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Diagnosis at first sight
Chronic cough in an immigrant patient
Tos crónica en paciente inmigrante
Domingo Fernández Vecillaa,c,
Corresponding author
domingofvec@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Mónica Saiz Camínb,c, José Luis Díaz de Tuesta del Arcoa,c
a Servicio de Microbiología y Parasitología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de Basurto, Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain
b Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario de Cruces, Barakaldo, Vizcaya, Spain
c Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biocruces Bizkaia, Barakaldo, Vizcaya, Spain
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1</a>&#41; revealed a mass that occupied practically the entire left lung&#44; and the patient was admitted for study with IV levofloxacin 500&#8239;mg&#47;24&#8239;h&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sputum culture and SARS-CoV-2 PCR were negative&#44; so a computed tomography &#40;CT&#41; scan was performed&#44; whereby large pleural cystic lesions of up to 12&#8239;cm and with multiple internal septa were observed &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46; Other lesions protruded towards the left pectoral between the second and third costal arch&#44; extending from the left lung base to the left hypochondrium and the posterior face of the spleen&#44; consistent with diffuse pleural hydatid disease&#46; A serology sample was obtained for the detection of serum antibodies against <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinococcus granulosus</span>&#46; The <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Hydatidose Fumouze</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">R</span> &#40;Fumouze Diagnostics&#44; Levallois-Perret&#44; France&#41; test detected serum antibodies at titres 1&#58;1&#44;024&#44; which was confirmed by a second sample&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Clinical course</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Multiple cystectomy was decided on&#44; and the patient received a 400-mg dose of albendazole four hours prior to surgery&#46; Up to 15 different cysts were resected and sent to Pathology&#44; with cystic formations consisting of a fibrous wall on the periphery with fine concentric laminations and a central germinal layer being observed&#46; The cystic wall caused a peripheral inflammatory reaction with abundant eosinophils and multinucleated foreign-body giant cells &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0015">Fig&#46; 3</a>&#41;&#46; The patient received 400&#8239;mg&#47;12&#8239;h of oral albendazole for three months with clinical improvement&#46; Six months later&#44; a CT was performed with only a 35-mm paramediastinal cystic lesion observed&#44; along with another 25-mm lesion in the area of the inferior pulmonary ligament&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Closing remarks</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cystic echinococcosis &#40;CE&#41; or hydatid disease is a parasitic zoonosis that is caused in humans by the larval stage of three different species of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinococcus</span> spp&#46;&#44; including <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinococcus granulosus&#44; Echinococcus ortleppi</span> and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Echinococcus canadensis</span>&#46; The World Health Organization considers it to be one of the 20 neglected tropical diseases&#59; diseases that are almost totally absent from global health programmes causing personal and professional harm to neglected populations&#46; The disease has a global distribution&#44; with higher prevalence in countries in Mediterranean countries&#44; North and East Africa and China&#44; among others&#46; In a recent article&#44; Casulli et al&#46; reported the incidence of cases in many European countries&#46; In Spain&#44; the incidence in the period 1997&#8211;2020 was one case per 100&#44;000 inhabitants&#44; while in the period 2017&#8211;2019 it was 0&#46;56 cases per 100&#44;000 inhabitants&#44; with a total of 10&#44;675 reported cases and a decreasing trend since 1997&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">It is transmitted within the domestic domain&#44; with dogs participating as definitive hosts&#44; small ruminants as intermediate hosts and humans as accidental hosts&#46; Eggs released by infected dogs remain the most important source of infection&#46; Hydatid disease is usually asymptomatic until a complication occurs&#44; from cyst rupture causing an anaphylactic reaction&#44; to development of a fistula or mass effect on surrounding structures&#44; and it is frequently an incidental finding&#46; Most patients present with a single cystic lesion located in a single organ&#44; most typically the liver &#40;in up to 70&#37; of cases&#41;&#46; Oncospheres can sometimes bypass the hepatic circulation system and gain access to the systemic circulation system&#44; from which they can spread to other organs such as the lung &#40;most common extrahepatic area of involvement&#41;&#44; abdominal or pleural cavities&#44; kidney&#44; brain or the eye&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> However&#44; isolated lung involvement is uncommon in hydatid disease&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The diagnosis is fundamentally based on clinical findings&#44; epidemiological history&#44; serology and imaging studies&#46; Definitive diagnosis is reached by finding the parasite in the microscopic examination of the hydatid cyst fluid or in the histological sample&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In Spain&#44; the number of cases of CE&#44; both autochthonous and imported&#44; seem to be underdiagnosed for two reasons&#58; &#40;a&#41; diagnostic tests &#40;ultrasound&#47;CT and serology&#41; are only performed in symptomatic patients&#59; and &#40;b&#41; reporting of cases to the epidemiological surveillance systems is suboptimal&#46; In fact&#44; the review by Zabala et al&#46; highlights the deficiency of the current Spanish and European reporting systems due to the disparity of cases reported in the literature compared to those declared&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">On another note&#44; treatment is based on three important points&#58; use of antiparasitics&#44; surgery or percutaneous drainage &#40;PAIR&#41;&#44; although the latter is contraindicated in cases of pulmonary hydatid disease&#44; which requires taking a surgical approach using thoracotomy&#46; In symptomatic patients with cysts smaller than 5&#8239;cm or that are inoperable&#44; benzimidazoles can be used as the only treatment&#44; generally in the form of albendazole 400&#8239;mg twice a day for six months&#44; as well as alongside surgery or PAIR to prevent secondary echinococcosis &#40;or hydatid seeding&#41;&#46; In the case of asymptomatic carriers&#44; the &#8220;watch-and-wait&#8221; therapeutic approach may be used in heterogeneous or calcified cysts &#40;CE4&#44; CE5 or even inactivated CE3b from the classification of cysts by ultrasound diagnosis&#41;&#46; Treatment with albendazole prior to or after surgery is mandatory in many cases given the high risk of secondary seeding after cystectomy&#46; Depending on the clinical situation and the number or size of the cysts&#44; the most appropriate type of treatment will be selected jointly&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Follow-up of the cases should be carried out every six months during the first two years with imaging and serological tests&#46; However&#44; there is no clear unification of criteria and there are discrepancies in clinical practice &#40;in our case serological follow-up was not performed&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Informed consent</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Consent was obtained from the patient for the publication of the case&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Funding</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No funding was received for the drafting of this scientific letter&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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