Therapeutic landscape: Its virtue and suggestion for its application

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"apellidos" => "Pasinringi" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Eva Arna" "apellidos" => "Abrar" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130862119304620?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/11308621/00000030000000S2/v2_202305161211/S1130862119304620/v2_202305161211/en/main.assets" ] "en" => array:18 [ "idiomaDefecto" => true "titulo" => "Therapeutic landscape: Its virtue and suggestion for its application" "tieneTextoCompleto" => true "paginas" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "paginaInicial" => "279" "paginaFinal" => "284" ] ] "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "autoresLista" => "Hari Iswoyo, Cri Wahyuni Brahmi Yanti, Sue Jackson" "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Hari" "apellidos" => "Iswoyo" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "iswoyo@yahoo.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "*" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Cri Wahyuni" "apellidos" => "Brahmi Yanti" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Sue" "apellidos" => "Jackson" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "University of Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:9 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "fuente" => "Source: https://mydonate.bt.com/events/achsensorygarden." "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 605 "Ancho" => 905 "Tamanyo" => 184188 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "The sensory garden at Aldeburgh Hospital, United Kingdom." ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "IntroductionSince the influencing’ view through a window may influence recovery from surgery’ published by Ulrich,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">1</a> the awareness about the benefits of getting in touch with nature is backing landscape designer/architect to bring natural elements closer to people. Not only for well people but especially for people with health problems.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095">2,3</a>We could picture unwell-people as broken cars. A hospital is like a garage where people are taken for a checkup and ‘repairment’ before they can go on their journeys. Unfortunately, people are different from cars. Cars have no feelings; the mechanic is the only factor that determines the success of a repair. There would not be any difference whether the car is handled in a messy, dark, awful garage with a broken window or when it gets repaired in a shiny and newly refurbished garage; the mechanic's skill is all that matters. Nevertheless, while the clinical and technical skills of those who treat patients are the highest priority, we know that people's judgments and feelings about their environment have a substantial impact.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">4</a>This paper presents results of a study which intended to review the implementation of therapeutic principles in hospitals by collecting experience-based and opinion-based information from landscape architects and also by studying some scientific evidence and examples.MethodThe study collected scientific-based evidence from literature and previous research study in order to obtain data about the benefits to medical outcomes. This paper represents significant part of them. In addition to that, for implementation and design aspects, the source of information was landscape architects’ actual recent projects as well as their suggestion. Therefore, questionnaires were sent to about 450 landscape architects who are members of Landscape Institute around the United Kingdom and Ireland. The questionnaire consisted of two main parts. The first part was aspect of design in general, and the second part was about landscape design as the central aspect. The questions on the hospital landscape section were formed to be answerable in both experience and opinion basis (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Results and discussionInvestigation through exploration of studies and literatures in the respected issues showed abundant evidence regarding significance of attractive landscapes for their therapeutic qualities. The following are the brief outline of the result.Review of therapeutic and healing environmentThe therapeutic environment works when it is easily and safely accessible and complying some points in terms of the design concept. Firstly, the design is intended to open more opportunity for contact with the outside world.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110">5</a> Secondly, the idea of involving all senses through multi-sensory design is proven to be advantageous for stimulating patients’ sensory abilities.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115">6</a> Thirdly, when the environment provides more opportunity for social gathering and involvement, it would psychologically relieve the feeling of isolation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120">7</a> The involvement in further context also includes contact with natural articles i.e. plants and animals.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105">4</a>Based on the study conducted by visiting hospitals in Northern California, Marcus and Barnes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">8</a> present a typology of outdoor spaces in healthcare facilities (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia>Research-based evidence of medical benefits of therapeutic landscapeFollowing are the presentation of several benefits that natural settings and elements provide in respect of people health and well-being in general and in healthcare settings in particular. “People relate to plants, that is the basis for therapeutic landscape design and horticultural therapy”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130">9</a>A research conducted by Ulrich<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090">1</a> was recognized as a trigger for this issue. He researched patients’ records on recovery after cholecystectomy. He intended to determine whether assignment to a room with a natural setting as a view from the window might have positive influences by comparing two groups, each of 23 patients. The first group stayed in rooms with a natural setting window view, and the other group stayed in rooms facing a brick wall. Findings suggested that 23 surgical patients with windows looking out on a natural scene had positive signs of recovery such as shorter postoperative hospital stays, fewer minor post-surgical complications (persistent headache or nausea), received fewer negative evaluative comments from nurses, and took fewer potent analgesics. Whereas patients allocated in brick wall-viewed window required far more injections of potent narcotic pain drugs and received more negative comments from nurses’ notes.Ulrich's findings are consistent with preliminary results from similar studies with cardiac patients in intensive care units.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135">10,11,8</a>Based on several researches, Theorell,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145">12</a> revealed that surroundings, where people can undergo cultural activities, could have intense effects on bodily and mental functions. Positioning an individual in the creative environment would enhance the feeling of mastery and interpretability of life.Furthermore, a study in the USA found 71% of respondents suggested spending time outdoors in a natural or semi-natural setting is the best solution when they are dealing with a situation that left them stressed, upset or depressed. This natural contact helps them find comfort and a sense of relief.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">8</a>A study by Velarde et al.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095">2</a> revealed that natural landscape helped in patients’ physical and mental recovery, thus overall preferable for people's health and well-being.A research in Chino Medical College Hospital and Chung-Saw Medical and Dental College Hospital depicted that patients with most significant hospital landscape experience had fewer feelings of pain and highest hospital satisfaction.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150">13</a> Research at Upsala University Hospital Sweden also proved the benefits of viewing nature to patients’ clinical outcomes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155">14</a>Those science-based evidences above are sufficient in at least conveying the first impression of how natural elements have positive effects on humans. Based on previous researches and experiences regarding this issue, Marcus and Sachs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160">15</a> concluded a so-called Evidence-Based Design (EBD), which will be helpful to guide landscape design that addresses the therapeutic issues.Furthermore, benefits and significance would be more eminent when the scope of discussion is expanded to examine other plant-relevant benefits such as the aromatic effect of flowers, horticultural therapy, and psychological benefits of tending plants and gardens.Application and suggestion for therapeutic landscape implementation; landscape architect's experience and suggestionThis part presents qualitative discussion based on the responses of the surveyed landscape architects regarding the quality they comprised or they would apply in designing hospital landscape/environment. In general they were aware of this authenticity, and in respect had put the therapeutic consideration into their design in hospitals/healthcare units.Stakeholders considerationsMost of the corresponded architects have consulted the stakeholders to measure their preferences. They used various tools including strategic briefing, documents prepared by the clients’ project manager and briefings with clinicians, management, and staff, also consultation and workshops with stakeholders, which include staffs, patients and therapists. Some expressed stakeholders’ preferences are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Aspects of design and implementationPriority for some aspects of designThe therapeutic design consists of many aspects. Some aspects were valued for their grade of importance/priority to be considered in assisting therapeutic design. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> shows preferences in terms of priority of therapeutic supporting aspects.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia>Additional suggested features: meditation space and space for physical activity such as cultivating plants and small-scaled farming.The proportion of materialRespondents suggested the balanced use of hard and soft landscape materials which depends on the hospital type, location, climate, and acknowledgment of the need for maintenance and management.Soft landscape relates to the existence of soft elements such as plants whose importance in healing scheme are eminent. The hard elements of landscape also widely employed to achieve other aspects of therapeutic design such as wide and smooth pavements and footpath for comfortable access and circulation; also friendly seating areas for relaxing and stress relieving. Therefore, “their proportion depends on the character of the site and the needs of the clients; thus figure can be meaningless.”VegetationThree types of vegetation mostly preferable by the landscape architects: trees, shrubs, and lawns. The variety of plants depends on the site character, availability of space, as well as the type of patients that the plants were contributing for. Other types of plants suggested are bulbs, vegetables, wildflowers, and fruit trees. It is also important to concern about the adverse effects of plants. For example, large shrubs potentially obstruct staff vision of patients, concerns regarding allergic and toxic effects.ColorThere are factors determining the choice of color in hospital terms, yet warm color dominates the answer. Basically, there is no rigid rule about warm and cold color proportion. All vary and depend on the location, site, the scheme, (again) type of patients, and client's wishes. Color types are more complex than just warm or cold.Esthetic and spatial elementsImplementation of therapeutic aspects is in the use of landscape elements. <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a> shows respondents’ level of priority regarding esthetic and spatial elements.<elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia>Additional elements might be required for social interaction e.g. seatings with tables where people can face each other and talk.Another example of the special space is ‘farm’ where patients can undergo psychologically supportive activities such as planting and growing plants, also space that stimulates sensory activities of the five main senses. Participation in gardening activities has positive effects on patients’ mood; they can perceive nature fascination, sensory joy, peacefulness, and tranquility.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">8</a> Also, gardening provides sensory enjoyment through colors, smells and tangible experiences (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165">16</a> Even further, considering the benefits and contributions, the existence of farms within urban setting becomes more important.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170">17</a><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia>Landscape accessibility at nightPros and cons for the hospital landscape to be accessible at night were fairly balanced. Reasons for cons: at night, patients should be resting; admin, safety, and security issue. The pros are convinced that the landscape should be accessible at night, particularly in summer, as it could be very relaxing to walk around the garden. Also, landscapes should be accessible at any times as they might be needed by patients who are at their lowest ebb which could be at night.Typical hospital outdoors spaceWalk-in garden and courtyard are the most popular space for the respondents, followed by landscaped ground and setback, plaza and healing/meditation garden.Creation of playground also mentioned by some landscape architects, it could be necessary as children-as well as other family members-are significant healing agent.ConclusionThis paper has managed to include evidence of the benefits of the ‘healing landscape’ presence in a hospital environment. The researched-based evidence presented, is considered sufficient to show that landscape, as a representation of natural elements indeed is valuable and worthwhile to be considered as part of therapy in hospital/healthcare units. The term used further for such functionality is the therapeutic landscape.The consulted landscape architects in general were aware of this authenticity, and in respect have put the therapeutic consideration into their design in hospitals/healthcare units. Most of the landscape architects recognized features of the therapeutic landscape and suggested principles of design that capable in accommodating healing environment.Conflict of interestThe authors declare no conflict of interest." "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1899005" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1642818" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results and discussion" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Review of therapeutic and healing environment" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Research-based evidence of medical benefits of therapeutic landscape" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Application and suggestion for therapeutic landscape implementation; landscape architect's experience and suggestion" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Stakeholders considerations" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Aspects of design and implementation" "secciones" => array:7 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Priority for some aspects of design" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "The proportion of material" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Vegetation" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Color" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Esthetic and spatial elements" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Landscape accessibility at night" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0075" "titulo" => "Typical hospital outdoors space" ] ] ] ] ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0080" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0085" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 7 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2019-05-29" "fechaAceptado" => "2019-07-15" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1642818" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Hospital" 1 => "Healthcare" 2 => "Therapeutic landscape" 3 => "Attractive environment" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "ObjectiveTo see the link between an attractive landscape and improved medical outcomes and well-being of the patients through investigation of previous studies and documents, also to identify extent and suggestion for the implementation of therapeutic principles in healthcare units. MethodA qualitative study on literatures to gather evidence of the benefits of the attractive landscape's existence in hospitals/healthcare environment. Descriptive analysis was conducted in order to present scientific results regarding the benefits of attractive landscapes in humans’ environment, especially in healthcare units. Apart from that, this study also conducted a survey to study landscape architects’ experience and opinion toward the application of the therapeutic landscapes. ResultsThis study investigation found evidence regarding the significance of attractive landscape in the hospital environment for patients’ recovery and well-being which have been scientifically tested. Landscape architects are aware of the benefit of therapeutic landscape, despite whether they have experience in any hospital landscape design or not. In accordance, most of them have/will put the therapeutic consideration into their design in hospitals/healthcare units. ConclusionThis paper managed to include evidence of the benefits of the existence of an attractive landscape in the hospital environment and proven for its feasibility for application as confirmed by the landscape architects. Therefore, considered enough for justification of their significance." "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Women and Societal Perspective on Quality of Life (WOSQUAL-2019). Full-text and the content of it is under responsibility of authors of the article." ] ] "multimedia" => array:6 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1253 "Ancho" => 2167 "Tamanyo" => 161405 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Preferable types of hospital outdoor spaces." ] ] 1 => array:9 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "fuente" => "Source: https://mydonate.bt.com/events/achsensorygarden." "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 605 "Ancho" => 905 "Tamanyo" => 184188 ] ] "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "The sensory garden at Aldeburgh Hospital, United Kingdom." ] ] 2 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "fuente" => "Source: Marcus and Barnes.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125">8</a>" "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Typology of hospital outdoor spaces \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Description \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Landscaped ground \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Open space consists of a landscaped area at grade that forms an outdoor area between buildings \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Landscape setback \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Area in front of the main entrance, usually comprising lawns and trees \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Front porch \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Features that are analogous to front porch of a house \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Entry garden \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Garden and all its representation close to the main entrance \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Courtyard \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Space that forms the ‘core’ of building complex \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Plaza \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Outdoor areas, furnished for use and predominantly hard-surfaced \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Roof terrace \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">An accessible outdoor area that often forms a long narrow balcony \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Roof garden \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Area on top of a hospital that is designed and landscaped \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Healing/meditation garden \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Garden spaces with special features that are designated explicitly as healing/meditation garden by the administrator and/or the designer \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Viewing garden \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Small garden that cannot be entered but can be viewed from inside the building \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Walk-in garden \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Garden that can be both viewed and entered, sometimes furnished with seating \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3173463.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Typology of hospital outdoor spaces." ] ] 3 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Wanted traditional colorful seasonal plantingDesigns included secluded seating areas for patient counselingVariety of surfaces in courtyardLandscape to assist patient rehabilitationScented plantsLush plantingTo create a calm and beautiful space, include sensory areasDesign out steps and other hazardsAccessibility for allAvoid high-maintained featuresProvide shade and shelterCreate opportunities for growing and cultivating plantsInclude an art elementDesigned gardens for elderly mentally infirm, psychiatric patients and sick childrenProvide good accessChoose of materialsAspects relating to therapeutic requirements, access, emergency scenarios, parking maintenance use by staff patients and visitors to help reduce stress \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3173465.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Stakeholders’ preferences regarding hospital/healthcare design." ] ] 4 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0015" "etiqueta" => "Table 3" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at3" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Aspects \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Level of priority \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Microclimate \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">High \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Circulation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">High \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Characteristics of adjacent sites \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Medium \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">The proportion of public and private space \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Medium \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Openness and enclosures \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">High \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sunny and shady area \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">High \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Access to surrounding nature \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Medium \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Social space \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">High \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sensory qualities \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">High \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3173464.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "The priority value of some design aspects in supporting therapeutic design." ] ] 5 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0020" "etiqueta" => "Table 4" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at4" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Esthetic and spatial elements \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Respondents’ remarks \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Level of priority \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Sculptures \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Piece of art and well-designed element \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">High \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Water features \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Therapeutic but expensive to present and require intense maintenance \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Medium \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Animals and wildlife \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Animals were therapeutic but could have implications on maintenance cost, also important to consider the adverse effects of animals \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Medium \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Raised planters \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Praised to have therapeutic benefits \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">High \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">5 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Structure for shelter and shade (gazebo) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Praised to have physical and psychological therapeutic benefits \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">High \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">6 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Walking/stepping paths \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Praised to have physical therapeutic benefits \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Medium \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3173462.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "Esthetic and 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Hari Iswoyoa,

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iswoyo@yahoo.com

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, Cri Wahyuni Brahmi Yantia, Sue Jacksonb

a Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia

b University of Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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    "titulo" => "Therapeutic landscape&#58; Its virtue and suggestion for its application"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since the influencing&#8217; view through a window may influence recovery from surgery&#8217; published by Ulrich&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> the awareness about the benefits of getting in touch with nature is backing landscape designer&#47;architect to bring natural elements closer to people&#46; Not only for well people but especially for people with health problems&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We could picture unwell-people as broken cars&#46; A hospital is like a garage where people are taken for a checkup and &#8216;repairment&#8217; before they can go on their journeys&#46; Unfortunately&#44; people are different from cars&#46; Cars have no feelings&#59; the mechanic is the only factor that determines the success of a repair&#46; There would not be any difference whether the car is handled in a messy&#44; dark&#44; awful garage with a broken window or when it gets repaired in a shiny and newly refurbished garage&#59; the mechanic&#39;s skill is all that matters&#46; Nevertheless&#44; while the clinical and technical skills of those who treat patients are the highest priority&#44; we know that people&#39;s judgments and feelings about their environment have a substantial impact&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This paper presents results of a study which intended to review the implementation of therapeutic principles in hospitals by collecting experience-based and opinion-based information from landscape architects and also by studying some scientific evidence and examples&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Method</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study collected scientific-based evidence from literature and previous research study in order to obtain data about the benefits to medical outcomes&#46; This paper represents significant part of them&#46; In addition to that&#44; for implementation and design aspects&#44; the source of information was landscape architects&#8217; actual recent projects as well as their suggestion&#46; Therefore&#44; questionnaires were sent to about 450 landscape architects who are members of Landscape Institute around the United Kingdom and Ireland&#46; The questionnaire consisted of two main parts&#46; The first part was aspect of design in general&#44; and the second part was about landscape design as the central aspect&#46; The questions on the hospital landscape section were formed to be answerable in both experience and opinion basis &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Results and discussion</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Investigation through exploration of studies and literatures in the respected issues showed abundant evidence regarding significance of attractive landscapes for their therapeutic qualities&#46; The following are the brief outline of the result&#46;</p><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Review of therapeutic and healing environment</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The therapeutic environment works when it is easily and safely accessible and complying some points in terms of the design concept&#46; Firstly&#44; the design is intended to open more opportunity for contact with the outside world&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Secondly&#44; the idea of involving all senses through multi-sensory design is proven to be advantageous for stimulating patients&#8217; sensory abilities&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Thirdly&#44; when the environment provides more opportunity for social gathering and involvement&#44; it would psychologically relieve the feeling of isolation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> The involvement in further context also includes contact with natural articles i&#46;e&#46; plants and animals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the study conducted by visiting hospitals in Northern California&#44; Marcus and Barnes<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> present a typology of outdoor spaces in healthcare facilities &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Research-based evidence of medical benefits of therapeutic landscape</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Following are the presentation of several benefits that natural settings and elements provide in respect of people health and well-being in general and in healthcare settings in particular&#46; &#8220;People relate to plants&#44; that is the basis for therapeutic landscape design and horticultural therapy&#8221;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A research conducted by Ulrich<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> was recognized as a trigger for this issue&#46; He researched patients&#8217; records on recovery after cholecystectomy&#46; He intended to determine whether assignment to a room with a natural setting as a view from the window might have positive influences by comparing two groups&#44; each of 23 patients&#46; The first group stayed in rooms with a natural setting window view&#44; and the other group stayed in rooms facing a brick wall&#46; Findings suggested that 23 surgical patients with windows looking out on a natural scene had positive signs of recovery such as shorter postoperative hospital stays&#44; fewer minor post-surgical complications &#40;persistent headache or nausea&#41;&#44; received fewer negative evaluative comments from nurses&#44; and took fewer potent analgesics&#46; Whereas patients allocated in brick wall-viewed window required far more injections of potent narcotic pain drugs and received more negative comments from nurses&#8217; notes&#46;</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ulrich&#39;s findings are consistent with preliminary results from similar studies with cardiac patients in intensive care units&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10&#44;11&#44;8</span></a></p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on several researches&#44; Theorell&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> revealed that surroundings&#44; where people can undergo cultural activities&#44; could have intense effects on bodily and mental functions&#46; Positioning an individual in the creative environment would enhance the feeling of mastery and interpretability of life&#46;</p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore&#44; a study in the USA found 71&#37; of respondents suggested spending time outdoors in a natural or semi-natural setting is the best solution when they are dealing with a situation that left them stressed&#44; upset or depressed&#46; This natural contact helps them find comfort and a sense of relief&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A study by Velarde et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> revealed that natural landscape helped in patients&#8217; physical and mental recovery&#44; thus overall preferable for people&#39;s health and well-being&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A research in Chino Medical College Hospital and Chung-Saw Medical and Dental College Hospital depicted that patients with most significant hospital landscape experience had fewer feelings of pain and highest hospital satisfaction&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a> Research at Upsala University Hospital Sweden also proved the benefits of viewing nature to patients&#8217; clinical outcomes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a></p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Those science-based evidences above are sufficient in at least conveying the first impression of how natural elements have positive effects on humans&#46; Based on previous researches and experiences regarding this issue&#44; Marcus and Sachs<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> concluded a so-called Evidence-Based Design &#40;EBD&#41;&#44; which will be helpful to guide landscape design that addresses the therapeutic issues&#46;</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Furthermore&#44; benefits and significance would be more eminent when the scope of discussion is expanded to examine other plant-relevant benefits such as the aromatic effect of flowers&#44; horticultural therapy&#44; and psychological benefits of tending plants and gardens&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Application and suggestion for therapeutic landscape implementation&#59; landscape architect&#39;s experience and suggestion</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This part presents qualitative discussion based on the responses of the surveyed landscape architects regarding the quality they comprised or they would apply in designing hospital landscape&#47;environment&#46; In general they were aware of this authenticity&#44; and in respect had put the therapeutic consideration into their design in hospitals&#47;healthcare units&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Stakeholders considerations</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Most of the corresponded architects have consulted the stakeholders to measure their preferences&#46; They used various tools including strategic briefing&#44; documents prepared by the clients&#8217; project manager and briefings with clinicians&#44; management&#44; and staff&#44; also consultation and workshops with stakeholders&#44; which include staffs&#44; patients and therapists&#46; Some expressed stakeholders&#8217; preferences are presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Aspects of design and implementation</span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Priority for some aspects of design</span><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The therapeutic design consists of many aspects&#46; Some aspects were valued for their grade of importance&#47;priority to be considered in assisting therapeutic design&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> shows preferences in terms of priority of therapeutic supporting aspects&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Additional suggested features&#58; meditation space and space for physical activity such as cultivating plants and small-scaled farming&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">The proportion of material</span><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Respondents suggested the balanced use of hard and soft landscape materials which depends on the hospital type&#44; location&#44; climate&#44; and acknowledgment of the need for maintenance and management&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Soft landscape relates to the existence of soft elements such as plants whose importance in healing scheme are eminent&#46; The hard elements of landscape also widely employed to achieve other aspects of therapeutic design such as wide and smooth pavements and footpath for comfortable access and circulation&#59; also friendly seating areas for relaxing and stress relieving&#46; Therefore&#44; &#8220;their proportion depends on the character of the site and the needs of the clients&#59; thus figure can be meaningless&#46;&#8221;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Vegetation</span><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Three types of vegetation mostly preferable by the landscape architects&#58; trees&#44; shrubs&#44; and lawns&#46; The variety of plants depends on the site character&#44; availability of space&#44; as well as the type of patients that the plants were contributing for&#46; Other types of plants suggested are bulbs&#44; vegetables&#44; wildflowers&#44; and fruit trees&#46; It is also important to concern about the adverse effects of plants&#46; For example&#44; large shrubs potentially obstruct staff vision of patients&#44; concerns regarding allergic and toxic effects&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Color</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There are factors determining the choice of color in hospital terms&#44; yet warm color dominates the answer&#46; Basically&#44; there is no rigid rule about warm and cold color proportion&#46; All vary and depend on the location&#44; site&#44; the scheme&#44; &#40;again&#41; type of patients&#44; and client&#39;s wishes&#46; Color types are more complex than just warm or cold&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Esthetic and spatial elements</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Implementation of therapeutic aspects is in the use of landscape elements&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0020">Table 4</a> shows respondents&#8217; level of priority regarding esthetic and spatial elements&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0020"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Additional elements might be required for social interaction e&#46;g&#46; seatings with tables where people can face each other and talk&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another example of the special space is &#8216;farm&#8217; where patients can undergo psychologically supportive activities such as planting and growing plants&#44; also space that stimulates sensory activities of the five main senses&#46; Participation in gardening activities has positive effects on patients&#8217; mood&#59; they can perceive nature fascination&#44; sensory joy&#44; peacefulness&#44; and tranquility&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Also&#44; gardening provides sensory enjoyment through colors&#44; smells and tangible experiences &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Even further&#44; considering the benefits and contributions&#44; the existence of farms within urban setting becomes more important&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a></p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Landscape accessibility at night</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Pros and cons for the hospital landscape to be accessible at night were fairly balanced&#46; Reasons for cons&#58; at night&#44; patients should be resting&#59; admin&#44; safety&#44; and security issue&#46; The pros are convinced that the landscape should be accessible at night&#44; particularly in summer&#44; as it could be very relaxing to walk around the garden&#46; Also&#44; landscapes should be accessible at any times as they might be needed by patients who are at their lowest ebb which could be at night&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0075" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Typical hospital outdoors space</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Walk-in garden and courtyard are the most popular space for the respondents&#44; followed by landscaped ground and setback&#44; plaza and healing&#47;meditation garden&#46;</p><p id="par0150" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Creation of playground also mentioned by some landscape architects&#44; it could be necessary as children-as well as other family members-are significant healing agent&#46;</p></span></span></span><span id="sec0080" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Conclusion</span><p id="par0155" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This paper has managed to include evidence of the benefits of the &#8216;healing landscape&#8217; presence in a hospital environment&#46; The researched-based evidence presented&#44; is considered sufficient to show that landscape&#44; as a representation of natural elements indeed is valuable and worthwhile to be considered as part of therapy in hospital&#47;healthcare units&#46; The term used further for such functionality is the therapeutic landscape&#46;</p><p id="par0160" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The consulted landscape architects in general were aware of this authenticity&#44; and in respect have put the therapeutic consideration into their design in hospitals&#47;healthcare units&#46; Most of the landscape architects recognized features of the therapeutic landscape and suggested principles of design that capable in accommodating healing environment&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0085" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0165" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">To see the link between an attractive landscape and improved medical outcomes and well-being of the patients through investigation of previous studies and documents&#44; also to identify extent and suggestion for the implementation of therapeutic principles in healthcare units&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Method</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A qualitative study on literatures to gather evidence of the benefits of the attractive landscape&#39;s existence in hospitals&#47;healthcare environment&#46; Descriptive analysis was conducted in order to present scientific results regarding the benefits of attractive landscapes in humans&#8217; environment&#44; especially in healthcare units&#46; Apart from that&#44; this study also conducted a survey to study landscape architects&#8217; experience and opinion toward the application of the therapeutic landscapes&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study investigation found evidence regarding the significance of attractive landscape in the hospital environment for patients&#8217; recovery and well-being which have been scientifically tested&#46; Landscape architects are aware of the benefit of therapeutic landscape&#44; despite whether they have experience in any hospital landscape design or not&#46; In accordance&#44; most of them have&#47;will put the therapeutic consideration into their design in hospitals&#47;healthcare units&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This paper managed to include evidence of the benefits of the existence of an attractive landscape in the hospital environment and proven for its feasibility for application as confirmed by the landscape architects&#46; Therefore&#44; considered enough for justification of their significance&#46;</p></span>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Preferable types of hospital outdoor spaces&#46;</p>"
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        "fuente" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Source</span>&#58; <span class="elsevierStyleInterRef" id="intr0005" href="https://mydonate.bt.com/events/achsensorygarden">https&#58;&#47;&#47;mydonate&#46;bt&#46;com&#47;events&#47;achsensorygarden</span>&#46;"
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        "etiqueta" => "Table 1"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA"
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        "fuente" => "<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Source</span>&#58; Marcus and Barnes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a>"
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Typology of hospital outdoor spaces&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Description&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Landscaped ground&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Open space consists of a landscaped area at grade that forms an outdoor area between buildings&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Landscape setback&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Area in front of the main entrance&#44; usually comprising lawns and trees&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Front porch&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Features that are analogous to front porch of a house&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Entry garden&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Garden and all its representation close to the main entrance&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Courtyard&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Space that forms the &#8216;core&#8217; of building complex&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Plaza&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Outdoor areas&#44; furnished for use and predominantly hard-surfaced&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Roof terrace&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">An accessible outdoor area that often forms a long narrow balcony&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">8&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Roof garden&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Area on top of a hospital that is designed and landscaped&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">9&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Healing&#47;meditation garden&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Garden spaces with special features that are designated explicitly as healing&#47;meditation garden by the administrator and&#47;or the designer&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">10&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Viewing garden&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Small garden that cannot be entered but can be viewed from inside the building&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">11&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Walk-in garden&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Garden that can be both viewed and entered&#44; sometimes furnished with seating&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
                  """
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Wanted traditional colorful seasonal plantingDesigns included secluded seating areas for patient counselingVariety of surfaces in courtyardLandscape to assist patient rehabilitationScented plantsLush plantingTo create a calm and beautiful space&#44; include sensory areasDesign out steps and other hazardsAccessibility for allAvoid high-maintained featuresProvide shade and shelterCreate opportunities for growing and cultivating plantsInclude an art elementDesigned gardens for elderly mentally infirm&#44; psychiatric patients and sick childrenProvide good accessChoose of materialsAspects relating to therapeutic requirements&#44; access&#44; emergency scenarios&#44; parking maintenance use by staff patients and visitors to help reduce stress&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                0 => """
                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Aspects&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Level of priority&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Microclimate&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">High&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Circulation&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">High&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Characteristics of adjacent sites&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Medium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">The proportion of public and private space&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Medium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Openness and enclosures&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">High&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sunny and shady area&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">High&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Access to surrounding nature&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Medium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Social space&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">High&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">Sensory qualities&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">High&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Respondents&#8217; remarks&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Sculptures&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">High&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Animals and wildlife&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Animals were therapeutic but could have implications on maintenance cost&#44; also important to consider the adverse effects of animals&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Medium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Raised planters&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Structure for shelter and shade &#40;gazebo&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Praised to have physical therapeutic benefits&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Medium&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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