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Diagnosis at first sight
An unusual presentation of uveitis in a HIV-infected late presenter patient
Presentación inusual de uveítis en un paciente HIV late presenter
Gema Fernández-Rivasa,
Corresponding author
gemafrivas@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Pablo Diaz-Aljarob, Marta Ávilac, Susana Ruiz-Bilbaob
a Microbiology Department, Clinical Laboratory North Metropolitan Area, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, “Department of Genetics and Microbiology”, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
b Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
c Pathology Department, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
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A polymerase chain reaction &#40;PCR&#41; in plasma for cytomegalovirus &#40;CMV&#41; with 26&#44;485<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>copies&#47;ml and culture for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Mycobacterium avium</span> &#40;MAC&#41; in bone marrow aspirate were found positive&#46; Therapy with gancyclovir&#44; ethambutol&#44; rifabutin and clarithromycin was started showing good clinical response&#46; Nevertheless&#44; the patient developed a unilateral peripheral CMV retinitis&#44; and intravitreal foscarnet was therefore associated&#46; The patient has a favorable clinical outcome and she was discharged after 45 days&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In October 2017&#44; the patient was seen in the Ophthalmology ED for sudden bilateral blurring of vision&#44; eye redness and ocular pain in both eyes&#46; At this moment her CD4&#43; count was 165<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cells&#47;&#956;l and her plasma viral load was undetectable &#40;&#60;50<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>copies&#47;ml&#41;&#46; The ophthalmologic exploration revealed a bilateral vitritis with no focus of chorioretinitis or vasculitis&#46; The rifabutin based treatment for MAC was stopped and topical therapy with dexamethasone plus cycloplegic was started&#46; After 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; visual acuity decreased in patient&#39;s right eye and bilateral hypopyon was appeared with increased vitritis in both eyes &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Evolution</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Anterior chamber &#40;AC&#41; paracentesis was performed and samples were sent to the Pathology and Microbiology Department&#46; Bacteriological and mycological cultures were negative after 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h and 30 days of incubation respectively&#46; In the Pathology Department two cytospin preparations were stained with Papanicolau and Giemsa stain respectively&#46; In both smears&#44; numerous polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages were observed&#44; but only in the Papanicolau stain a significant amount of spores consistent with microsporidia were observed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; These findings were compatible with the acute infectious&#47;inflammatory process&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A second AC paracentesis was performed for the detection of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toxoplasma gondii</span> by PCR &#40;RealCycler <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">T&#46; gondii</span>&#44; Valencia&#44; Spain&#41;&#44; which yielded negative result&#46; A specific PCR for microsporidia &#40;aqueous humor &#8220;in house&#8221; PCR&#41; was positive&#44; reinforcing the presence of microsporidia spores&#46; Thereafter&#44; albendazole 400<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h was administered for 7 days regressing both redness and ocular pain&#46; However&#44; visual acuity did not improve because of anterior segment inflammation and dense vitritis&#59; therefore&#44; oral and topic steroids were administered&#46; After 6 weeks of albendazole plus dexamethasone and cycloplegic eye drops and 4 weeks of associated oral prednisone&#44; the patient&#39;s visual function improved following her 5th month check up&#46; Other opportunistic infections&#44; inflammatory diseases related to HLA B27&#47;B5 and pharmacology adverse reactions&#44; were ruled out&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Discussion</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In HIV patients a wide spectrum of differential diagnosis ought to be considered when uveitis appers with hypopion&#46; Pharmacologic causes must be considered&#44; as rifabutin bilateral associated-uveitis<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> is a well-known entity&#46; In this case&#44; symptoms did not resolve after suspension of rifabutin&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Differential diagnosis of posterior infectious uveitis should be ruled out in an immunocompromised patient&#58; toxoplasmosis and CMV are the most frequent&#44; although herpes zoster and herpes simplex virus play a role as well&#46; Tuberculosis or serpiginous like chorioretinopathy and syphilis should equally be taken into account&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Recognized forms of uveitis include intraocular inflammations with occur during or following some emerging infectious diseases&#58; Chikungunya fever&#44; dengue&#44; Zika or Ebola virus disease&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Microsporidiosis has been identified in immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Different species of microsporidia were involved with a broad range of clinical presentations &#40;diarrhea&#44; keratoconjuctivitis&#44; disseminated disease&#8230;&#41;&#46; Microsporidia are intracellular spore forming ubiquitous funguses with a controversial taxonomy&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ocular involvement with punctuate&#47;stromal keratitis has been reported due to several risk factors&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Save where uveal involvement has been described in animals&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> to the best of our knowledge&#44; this is the first case in an HIV patient&#46; Only one case has been reported in an immunocompetent patient concerning uveal involvement&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the diagnostic process of uveitis&#44; the aqueous humor analysis is mandatory to diagnose of infectious uveitis&#46; A pars plana vitrectomy &#40;PPV&#41; is mainly valuable for diagnosing lymphoma and non-infectious uveitis of unknown cause&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Microsporidiosis detection is challenging and usually remains underdiagnosed&#46; Laboratories should be alerted to the suspected diagnosis&#44; and specific stains &#40;periodic acid-Schiff&#44; silver&#44; Giemsa&#44; acid-fast stains&#44; modified Gram chromotrope and modified trichrome stains&#41;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> should be performed to identify spore-forming shapes&#44; since routine parasites or fungal examination does not detect microsporidia&#46; Immunofluorescence assays or molecular methods are also useful but they are still not commercialized&#46; PCR assays for detection and identification of microsporidia species have been developed&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> although they are only performed in specialized laboratories&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Albendazole is effective against microsporidia&#46; The treatment usually lasts for approximately four weeks&#46; In case of confirmed ocular microsporidiosis&#44; urine and respiratory samples should be examinated&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Funding</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research did not receive any specific grant from fundingagencies in the public&#44; commercial&#44; or not-for-profit sectors&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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