Original article
Epidemiology of Campylobacter spp. isolated from stool in a tertiary hospital in Cantabria, Northern Spain, from 2016 to 2020
Epidemiología de Campylobacter spp. aislado de heces en un hospital terciario de Cantabria, norte de España, de 2016 a 2020
Carlos Ruiz de Alegría-Puig
, María José Reina-Rodríguez, Ana De Malet Pintos-Fonseca
Corresponding author
Microbiology Service, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain
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How has it changed?" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => array:2 [ 0 => "en" 1 => "es" ] "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "352" "paginaFinal" => "355" ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Epidemia de virus respiratorio sincitial durante la pandemia de COVID-19. ¿Cómo ha cambiado?" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:2 [ "en" => true "es" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1170 "Ancho" => 2341 "Tamanyo" => 151103 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Number of RSV infection admissions in La Paz University Hospital, Madrid (Spain) for the epidemic seasons 2018–2019, 2019–2020 and 2021.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Lucía Hernández-Rivas, Teresa Pedraz, Cristina Calvo, Isabel San Juan, M.ª José Mellado, Ana Robustillo" "autores" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Lucía" "apellidos" => "Hernández-Rivas" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Teresa" "apellidos" => "Pedraz" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Cristina" "apellidos" => "Calvo" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Isabel" "apellidos" => "San Juan" ] 4 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "M.ª José" "apellidos" => "Mellado" ] 5 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana" "apellidos" => "Robustillo" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S2529993X23001314?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/2529993X/0000004100000006/v2_202311091242/S2529993X23001314/v2_202311091242/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:20 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "cabecera" => "<span class="elsevierStyleTextfn">Original article</span>" "titulo" => "Epidemiology of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter</span> spp. isolated from stool in a tertiary hospital in Cantabria, Northern Spain, from 2016 to 2020" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "356" "paginaFinal" => "359" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Carlos Ruiz de Alegría-Puig, María José Reina-Rodríguez, Ana De Malet Pintos-Fonseca" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Carlos" "apellidos" => "Ruiz de Alegría-Puig" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "carlosrdap@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "María José" "apellidos" => "Reina-Rodríguez" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ana De Malet" "apellidos" => "Pintos-Fonseca" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Microbiology Service, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla-IDIVAL, Santander, Spain" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Epidemiología de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter</span> spp. aislado de heces en un hospital terciario de Cantabria, norte de España, de 2016 a 2020" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1854 "Ancho" => 3175 "Tamanyo" => 516532 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Explanatory graphs of the epidemiology and resistance of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter</span> spp.</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter</span> spp. is a microaerophilic gram-negative curved bacillus with corkscrew mobility due to a polar flagellum. It is responsible in humans for a zoonosis, campylobacteriosis, are poultry, wild and domestic pets its main reservoir.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The most frequent clinical manifestation is a gastrointestinal syndrome, related to the consumption of contaminated water, unpasteurized dairy products or the consumption of undercoated birds, there are also cases of campylobacteriosis related to environmental exposure or contact with farm animals.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence and prevalence of enteritis caused by of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter</span> spp. has been increasing in the last 10 years, both in developed and developing countries, becoming the most frequent enteritis, both in adults and children,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> even higher than other recognized pathogens such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shigella</span> spp., <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Salmonella</span> spp. or toxigenic strains of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Escherichia coli</span>.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Being responsible for around 2.5 million cases/year of gastroenteritis in the USA alone<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> and sixteen million cases of gastroenteritis worldwide.</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The dramatic increase in North America, Europe and Australia is alarming, and data from regions of Africa, Asia and the Middle East indicate that campylobacteriosis is endemic in these areas, especially in children.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The species most frequently associated with gastrointestinal pathology are firstly <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. jejuni</span> followed by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span> (causing around 10%).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This increase has been favoured possibly by the greater clinical awareness of its pathogenicity and by the introduction into clinical practice first by selective culture media that facilitate its isolation and later by the use of molecular techniques, especially syndromic diagnostic panels.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Regarding clinical symptomatology,</span> campylobacteriosis is usually mild it presents with moderate clinical symptoms and resolves spontaneously treated by supportive measures without the need of antibiotic therapy, however, diarrhoea symptoms, fever, abdominal pain and nausea can become severe<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> especially in immunocompromised patients, extreme ages patients or pregnant women, in these cases antibiotic treatment is usually necessary<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> The sequelae it can cause, such as Guillain–Barre syndrome or reactive arthritis, could cause serious long-term consequences.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The resistance of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter</span> species to antimicrobials has been documented worldwide as a result of the widespread use of antimicrobial agents in both human and veterinary practices, showing resistance to ciprofloxacin (between 60 and 80%), tetracyclines (about 40%), ampicillin (about 20%) or erythromycin (about 10% even reaching 60% in case of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8,9</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multiresistance rate of 30% has been documented, considered as such, resistant to 3 or more drugs of different groups.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The aim of this study was to recognize the epidemiology distribution of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. jejuni</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span> in our health area (from 2016 to 2020) according to the sex and gender of patients, and their seasonal time course, as well as to determine the sensitivity to commonly tested antibiotics.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Material and methods</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Retrospective descriptive study, through the laboratory information system (LIS), of isolates of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Capmpylobacter</span> spp. in stool between 2016 and 2020 in the Microbiology Department of the University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, that serves a total of 313.040 census population. The protocol for these isolates included culture in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter</span> selective agar plates (CCDA selective medium, Thermo Fisher Diagnostics, Hemel Hempstead, United Kingdom) at 37<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>°C incubation in microaerophilic condition for 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>hours. Sensitivity to erythromycin 15<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg (ERY), ciprofloxacin 5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg (CIP) and tetracycline 30<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>μg (TET) was performed using Disc diffusion susceptibility testing by Kirby Bauer method for antimicrobial applying EUCAST clinical breakpoints-bacteria (v 9.0) 2019. Identification was performed with MALDI-TOF system (Vitek-MS®, BioMerieux). The statistical analysis was performed by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">X</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span> and ANOVA statistical test with SPSS program.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The statistical analysis by age, patients under 16 years old were considered children. The seasonality analysis was done by grouping the months by seasons (spring, summer, autumn and winter) and also grouping the same months of each year comparing each month with the remaining months, for the post hoc exam we used Tukey range test.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Results</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A total of 1319 campylobacteriosis were analyzed, 3.9% of the total stool cultures and 57.8% of the positive for all the enteropathogenic bacteria, isolating themselves: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. jejuni</span> 1157 (87.7%) and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span> 162 (12.3%). <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter</span> spp. was the first enteropathogen isolated in our area, far ahead of other genera such as <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Salmonella enterica</span> (25.2%), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Aeromonas</span> spp. (15.2%), <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Yersinia enterocolitica</span> (1.3%) or <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Shigella</span> spp. (0.5%). We found a small decrease in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. jejuni</span> cases in 2019, an increase in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span> and only in adults (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#fig0005">Figs. 1B and 2C</a>). In our study, it was observed in a global way that the cases of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter</span> spp increased every year, especially in August, in a more detailed study we found that we did not find statistically significant differences due to seasonality in the case of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span>, being the practically homogeneous cases throughout the year. But if differences were found in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. jejunii</span>, being more frequent in the summer and autumn seasons, especially in August and November, they are the months with the most associated cases and this difference is significant (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>A and B).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Statistically significant differences were seen in age being <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. jejuni</span> more frequent in paediatric age (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span><<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.01), especially in the first five years of life (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>D), with regard to gender distribution of campylobacteriosis was more common in men (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.02).</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On the other hand, in our study, the most frequent clinical manifestations regardless of age were: diarrhoea in 445 (55.5%) cases, acute gastroenteritis in 210 (26.2%) cases, and bloody diarrhoea in 69 (8.6%) cases. Of all of them, it was associated with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. jejuni</span> respectively in 377, 194 and 66 of the cases, as occurs in the study of Linde Nielsen H. et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The majority isolation in both age groups remains <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. jejuni</span>, but in adults the percentage of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span> isolates is higher than in children, 19.75% in adults compared to 8.13% in children (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>B). The rates of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. jejuni</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span> isolates in children under 2 years of age have declined from the total number of isolates in the age range under 16 years. The percentage of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span> isolates in children under two years of age compared to the total number of isolates in children is reversed and decreases from 50% in 2016, more than 39.5% of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. jejuni</span>, to 11.4% in 2020, less than 19.6% of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. jejuni</span> (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>C).</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In general, in our area the antibiotic resistance of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter</span> spp. strains has remained constant with an average in the last five years of 3.6% for erythromycin, 87.6% for ciprofloxacin and 79.8% for tetracycline, similar to other series in Spain,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> with the percentages of resistance in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C coli</span> larger than in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. jejuni</span>, and significant for erythromycin (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.03).</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">If we do this calculation for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. jejuni</span> separately, resistance increases in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span>, being 0.6%, 87.8% and 78.8% in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. jejuni</span> and 25.4%, 86.3% and 87.6.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Discussion</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We do not demonstrate seasonality for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span> but do so for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. jejuni</span> as other authors do<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> perhaps because we have studied five years only, despite which the relationship with summer months by accumulated cases is clear, but we found no explanation for those small peaks of incidence in the months of December and January for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span>.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our data are in line with the overall resistance data issued by the Spanish authorities, for example it cites resistance levels in 2018 in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. jejuni</span> of 90.1% and 80.1% for ciprofloxacin and tetracycline respectively, when in our case they would reach 92.68% and 84.95% respectively. In the case of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span>, this report talks about resistance of 93.3% for ciprofloxacin and tetracycline, reaching in our area percentages of 81.48% and 74.07% respectively. For erythromycin in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span> the resistance in Spain was of 26.7% in 2018, being in our case 14.8% although in some years it has reached 36% resistance as in 2017 or 34.8% in 2016.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0140"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> It would also be in line with what was published in our country about <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter</span> spp. and antibiotic resistance in livestock, with proportion of resistance, for example, to ERY in C. coli very high (67%) for pigs, high (35%) for broilers and turkeys, and moderate (19%) for cattle, and values in C. jejuni from all host species were <3% and significantly lower than those from <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span>.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Finally campylobacteriosis has remained relatively stable in our area of influence as in other parts of Spain.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Conclusions</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Although there is an overall decrease in campylobacteriosis we found an increase in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span> cases in the last year that will need to be analyzed in more detail, but we suspect that the new proteomic identification systems have to do with the best identification among <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter</span> species. There is a significant difference in distribution relative to age, more frequent being <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. jejuni</span> in paediatric age, especially in the first years of life. Regarding gender distribution of campylobacteriosis is more common in men. Infection by <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span> does not follow a seasonal pattern, it is constant throughout the year, while against <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. jejuni</span> it is more frequent in summer and autumn. There is no seasonality. The percentage of antibiotic resistance analyzed is in line with the resistance observed at the national level. Increased antibiotic resistance is also observed in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span>, significant for erythromycin.</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion there is not an increase of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. jejuni</span> and its resistance in contrast to veterinary publications. On the other hand there is a not alarming increase of incidence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span> and its resistance in our health area, which we attribute to better identification and CMI methods, but that we must watch.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Transparency declarations</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All authors have nothing to declare. This study has not been financially supported by any Diagnostic/Pharmaceutical company.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Ethical approval</span><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Not applicable.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Funding</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was supported by <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Plan Nacional de I+D+i 2013–2016</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs2">Instituto de Salud Carlos III</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs3">Subdirección General de Redes y Centros de Investigación Cooperativa</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs4">Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad</span>, <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs5">Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases</span> (<span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs5">REIPI RD16/0016/0007</span>).</p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:15 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2007026" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1719608" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres2007025" "titulo" => "Resumen" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1719607" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Material and methods" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] 9 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Transparency declarations" ] 10 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Ethical approval" ] 11 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Funding" ] 12 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 13 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack701119" "titulo" => "Acknowledgments" ] 14 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2021-12-23" "fechaAceptado" => "2022-03-31" "PalabrasClave" => array:2 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1719608" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter coli</span>" 1 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter jejuni</span>" 2 => "MALDI-TOF" 3 => "Erythromycin" ] ] ] "es" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Palabras clave" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1719607" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter coli</span>" 1 => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter jejuni</span>" 2 => "MALDI-TOF" 3 => "Eritromicina" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:2 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter coli</span> has increased and with greater resistance to antibiotics than <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter jejuni</span>.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objectives</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To determine the epidemiology distribution of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter</span> spp. in our health area, and the sensitivity to commonly tested antibiotics.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Retrospective descriptive study of cases of campylobacteriosis (2016–2020) recovered from stool cultures as laboratory routine protocol. Sensitivity was tested following EUCAST recommendations.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Of 1319 campylobacteriosis (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. jejuni</span> 87.7%, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span> 12.3%) we found a decrease in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. jejuni</span> cases in 2019, and an increase in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span>. Statistically significant differences were seen in age and gender distribution. The resistance percentages have generally decreased, with higher percentages of resistance in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span> than in <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. jejuni</span>, being significant for erythromycin.</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusions</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">There is not an increase of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. jejuni</span> and its resistance but there is a not alarming increase of incidence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span> and its resistance in our health area.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objectives" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] "es" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Resumen" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introducción</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La incidencia de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter coli</span> ha aumentado y con mayor resistencia a los antibióticos que <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter jejuni.</span></p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Objetivos</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Determinar la distribución epidemiológica de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter</span> spp. en nuestra área de salud y la sensibilidad a los antibióticos comúnmente probados.</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Métodos</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de casos de campilobacteriosis (2016-2020) recuperados de coprocultivos con el protocolo de rutina del laboratorio. La sensibilidad se probó siguiendo las recomendaciones de EUCAST.</p></span> <span id="abst0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Resultados</span><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">De 1.319 campilobacteriosis (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. jejuni</span> 87,7%, <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span> 12,3%) se encontró una disminución en los casos de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. jejuni</span> en 2019, y un aumento en <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span>. Se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la distribución de edad y género. Los porcentajes de resistencia han disminuido en general, con porcentajes más altos de resistencia en <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span> que en <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. jejuni</span>, siendo significativos para la eritromicina.</p></span> <span id="abst0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusiones</span><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">No hay un aumento de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. jejuni</span> ni de su resistencia, pero sí un aumento no alarmante de la incidencia de <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">C. coli</span> y su resistencia en nuestra área de salud.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0030" "titulo" => "Introducción" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0035" "titulo" => "Objetivos" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0040" "titulo" => "Métodos" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0045" "titulo" => "Resultados" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0050" "titulo" => "Conclusiones" ] ] ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1854 "Ancho" => 3175 "Tamanyo" => 516532 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Explanatory graphs of the epidemiology and resistance of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter</span> spp.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Fig. 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1920 "Ancho" => 3175 "Tamanyo" => 468357 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Explanatory graphs of the epidemiology of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Campylobacter</span> spp.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:15 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Source attribution of human Campylobacteriosis using meta-analysis of case–control studies of sporadic infections" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "A.R. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 2 | 4 | 6 |
| 2024 October | 13 | 3 | 16 |
| 2024 September | 29 | 10 | 39 |
| 2024 August | 22 | 13 | 35 |
| 2024 July | 11 | 6 | 17 |
| 2024 June | 17 | 9 | 26 |
| 2024 May | 15 | 5 | 20 |
| 2024 April | 16 | 7 | 23 |
| 2024 March | 9 | 4 | 13 |
| 2024 February | 4 | 12 | 16 |
| 2024 January | 7 | 2 | 9 |
| 2023 December | 4 | 9 | 13 |
