Review article
Recommendations for stool donor selection for fecal microbiota transplant. Consensus document endorsed by the Catalan Society of Digestology, Catalan Society of Infectious diseases and Clinical Microbiology and the GEMBIOTA group from Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology
Recomendaciones para la selección del donante para la transferencia de microbiota fecal. Documento de posicionamiento avalado por la Societat Catalana de Digestologia, la Societat Catalana de Malalties Infeccioses i Microbiologia Clínica y el grupo GEMBIOTA de la Sociedad Española de Enfermedades infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica
Andrea Airaa, Clàudia Arajolb, Climent Casals-Pascualc,
, Begoña González-Suárezd, Silvia Martíe, M. Ángeles Domíngueze, Jordi Guardiolab, Álex Sorianoa, on behalf of the Catalan group for the study and development of fecal microbiota transfer ◊
Corresponding author
a Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
b Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
c Servicio de Microbiología Clínica, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
d Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
e Servicio de Microbiología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Documento de posicionamiento avalado por la Societat Catalana de Digestologia, la Societat Catalana de Malalties Infeccioses i Microbiologia Clínica y el grupo GEMBIOTA de la Sociedad Española de Enfermedades infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica" ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has emerged in recent years as the treatment of choice for recurrent <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile)</span> infection, with overall cure rates of 85%–90%.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The efficacy of FMT has been widely demonstrated in multiple uncontrolled studies and in several clinical trials.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Consequently, the main clinical practice guidelines and medical associations recommend FMT as a first-line treatment option in recurrent <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. difficile</span> infection.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3–7</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Continuing advances in knowledge of the human gut microbiome have shown that there is an association between abnormal gut microbiota and a broad spectrum of disorders and/or diseases. These data have sparked growing interest in the scientific community in determining the role of FMT in conditions other than recurrent <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. difficile</span> infection, such as inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic syndrome, intestinal colonisation by multidrug-resistant micro-organisms, irritable bowel syndrome, etc.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">FMT is considered a safe, well-tolerated procedure with virtually no short-term adverse effects if performed correctly. However, the evidence available on long-term safety is limited. It is therefore essential to establish action protocols that allow clinicians to work with maximum guarantees and minimise the risks of the procedure.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is forcing professionals to take additional measures for the selection of Faecal microbiota donors. Several studies have documented the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA in faeces,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,9</span></a> meaning there is a potential risk of Faecal –oral transmission of the virus. This consensus document establishes a series of recommendations to minimise the risk of contagion of COVID-19 through FMT; these recommendations will be subject to refinement as scientific knowledge in this field advances.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">With this objective, a multidisciplinary working group has been set up in Catalonia with specialists in gastroenterology, infectious diseases, microbiology and endocrinology in order to establish recommendations that serve to ensure this treatment is performed according to strict standards and, at the same time, offer guidelines on the methodology to follow.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Donor selection</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The selection of the donor must be rigorous to guarantee the safety of the procedure. Donor screening is vital to prevent the transmission of infectious diseases. There is also a theoretical risk of FMT modulating the recipient's susceptibility to developing conditions or diseases related to the intestinal microbiota. To minimise these risks, prior to donation, each potential candidate will complete a personal interview and undergo clinical laboratory tests, including blood, stool and other tests.</p><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Donor information sheet</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Everyone who enters the donor selection process will be informed about how the process works and about the purpose of their contribution. They will be given an information document that guarantees the confidentiality and protection of their personal data. They will then be asked to sign an informed consent form. A sample donor information sheet appears in Appendix A (see additional materials).</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Personal interview and physical examination</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The safety of the recipient is the main concern. Therefore, donors will be turned down if their personal interview and/or physical examination reveal a significant relevant medical history, behaviours associated with an increased risk of contracting communicable diseases or signs suggestive of active disease. All donors must be provided with contact information for the FMT programme managers during the personal interview so they can immediately report any changes in their symptoms or other significant changes that may occur during the selection and donation period. A sample questionnaire to be used in the personal interview is shown in Appendix B (see additional materials).</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Laboratory tests</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After the personal interview is completed, laboratory screening tests must be performed. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> lists the determinations considered essential. Testing for highly uncommon but potentially pathogenic micro-organisms may be included depending on the recipient's clinical context (e.g. immunosuppression). Tests in donors of other nationalities must be adapted to the epidemiology of their country of origin (e.g. for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Trypanosoma cruzi</span> or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Schistosoma</span>). The number of entities included on the list may be updated based on the knowledge and experience acquired with FMT.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Validity of the selection process</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Donors will be eligible candidates if their answers to the questionnaire specify that they have no risks, their pathogen results are negative and the results of their additional tests indicate no significant disease. It is essential to train donors during the initial interview to report any change in their health status to the medical team during the donation period.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Once this selection process is complete, donors will be able to make all the donations (stools) they wish during a two-week period. Donors who wish to continue donating must undergo further screening with repeat stool tests every two weeks and repeat blood tests and nasopharyngeal swabs every two months as set out in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>.</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">To ensure the safety of the recipients, as an additional measure, it is recommended that the donation be quarantined for two to eight weeks to confirm that the donor shows no significant changes in their health status in the weeks subsequent to their most recent donation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> This measure is intended to detect infections in a window period or not detected in the initial study.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Donor exclusion criteria</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Donors must be turned down if risk factors for the transmission of infectious agents or other characteristics that could affect the health of the recipient are detected.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At present, the ideal composition of the donor's gut microbiota for FMT to be effective is not known, so donors are selected by a principle of exclusion rather than inclusion. It must be taken into account that if they are properly screened, in the end only a minority will be able to act as donors.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Donor exclusion criteria</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0005"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0005"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Under 18 or over 50 years of age.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0010"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Having taken antimicrobials (antibiotics, antivirals or antifungals) or probiotics in the six months prior to donation.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0015"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Positive result for any pathogen determined in microbiology tests of blood or feces during the screening period (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0020"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Smoking (>10 cigarettes/day).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0025"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Having a fever or gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, etc.).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0030"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Significant medical history (neoplasm, communicable diseases, etc.) and, specifically, history of gastrointestinal disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease, irritable bowel syndrome, chronic constipation, chronic diarrhoea, previous history of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. difficile</span> infection and/or gastrointestinal bleeding.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0035"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">History of autoimmune diseases (e.g. multiple sclerosis, connective tissue disorders, type 1 diabetes mellitus), atopy-related diseases, asthma, other types of diabetes mellitus, current treatment with immunomodulatory agents, history of chronic pain syndromes (e.g. fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue), neurological or neurodevelopmental disorders, psychiatric disorders, metabolic syndrome (NCEP ATP III criteria), obesity (body mass index >30 kg/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>), or malnutrition (body mass index <18.5 kg/m<span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span>).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0040"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Family history of colorectal cancer, polyposis syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease or autoimmune diseases.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0045"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Substance abuse.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0050"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Taking medication that may be excreted in the faeces, pose a risk to the recipient or cause changes in the intestinal microbiota or dysbiosis (e.g. proton pump inhibitors).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0055"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">History of behaviours associated with increased risk of contracting communicable diseases:</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0060"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Risky sexual behaviour: sexual relations in the last six months with anonymous partners, multiple partners, HIV carriers, people who have used intravenous drugs or people who practice or have practiced prostitution.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0065"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Having got a tattoo, body piercing and/or acupuncture in the last six months.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0070"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Current incarceration or history of incarceration.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0075"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recent travel (in the last six months) to tropical countries, countries with endemic diarrhoeal diseases or high risk of traveller's diarrhoea (Africa, Southeast Asia, Mexico, Central America, South America or the Caribbean).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0080"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Recent needle-stick injury.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0085"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Having received blood products in the last six months.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0090"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Having received live or attenuated vaccines in the last six months.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0095"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Individuals who work with animals (to decrease risk of zoonosis transmission).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0100"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Having risk factors for colonisation by multidrug-resistant micro-organisms:</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0105"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Healthcare workers.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0110"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">-</span><p id="par0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">People in contact with the healthcare system defined as: recent hospitalisation, recent admission to long-term care centres, regular attendance at day hospitals and/or outpatient surgery.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0115"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Major gastrointestinal surgery.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0120"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Major non-gastrointestinal surgery in the last four months (e.g. pneumonectomy, cardiac intervention or thoracic surgery, severe fracture [femur, pelvis, etc.] or joint replacement [hip, knee, etc.]).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0125"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Having risk factors for Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (spongiform encephalopathy).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0130"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Having SARS-CoV-2 infection that is confirmed (by PCR) or clinically suspected (with fever, fatigue, dry cough, myalgia, dyspnoea and/or headache).</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0135"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">•</span><p id="par0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Contact with a patient with confirmed or clinically suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection in the last four weeks.</p></li></ul></p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">COVID-19 and donor selection</span><p id="par0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies have documented the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus RNA in faeces and found that it can continue to be detected even after respiratory samples yield negative results.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,9</span></a> This means there is a potential risk of Faecal –oral SARS-CoV-2 transmission. To minimise the risk of transmitting COVID-19 with FMT, in addition to the specific tests established in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>, the following measures are recommended:<ul class="elsevierStyleList" id="lis0010"><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0140"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">A</span><p id="par0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A person who has had COVID-19 (microbiologically confirmed or clinically suspected) cannot be assessed as a possible donor until 12 weeks after the resolution of the infection.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0145"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">B</span><p id="par0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A person who has had contact with a case of COVID-19 (microbiologically confirmed or clinically suspected) cannot be assessed as a possible donor until four weeks after the contact.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0150"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">C</span><p id="par0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The presence of symptoms or any positive microbiology results means that the candidate, as well as any samples the candidate may have provided in the four weeks prior to clinical and/or microbiological diagnosis, must be turned down.</p></li><li class="elsevierStyleListItem" id="lsti0155"><span class="elsevierStyleLabel">D</span><p id="par0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An asymptomatic person with positive IgG and negative results for all other tests will be considered a suitable candidate for stool donation.</p></li></ul></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:11 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1674903" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1486065" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1674902" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1486064" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Donor selection" "secciones" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Donor information sheet" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Personal interview and physical examination" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Laboratory tests" ] ] ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Validity of the selection process" ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Donor exclusion criteria" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Donor exclusion criteria" ] ] ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "COVID-19 and donor selection" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 10 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-07-03" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-09-13" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1486065" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Fecal microbiota transplant (FMT)" 1 => "Stool donors" 2 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clostridioides difficile</span>" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1486064" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Transferencia de microbiota fecal (TMF)" 1 => "Donantes de heces" 2 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clostridioides difficile</span>" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective and safe treatment to treat recurrent <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clostridioides difficile</span> infection. It is essential to make every effort to perform FMT rigorously and based on scientific knowledge. Selection of the fecal microbiota donor is a key point of the process to ensure recipient safety. It is necessary to have protocols of action that allow clinicians to act with the maximum guarantees and to minimise the risks of the procedure. For this reason, a multidisciplinary working group has been set up in Cataluña with the aim of establishing recommendations for the selection of the fecal microbiota donor.</p></span>" ] "es" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La transferencia de microbiota fecal (TMF) es un tratamiento eficaz y seguro para tratar la infección recurrente por <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clostridioides difficile.</span> Es esencial extremar esfuerzos para que la TMF se realice con rigor y en base a los conocimientos científicos. La selección del donante de microbiota fecal es un punto clave del proceso para garantizar la seguridad del receptor. Es necesario disponer de protocolos de actuación que permitan a los clínicos actuar con las máximas garantías y minimizar los riesgos del procedimiento. Por este motivo, en Cataluña se ha constituido un grupo de trabajo multidisciplinario con el objetivo de establecer unas recomendaciones para la selección del donante de microbiota fecal.</p></span>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "etiqueta" => "◊" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0040"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#sec0055">Appendix A</a> lists the members of the Catalan group for the study and development of fecal microbiota transfer.</p>" "identificador" => "fn0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0035">Please cite this article as: Aira A, Arajol C, Casals-Pascual C, González-Suárez B, Martí S, Domínguez MÁ, et al. Recomendaciones para la selección del donante para la transferencia de microbiota fecal. Documento de posicionamiento avalado por la Societat Catalana de Digestologia, la Societat Catalana de Malalties Infeccioses i Microbiologia Clínica y el grupo GEMBIOTA de la Sociedad Española de Enfermedades infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2022;40:142–146.</p>" ] ] "apendice" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "seccion" => array:2 [ 0 => array:4 [ "apendice" => "<p id="par0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Xavi Aldeguer. Gastroenterology Department. Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta [Doctor Josep Trueta University Hospital of Girona].</p> <p id="par0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Francesc Balaguer. Gastroenterology Department. Hospital Clínic de Barcelona [Clinical Hospital of Barcelona].</p> <p id="par0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Xavier Bessa i Caserras. Gastroenterology Department. Hospital del Mar [Mar Hospital].</p> <p id="par0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Natalia Borruel Sainz. Gastroenterology Department. Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron [Vall d'Hebron University Hospital].</p> <p id="par0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Xavier Calvet Calvo. Gastroenterology Department. Hospital Universitari Parc Taulí [Parc Taulí University Hospital].</p> <p id="par0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Antoni Castells. Gastroenterology Department. Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. President of the Societat Catalana de Digestologia [Catalan Society of Gastroenterology].</p> <p id="par0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Guillermo Cuervo. Infectious Disease Department. Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge [Bellvitge University Hospital].</p> <p id="par0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Maria Esteve Comas. Gastroenterology Department. Hospital Universitari MútuaTerrassa [MútuaTerrassa University Hospital].</p> <p id="par0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Francisco Guarner Aguilar. Gastroenterology Department. Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron.</p> <p id="par0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">José Manuel Fernández-Real. Endocrinology Department. Hospital Universitari de Girona Doctor Josep Trueta.</p> <p id="par0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Juan P. Horcajada. Infectious Disease Department. Hospital del Mar.</p> <p id="par0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Joaquin López-Contreras González. Infectious Disease Department. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau [Santa Creu i Sant Pau Hospital].</p> <p id="par0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Marc Llirós Dupré. Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona [Girona Biomedical Research Institute] (IdIBGi).</p> <p id="par0315" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Míriam Mañosa i Ciria. Gastroenterology Department. Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol [Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital].</p> <p id="par0320" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Lurdes Matas Andreu. Clinical Microbiology Department. Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol.</p> <p id="par0325" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ferran Navarro Risueño. Clinical Microbiology Department. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau.</p> <p id="par0330" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Roger Paredes. Infectious Disease Department. Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol.</p> <p id="par0335" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Virginia Rodríguez-Garrido. Clinical Microbiology Department. Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron.</p> <p id="par0340" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">José R. Santos. Infectious Disease Department. Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol.</p> <p id="par0345" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nieves Sopena Galindo. Infectious Disease Department. Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol.</p> <p id="par0350" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">German Soriano Pastor. Gastroenterology Department. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau.</p> <p id="par0355" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Judith Villar-García. Infectious Disease Department, Hospital del Mar.</p>" "etiqueta" => "Appendix A" "titulo" => "Catalan Working Group for the Study and Development of Faecal Microbiota Transplantation." "identificador" => "sec0055" ] 1 => array:4 [ "apendice" => "<p id="par0365" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The following are Supplementary data to this article:<elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="upi0010"></elsevierMultimedia></p>" "etiqueta" => "Appendix B" "titulo" => "Supplementary data" "identificador" => "sec0065" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:3 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at0005" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:3 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ESBL: extended-spectrum beta-lactamase; MRSA: methicillin-resistant <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Staphylococcus aureus</span>; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; TSH: thyroid-stimulating hormone.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Sample \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Determination \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Parameter \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Blood \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">General testing \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Glomerular filtration rate, liver panel, C-reactive protein, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroxine (T4), anti-transglutaminase antibodies, and lipid panel \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Bacteria \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Serology for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Treponema pallidum</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Viruses \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Serology for cytomegalovirus (IgG), Epstein–Barr virus (IgG) and herpes simplex types 1 and 2 (IgG)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Serology for hepatitis A (IgM), B (HBsAg, IgM and anti-HBc IgG), C (hepatitis C virus antibodies) and E (IgM and IgG) viruses \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Serology for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) types 1 and 2 and human T-lymphotrophic virus (HTLV) types 1 and 2 (antibodies) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Serology for SARS-CoV-2 (IgM and IgG) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Parasites \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Serology for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Strongyloides stercoralis</span> (IgG) and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toxoplasma gondii</span> (IgG) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Stool \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">General testing \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Detection of Faecal occult blood<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span></a> and calprotectin \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Bacteria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Testing for toxigenic <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clostridioides difficile</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Detection of gastrointestinal pathogens: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter</span> spp., <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Salmonella</span> spp., <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shigella</span> spp., <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Yersinia</span> spp. or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Vibrio cholerae</span>; detection of pathotypes of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span> (enterotoxigenic, enteroaggregative, enterohaemorrhagic, enteropathogenic or enteroinvasive) or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Helicobacter pylori</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">d</span></a>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Plesiomonas</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span></a><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">or Aeromonas</span><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Detection of multidrug-resistant bacteria: ESBL–producing enterobacteria, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, carbapenem-resistant enterobacteria or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Viruses<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Noroviruses, rotaviruses, adenoviruses, enteroviruses and SARS-CoV-2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Parasites<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Giardia lamblia</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Cryptosporidium</span> spp., <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Entamoeba histolytica</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Blastocystis hominis</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Dientamoeba fragilis</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Fungi<span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Microsporidia<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">e</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead rowgroup " rowspan="2" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Nasopharyngeal swab</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Bacteria<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">MRSA<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">f</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Viruses<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tblfn0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">c</span></a> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">SARS-CoV-2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab2849571.png" ] ] ] "notaPie" => array:6 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0005" "etiqueta" => "a" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">It is recommended that donors with positive serology for cytomegalovirus, Epstein–Barr virus, herpes simplex virus or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Toxoplasma gondii</span> be turned down in the case of seronegative immunocompromised recipients.</p>" ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0010" "etiqueta" => "b" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0010">For donors 40 years of age and older.</p>" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0015" "etiqueta" => "c" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0015">The detection technique is at the discretion of each microbiology laboratory.</p>" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0020" "etiqueta" => "d" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0020">Only in cases in which FMT is to be performed by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.</p>" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0025" "etiqueta" => "e" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0025">Perform if the FMT recipient is an immunosuppressed patient.</p>" ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "tblfn0030" "etiqueta" => "f" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0030">For donors who report contact with MRSA carriers.</p>" ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Screening tests to be performed in all potential stool donors.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0005" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc1.pdf" "ficheroTamanyo" => 13593 ] ] 2 => array:5 [ "identificador" => "upi0010" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAECOMPONENTE" "mostrarFloat" => false "mostrarDisplay" => true "Ecomponente" => array:2 [ "fichero" => "mmc2.pdf" "ficheroTamanyo" => 10311 ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Update on fecal microbiota transplantation 2015: indications, methodologies, mechanisms and outlook" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "C.R. Kelly" 1 => "S. Kahn" 2 => "P. Kashyap" 3 => "L. Laine" 4 => "D. Rubin" 5 => "A. Atreja" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Gastroenterology" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "149" "paginaInicial" => "223" "paginaFinal" => "237" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Faecal microbiota transplantation for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clostridium difficile</span>-associated diarrhoea: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "P. Moayyedi" 1 => "Y. Yuan" 2 => "H. Baharith" 3 => "A.C. Ford" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.5694/mja17.00295" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Med J Aust" "fecha" => "2017" "volumen" => "207" "paginaInicial" => "166" "paginaFinal" => "172" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28814204" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clostridium difficile</span> infections" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "C.M. Surawicz" 1 => "L.J. Brandt" 2 => "D.G. Binion" 3 => "A.N. Ananthakrishnan" 4 => "S.R. Curry" 5 => "P.H. Gilligan" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1038/ajg.2013.4" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Am J Gastroenterol" "fecha" => "2013" "volumen" => "108" "paginaInicial" => "478" "paginaFinal" => "498" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23439232" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "4" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Clinical practice guidelines for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Clostridium difficile</span> infection in adults and children: 2017 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA)" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => true "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => "L.C. Mc Donald" 1 => "D.N. Gerding" 2 => "S. Johnson" 3 => "J.S. Bakken" 4 => "K.C. Carroll" 5 => "S.E. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 October | 71 | 15 | 86 |
| 2024 September | 150 | 23 | 173 |
| 2024 August | 140 | 24 | 164 |
| 2024 July | 136 | 15 | 151 |
| 2024 June | 77 | 11 | 88 |
| 2024 May | 136 | 15 | 151 |
| 2024 April | 217 | 12 | 229 |
| 2024 March | 126 | 9 | 135 |
| 2024 February | 88 | 15 | 103 |
| 2024 January | 170 | 3 | 173 |
| 2023 December | 87 | 5 | 92 |
| 2023 November | 68 | 16 | 84 |
| 2023 October | 88 | 5 | 93 |
| 2023 September | 43 | 4 | 47 |
| 2023 August | 32 | 1 | 33 |
| 2023 July | 14 | 3 | 17 |
| 2023 June | 23 | 1 | 24 |
| 2023 May | 34 | 1 | 35 |
| 2023 April | 14 | 4 | 18 |
| 2023 March | 36 | 3 | 39 |
| 2023 February | 12 | 8 | 20 |
| 2023 January | 18 | 6 | 24 |
| 2022 December | 29 | 4 | 33 |
| 2022 November | 13 | 10 | 23 |
| 2022 October | 7 | 4 | 11 |
| 2022 September | 19 | 17 | 36 |
| 2022 August | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| 2022 March | 7 | 0 | 7 |
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