 |
| 2023 January | 42 | 4 | 46 |
| 2022 December | 41 | 10 | 51 |
| 2022 November | 62 | 3 | 65 |
| 2022 October | 39 | 4 | 43 |
| 2022 September | 25 | 7 | 32 |
| 2022 August | 28 | 8 | 36 |
| 2022 July | 13 | 7 | 20 |
| 2022 June | 9 | 4 | 13 |
| 2022 May | 14 | 6 | 20 |
| 2022 April | 18 | 6 | 24 |
| 2022 March | 9 | 6 | 15 |
| 2022 February | 16 | 3 | 19 |
| 2022 January | 25 | 4 | 29 |
| 2021 December | 9 | 9 | 18 |
| 2021 November | 19 | 5 | 24 |
| 2021 October | 13 | 11 | 24 |
| 2021 September | 6 | 7 | 13 |
| 2021 August | 11 | 7 | 18 |
| 2021 July | 5 | 5 | 10 |
| 2021 June | 7 | 10 | 17 |
| 2021 May | 11 | 10 | 21 |
| 2021 April | 30 | 24 | 54 |
| 2021 March | 5 | 7 | 12 |
| 2021 February | 7 | 6 | 13 |
| 2021 January | 7 | 6 | 13 |
| 2020 December | 9 | 8 | 17 |
| 2020 November | 3 | 4 | 7 |
| 2020 October | 5 | 1 | 6 |
| 2020 September | 9 | 5 | 14 |
| 2020 August | 6 | 7 | 13 |
| 2020 July | 5 | 4 | 9 |
| 2020 June | 8 | 1 | 9 |
| 2020 May | 8 | 8 | 16 |
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