Family stress experience in dealing with child victims of sexual violence
Rara Anggraini, Novy Helena Catharina Daulima
, Ice Yulia Wardhani
Corresponding author
Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
Read
1919
Timeswas read the article
624
Total PDF
1295
Total HTML
Share statistics
array:23 [ "pii" => "S1130862118301827" "issn" => "11308621" "doi" => "10.1016/S1130-8621(18)30182-7" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2018-02-01" "aid" => "70072" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U.. All rights reserved" "copyrightAnyo" => "2018" "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Enferm Clin. 2018;28 Supl 1:343-6" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 294 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 28 "HTML" => 157 "PDF" => 109 ] ] "itemSiguiente" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1130862118301839" "issn" => "11308621" "doi" => "10.1016/S1130-8621(18)30183-9" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2018-02-01" "aid" => "70073" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U." "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Enferm Clin. 2018;28 Supl 1:347-52" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 505 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 44 "HTML" => 337 "PDF" => 124 ] ] "en" => array:10 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "The experience of older people living in nursing home (Panti Wredha) in DKI Jakarta, Indonesia" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "347" "paginaFinal" => "352" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Etty Rekawati, Junaiti Sahar, Widyatuti, Ibnu Abas, Chaidir" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Etty" "apellidos" => "Rekawati" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Junaiti" "apellidos" => "Sahar" ] 2 => array:1 [ "apellidos" => "Widyatuti" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ibnu" "apellidos" => "Abas" ] 4 => array:1 [ "apellidos" => "Chaidir" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130862118301839?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/11308621/00000028000000S1/v4_201810090949/S1130862118301839/v4_201810090949/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S1130862118301815" "issn" => "11308621" "doi" => "10.1016/S1130-8621(18)30181-5" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2018-02-01" "aid" => "70071" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U." "documento" => "article" "crossmark" => 0 "subdocumento" => "fla" "cita" => "Enferm Clin. 2018;28 Supl 1:337-42" "abierto" => array:3 [ "ES" => true "ES2" => true "LATM" => true ] "gratuito" => true "lecturas" => array:2 [ "total" => 585 "formatos" => array:3 [ "EPUB" => 42 "HTML" => 380 "PDF" => 163 ] ] "en" => array:11 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Effectiveness of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Lafiska</span> exercise on risk of fall, balance, and health status in the elderly" "tienePdf" => "en" "tieneTextoCompleto" => "en" "tieneResumen" => "en" "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "337" "paginaFinal" => "342" ] ] "contieneResumen" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contieneTextoCompleto" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "contienePdf" => array:1 [ "en" => true ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "f0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 694 "Ancho" => 979 "Tamanyo" => 76706 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="sp0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Flowchart of participants through the study. BBS, Berg Balance Scale; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; PSTW, Pan-ti Sosial Tresna Werdha.</p>" ] ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "autoresLista" => "Dwi Nurviyandari Kusuma Wati, Junaiti Sahar, Etty Rekawati" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Dwi Nurviyandari" "apellidos" => "Kusuma Wati" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Junaiti" "apellidos" => "Sahar" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Etty" "apellidos" => "Rekawati" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130862118301815?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/11308621/00000028000000S1/v4_201810090949/S1130862118301815/v4_201810090949/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:13 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Family stress experience in dealing with child victims of sexual violence" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "343" "paginaFinal" => "346" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Rara Anggraini, Novy Helena Catharina Daulima, Ice Yulia Wardhani" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Rara" "apellidos" => "Anggraini" ] 1 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Novy Helena" "apellidos" => "Catharina Daulima" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "novy_hc@ui.ac.id" ] "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Ice Yulia" "apellidos" => "Wardhani" ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "entidad" => "Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "*" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="s0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0035">Introduction</span><p id="p0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Childhood is an important stage of life that must be loved and protected. Nevertheless, today's conditions, including poverty, unemployment, low morality, and the role of information technology has been contributing to violence against children, including exploitation and trafficking<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>. A large population, particularly of children, has led to Indonesia becoming one of the most targeted sources of human trafficking. The population of Indonesia has reached 258,708,986 individuals<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a>, making it the fourth most populous country in the world. In addition, there are approximately 89.5 million children in Indonesia, accounting for over one-third of the total population (37.66%)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>.</p><p id="p0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">UNICEF indicated that poverty puts children at a higher risk of exploitation, harassment, violence, discrimination, and stigmatization<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a>. Of these, violence has become a major problem in Indonesia. Child abuse is physical, sexual, or emotional violence; kidnapping; and neglect committed by relatives or others<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>. Violence against children is more prevalent in West Borneo due to economic inequalities, low educational level, and geographical conditions. Similarly, children trafficking is higher in this region<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0030"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>. Victims are forced to work as sex workers or laborers. The Commission for Child Protection (KPAI) of West Borneo Region reported that there were 39 cases of violence against children in 2011; this figure increased considerably to 56 cases in 2013, and the number of cases had nearly doubled to 101 cases in 2015; majority of these cases were sexual abuse and neglect<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0035"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a>.</p><p id="p0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sexual violence against children includes child fondling, intercourse, sodomy, rape, exploitation through prostitution or pornography material for manufacture<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0040"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>. Violence can affect the quality of life of children<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0045"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a>. A study showed that sexual violence led to self-negligence, low self-esteem, and altered behavior such as sleep and activity disturbances<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a>. Another study revealed that sexual violence resulted in nutritional problems, sleep disturbances, and social isola-tion<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a>. Furthermore, violence impeded their development to a higher level. Adults who had experienced sexual violence in childhood reported facing difficulties in fulfilling development tasks, including in their marriage and work lives<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a>.</p><p id="p0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Families play an essential role in supporting child survivors of sexual violence. Emotional support from parents, especially mothers, helped children deal with the feelings of guilt and self-blame<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a>. Families of children who experienced sexual violence might be stressed out, and furthermore, depressed<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a>.</p></span><span id="s0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0040">Method</span><p id="p0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This qualitative research employed the phenomenology design, and aimed to explore the family experience of living with child victims of sexual violence. The study was conducted in the province of West Borneo, Indonesia. A purposive sample of six families was involved in this study with the following inclusion criteria: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1)</span> families with children who were victims of sexual abuse by a perpetrator who was not a family member; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2)</span> families of children who were victims of sexual violence by someone who acted as the primary caregiver for the child at home, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3)</span> the participants were willing to participate in the study and signed the informed consent form provided.</p><p id="p0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Instruments in this qualitative study were the researchers themselves. The capability of the researchers was tested by having trials of in-depth interviews. The researchers were equipped with a recorder, interview guidelines sheets, and field notes to record the results of observation during the interview process, including the environmental situation and non-verbal communication expressed by the participants.</p><p id="p0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Data were collected using in-depth interviews. The study was conducted by upholding the principles of autonomy, beneficence, and justice. Data from interview transcripts and field notes were quoted verbatim, and analyzed by Collaizi's method. The legality and the validity were determined using the following 4 steps: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1)</span> credibility; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2)</span> dependability; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3)</span> conformability, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4)</span> transferability.</p></span><span id="s0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0045">Results</span><p id="p0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Study participants were six nuclear families (parents) with children who were victims of sexual violence in West Borneo. The families were represented by 2 males and 4 females with ages ranging from 31-54 years. On average, the highest educational level of the participants was elementary school. The job types of the participants varied from private employees, farmers, and unemployed. All participants in the study were of the Islamic faith. The participants were of Java, Malay, Bugis, and Sambas origins.</p><p id="p0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There were 4 male and 4 female children, and their ages ranged from 3-17 years. The types of violence experienced by children were sodomy, sexual abuse, and rapes. The length of childrearing was 6 months to 5 years.</p><p id="p0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study generated the following 5 themes: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1)</span> sexual violence and the subsequent behavioral changes in children as a source of family stress; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2)</span> family stress as a response to changes in the family process; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3)</span> social support systems as sources of the family's strengths; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4)</span> spiritual activities for coping with stress, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5)</span> parenting changes as a family learning and evaluation.</p><span id="s0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0050">Theme 1. Sexual violence and the subsequent behavior changes in children as a source of family stress</span><p id="p0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Sexual violence might cause some changes in the children, thereby causing family stress. The changes include rebelling or being irritable and lazy. In addition, the children might show decline in academic performance.</p><p id="p0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The participants' statements are listed below:</p><p id="p0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“My son has been more irritable recently. He was an obedient child, but after the violence a year ago, he changed, he sees his parents like friends whom he can mad and yell at” (P1).</p><p id="p0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“This is also a headache for me; after the incident, she/he rebels, becomes emotional, irritable” (P5).</p><p id="p0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“Another problem is: I (am) frequently contacted by his/her teacher, and a year after the incident, she repeated a grade” (P3).</p></span><span id="s0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0055">Theme 2. Family stress as a response to changes in the family process</span><p id="p0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Families reported physical changes, including changes in sleep and eating patterns, and other physical complaints:</p><p id="p0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“I could not eat, my child's problem made me feel so weak” (P1).</p><p id="p0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“I found all foods bland” (P2).</p><p id="p0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“I fainted, I had my diabetes relapsed because of that incident” (P6).</p><p id="p0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“I could not sleep at night thinking of what has happened to my child” (P4).</p><p id="p0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Families also reported psychological changes as follows:</p><p id="p0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“I always blame myself; this incident has taught me a lot, because prior to the incident, I was so busy with works” (P2).</p><p id="p0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“I become more emotional after the incident. I often yell at my children” (P1).</p><p id="p0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“It was a shame, a disgrace to the family. Everyone knew I felt so ashamed, everyone knew our disgrace” (P4).</p><p id="p0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“I am afraid that my child will do the same (sodomy) in the future, because, as people say, those who do this were the victim in the past, and that is the fear I have in mind right now” (P1).</p><p id="p0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Social changes are illustrated below:</p><p id="p0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“Perhaps for 3-4 days I felt lazy. I was very lazy to work” (P2).</p><p id="p0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“I barely ever leave the home. I usually sit alone because I feel ashamed that this happened” (P4).</p><p id="p0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“I was a seller, but ever since that incident, I don't go working anymore. I used to sell cakes at my usual pitch close to a farm, but now I don't want to work anymore” (P5).</p></span><span id="s0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0060">Theme 3: Social support as a source of the family's strength</span><p id="p0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Social support came from large families:</p><p id="p0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“My family gave supports, especially my sister. My husband and my sister talked to my son not to do the same thing to his mother. They also said that if his mother knew, she would not let that thing happen to him” (P1).</p><p id="p0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“My mother-in-law gave an advice. She said that I have to face everything happened” (P2).</p><p id="p0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“When that happened, all families in Pontianak supported and motivated us” (P4).</p><p id="p0170" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“I got full supports from families and my children in particular” (P6).</p><p id="p0175" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Other support came from neighborhoods and local leaders:</p><p id="p0180" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“There were no changes in relationships with neighbors; even they supported us” (P1).</p><p id="p0185" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“I and the local leaders immediately reported the incident to have a medical exam” (P4).</p><p id="p0190" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The last source of support included the Ministry of Social Affairs, KPAI, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs):</p><p id="p0195" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“Alhamdulillah (Thank God) we were helped by the government through KPAI” (P6).</p><p id="p0200" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“I got supports from the local government and the Ministry of Health after the incident” (P5).</p><p id="p0205" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“Because we got sympathy from the NGOs and KPAI” (P4).</p></span><span id="s0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0065">Theme 4: Spiritual activities for coping with stress</span><p id="p0210" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Families managed stress with various social activities:</p><p id="p0215" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“I am selling things, doing sports, having activities, and talking with neighbors, I do all these things as usual” (P2).</p><p id="p0220" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“I managed my stress by doing sports, I don't think about it over, when someone asks to go out, then I will go and (temporarily) forget it” (P6)</p><p id="p0225" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Families also reported coping with stress by participating in spiritual activities:</p><p id="p0230" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“I managed my stress by being busy with activities, such as reciting Quran, doing my hobby like playing rebana, participating in study groups (pengajian) every Friday noon or night, doing dzikir [praying] with friends. These make me feel calm” (P5).</p><p id="p0235" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“I pray, recite Quran; whenever I have a chance, I recite Quran. I can only pray to God, that there would be a silver lining for what has happened to my child” (P1).</p></span><span id="s0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0070">Theme 5: Parenting changes as a family learning and evaluation</span><p id="p0240" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The families learned how to deal with the problems related to the sexual violence against their children and its impacts on the children and the family process. The first parenting change in the family was supervising their children:</p><p id="p0245" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“Although my other child is still young, I will keep an eye on her (pointing to the younger child). I was afraid and traumatized. I keep a constant watch on her when she plays with her nieces or inside her room. Once is enough; I would never expect this to happen again” (P1).</p><p id="p0250" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“I keep my children and never allow them to leave home. Even if he/ she wants to leave, I have to know where and what for” (P4).</p><p id="p0255" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The second parenting change is improving communication with the children:</p><p id="p0260" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“As a family, we could only give advices, for instance, ask them not to late come back home at night” (P2).</p><p id="p0265" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“Yeah, teaching them, giving them advices, and directing them” (P6).</p><p id="p0270" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The third parenting change is showing affection to the children:</p><p id="p0275" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">“I used to spend my time at work, but now most of my time is spent with my family” (P2).</p></span></span><span id="s0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0075">Discussion</span><p id="p0280" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Stress experienced by families whose children are victims of sexual violence can cause several changes in the family, especially to the primary caregiver. Caregivers are those who fully care for an individual, and can be the family, relatives, or otherwise<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a>. Stress might contribute to family dysfunctions, or disturbances in the physical, psychological, and spiritual aspects of one or more of the family units<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a>. Changes in the family process including physical and psychological changes. Physical changes included disturbances in sleep and nutritional pattern. Meanwhile, psychological changes included feelings of guilty, disgrace, disappointment, worry, and anxiety.</p><p id="p0285" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Behavioral changes in children include being rebellious; feeling emotional, irritable, or unmotivated; and exhibiting declined academic performance. Sexual violence would not only affect the victims' physical conditions<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a>, but also affect their maturity and mental health.</p><p id="p0290" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The source of family support might come from large/extended families, the community, and the government. The ability of the family to cope depends on external and internal factors. The coping strategy adopted by the family could also be classified into strategies of community, relationship, cognitive aspects, and spirituality.</p><p id="p0295" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There were changes in the parenting pattern as a learning process in response to the experience of sexual violence. Parenting pattern is the way parents motivate their children to change their behaviors, knowledge, and values. Parenting modification that might be done: included adequate supervision, communication enhancement, and affection. Warm behaviors along with modification have been proven to decrease the unintended behaviors of children<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a>.</p></span><span id="s0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0080">Conclusions</span><p id="p0300" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study discussed the experience of families with children who were victims of sexual violence. The study generated the following 5 themes: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1)</span> sexual violence and the subsequent behavioral changes in children as a source of family stress; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2)</span> family stress as a response to changes in the family process; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3)</span> social support systems as sources of the family's strengths; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4)</span> spiritual activities for coping with stress, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5)</span> parenting changes as a family learning and evaluation. The results of the study suggested the development of School Mental Health Unit to help families, and the community, identify and prevent sexual violence. In addition, the School Mental Health Unit would be a useful source for students who have experienced sexual violence to function well at school.</p><span id="s0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0085">Acknowledgment</span><p id="p0305" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Financial support was provided by the Directorate of Research and Community Service of Universitas Indonesia.</p></span><span id="s0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0090">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="p0310" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflicts of interest.</p></span></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1092655" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abs0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abs0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abs0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abs0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1035527" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "s0015" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0020" "titulo" => "Theme 1. Sexual violence and the subsequent behavior changes in children as a source of family stress" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0025" "titulo" => "Theme 2. Family stress as a response to changes in the family process" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0030" "titulo" => "Theme 3: Social support as a source of the family's strength" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0035" "titulo" => "Theme 4: Spiritual activities for coping with stress" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0040" "titulo" => "Theme 5: Parenting changes as a family learning and evaluation" ] ] ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0045" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "s0050" "titulo" => "Conclusions" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0055" "titulo" => "Acknowledgment" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "s0060" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] ] ] 7 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1035527" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Child" 1 => "Sexual violence" 2 => "Family" 3 => "Stress" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abs0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0010">Objective</span><p id="sp0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Stress is one of the responses experienced by families with child victims of sexual violence. The purpose of this study was to explore in depth the stress experienced by families dealing with child victims of sexual violence.</p></span> <span id="abs0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0015">Method</span><p id="sp0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This qualitative study employed the phenomenology approach. A purposive sample of six families participated in the study. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi's method.</p></span> <span id="abs0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0020">Results</span><p id="sp0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study discussed the experience of family with children who are victims of sexual violence. This study generated the following 5 themes: <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">1)</span> sexual violence and the subsequent behavior changes in children as a source of family stress; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">2)</span> Family stress as a response to changes in the family process; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">3)</span> social support as sources of the family's strengths; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">4)</span> spiritual activities for coping with stress, and <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">5)</span> parenting changes as a family learning and evaluation.</p></span> <span id="abs0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="st0025">Conclusions</span><p id="sp0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Results suggested the development of the School Mental Health Unit to help families, and the community, identify and prevent sexual violence. In addition, the School Mental Health Unit would be a useful source for students who experience sexual violence to function well at school.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abs0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abs0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abs0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abs0020" "titulo" => "Conclusions" ] ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bs0010" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:18 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0005" "etiqueta" => "1." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The relationship between parental presence and child sexual violence : Evidence from thirteen countries in sub-Saharan Africa" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "R. Kidman" 1 => "T. Palermo" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.10.018" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Child Abuse Negl" "fecha" => "2016" "volumen" => "51" "paginaInicial" => "172" "paginaFinal" => "180" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26631421" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0010" "etiqueta" => "2." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "Available at: <a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" target="_blank" id="intr0010" href="http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bang-kok/@ilo-jakarta/documents/presentation/wcms_346599.pdf">http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@asia/@ro-bang-kok/@ilo-jakarta/documents/presentation/wcms_346599.pdf</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Bada Pusat Statistik" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R. Ritonga" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Kebutuhan Data Ketenagaker-jaan untuk Pembangunan Berkelanjutan" "serieFecha" => "2016" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0015" "etiqueta" => "3." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "S.R. James" 1 => "K.A. Nelson" 2 => "J.W. Ashwill" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Nursing care of children: Principles and practice" "edicion" => "4" "serieFecha" => "2013" ] ] ] ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0020" "etiqueta" => "4." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "G.W. Stuart" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Principles and practice of phsyciatric nursing" "edicion" => "10" "serieFecha" => "2013" ] ] ] ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0025" "etiqueta" => "5." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "referenciaCompleta" => "PSW UGM. Hasil-Hasil Penelitian PSW UGM tahun 2009. 2013. Available at: <a id="intr0015" class="elsevierStyleInterRef" href="http://psw.ugm.ac.id/?p=158">http://psw.ugm.ac.id/?p=158</a>" ] ] ] 5 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0030" "etiqueta" => "6." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "Available at: <a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" target="_blank" id="intr0020" href="http://puslit.kemsos.go.id/download/291">http://puslit.kemsos.go.id/download/291</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "R.I. Kementerian Sosial" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Perlindungan Sosial Bagi Anak Tindakan Kekerasan" "serieFecha" => "2013" ] ] ] ] ] ] 6 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0035" "etiqueta" => "7." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "Available at: <a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" target="_blank" id="intr0025" href="http://psikologi.uin-malang.ac.id/wp-content/up-loads/2014/03/Dinamika-Psikologis-Kekerasan-Seksual-Sebuah-Studi-Fenomenologi.pdf">http://psikologi.uin-malang.ac.id/wp-content/up-loads/2014/03/Dinamika-Psikologis-Kekerasan-Seksual-Sebuah-Studi-Fenomenologi.pdf</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Dinamika psikologis kekerasan seksual: sebuah studi fenomenologi" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "M.K. Fuadi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Jurnal Psikologi Islam" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "8" "paginaInicial" => "191" "paginaFinal" => "208" "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0140673615010375" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "01406736" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 7 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0040" "etiqueta" => "8." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "Available at: <a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" target="_blank" id="intr0030" href="http://www.kpai.go.id/artikel/temuan-dan-rekomendasi-kpai-tentang-perlindungan-anak-di-bidang-perdagangan-anak-traf-ficking-dan-eksploitasi-terhadap-anak/">http://www.kpai.go.id/artikel/temuan-dan-rekomendasi-kpai-tentang-perlindungan-anak-di-bidang-perdagangan-anak-traf-ficking-dan-eksploitasi-terhadap-anak/</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "colaboracion" => "Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia (KPAI)" "etal" => false ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Temuan dan reko-mendasi KPAI tentang perlindungan anak di bidang perdagangan (trafficking) dan eksploitasi terhadap anak" "serieFecha" => "2014" ] ] ] ] ] ] 8 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0045" "etiqueta" => "9." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Child Abuse and its Relation to Quality of Life of Male and Female Children" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "E.F. Chahine" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Procedia Soc Behav Sci" "fecha" => "2014" "volumen" => "159" "paginaInicial" => "161" "paginaFinal" => "168" ] ] ] ] ] ] 9 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "10." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "comentario" => "Available at: <a class="elsevierStyleInterRef" target="_blank" id="intr0035" href="http://psikologi.uin-malang.ac.id/wp-content/up-loads/2014/03/Dinamika-Psikologis-Kekerasan-Seksual-Sebuah-Studi-Fenomenologi.pdf">http://psikologi.uin-malang.ac.id/wp-content/up-loads/2014/03/Dinamika-Psikologis-Kekerasan-Seksual-Sebuah-Studi-Fenomenologi.pdf</a>" "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Dinamika psikologis kekerasan seksual: sebuah studi fenomenologi" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "M.K. Fuadi" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Jurnal Psikologi Islam" "fecha" => "2011" "volumen" => "8" "paginaInicial" => "191" "paginaFinal" => "208" "itemHostRev" => array:3 [ "pii" => "S0302283814001857" "estado" => "S300" "issn" => "03022838" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 10 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "11." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "The effects of childhood sexual abuse on children's phsychology and employment" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "M.A. Wohab" 1 => "S. Akhter" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Procedia Soc Behav Sci" "fecha" => "2010" "volumen" => "5" "paginaInicial" => "144" "paginaFinal" => "149" ] ] ] ] ] ] 11 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "12." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "(2015). Transition to adulthood of child sexual abuse victims" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "R. De Jong" 1 => "L. Alink" 2 => "C. Bijleveld" 3 => "C. Finkenauer" 4 => "J. Hendriks" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Aggress Violent Behav" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "24" "paginaInicial" => "175" "paginaFinal" => "187" ] ] ] ] ] ] 12 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0065" "etiqueta" => "13." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "(2015). Maternal support following childhood sexual abuse: Associations with children's adjustment post-disclosure and at 9-month follow-up" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "K. Zajac" 1 => "M.E. Ralston" 2 => "D.W. Smith" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.02.011" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Child Abuse Negl" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "44" "paginaInicial" => "66" "paginaFinal" => "75" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25736053" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 13 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0070" "etiqueta" => "14." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Brain Informatics" "serieFecha" => "2010" ] ] ] ] ] ] 14 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0075" "etiqueta" => "15." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "A. Brandt" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "A care giver story, coping with a love one's live threatening life illness: A hand book for patients and caregivers" "serieFecha" => "2007" ] ] ] ] ] ] 15 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0080" "etiqueta" => "16." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "colaboracion" => "NANDA" "etal" => false ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "LibroEditado" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Nursing diagnoses: Definition and Classification 20152017" "edicion" => "10" "serieFecha" => "2014" ] ] ] ] ] ] 16 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0085" "etiqueta" => "17." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Transition to adulthood of child sexual abuse victims" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "R. De Jong" 1 => "L. Alink" 2 => "C. Bijleveld" 3 => "C. Finkenauer" 4 => "J. Hendriks" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Aggress Violent Behav" "fecha" => "2015" "volumen" => "24" "paginaInicial" => "175" "paginaFinal" => "187" ] ] ] ] ] ] 17 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0090" "etiqueta" => "18." "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Participants ' perceptions of healthy families: A home visitation program to prevent child abuse and neglect" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "J. Krysik" 1 => "C.W. Lecroy" 2 => "J.B. Ashford" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Child Youth Serv Rev" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "30" "paginaInicial" => "45" "paginaFinal" => "61" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/11308621/00000028000000S1/v4_201810090949/S1130862118301827/v4_201810090949/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => array:4 [ "identificador" => "75446" "tipo" => "SECCION" "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Part 2" "idiomaDefecto" => true ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" ] "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/11308621/00000028000000S1/v4_201810090949/S1130862118301827/v4_201810090949/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130862118301827?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 10 | 0 | 10 |
| 2024 October | 19 | 9 | 28 |
| 2024 September | 23 | 7 | 30 |
| 2024 August | 27 | 3 | 30 |
| 2024 July | 13 | 4 | 17 |
| 2024 June | 18 | 9 | 27 |
| 2024 May | 23 | 12 | 35 |
| 2024 April | 28 | 7 | 35 |
| 2024 March | 25 | 5 | 30 |
| 2024 February | 19 | 8 | 27 |
| 2024 January | 22 | 5 | 27 |
| 2023 December | 12 | 1 | 13 |
| 2023 November | 23 | 7 | 30 |
| 2023 October | 22 | 5 | 27 |
| 2023 September | 17 | 1 | 18 |
| 2023 August | 21 | 3 | 24 |
| 2023 July | 11 | 2 | 13 |
| 2023 June | 18 | 7 | 25 |
| 2023 May | 19 | 0 | 19 |
| 2023 April | 26 | 3 | 29 |
| 2023 March | 19 | 2 | 21 |
| 2023 February | 14 | 1 | 15 |
| 2023 January | 20 | 11 | 31 |
| 2022 December | 11 | 6 | 17 |
| 2022 November | 24 | 14 | 38 |
| 2022 October | 23 | 11 | 34 |
| 2022 September | 12 | 16 | 28 |
| 2022 August | 20 | 19 | 39 |
| 2022 July | 11 | 13 | 24 |
| 2022 June | 20 | 11 | 31 |
| 2022 May | 14 | 13 | 27 |
| 2022 April | 37 | 13 | 50 |
| 2022 March | 24 | 16 | 40 |
| 2022 February | 39 | 13 | 52 |
| 2022 January | 32 | 12 | 44 |
| 2021 December | 37 | 12 | 49 |
| 2021 November | 20 | 11 | 31 |
| 2021 October | 31 | 21 | 52 |
| 2021 September | 13 | 18 | 31 |
| 2021 August | 10 | 19 | 29 |
| 2021 July | 16 | 13 | 29 |
| 2021 June | 13 | 13 | 26 |
| 2021 May | 12 | 19 | 31 |
| 2021 April | 66 | 13 | 79 |
| 2021 March | 28 | 13 | 41 |
| 2021 February | 15 | 7 | 22 |
| 2021 January | 17 | 8 | 25 |
| 2020 December | 11 | 12 | 23 |
| 2020 November | 11 | 1 | 12 |
| 2020 October | 8 | 5 | 13 |
| 2020 September | 15 | 11 | 26 |
| 2020 August | 14 | 13 | 27 |
| 2020 July | 14 | 6 | 20 |
| 2020 June | 18 | 9 | 27 |
| 2020 May | 14 | 9 | 23 |
| 2020 April | 12 | 1 | 13 |
| 2020 March | 18 | 10 | 28 |
| 2020 February | 19 | 8 | 27 |
| 2020 January | 17 | 4 | 21 |
| 2019 December | 15 | 9 | 24 |
| 2019 November | 10 | 10 | 20 |
| 2019 October | 23 | 13 | 36 |
| 2019 September | 14 | 5 | 19 |
| 2019 August | 10 | 0 | 10 |
| 2019 July | 14 | 13 | 27 |
| 2019 June | 13 | 15 | 28 |
| 2019 May | 25 | 26 | 51 |
| 2019 April | 5 | 8 | 13 |
| 2019 March | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Show all
