Justice for women in handling the case of household violence through integrated criminal justice system (study in Merauke District)
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Hartono, Hasnawati Amqam" "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Sartika" "apellidos" => "Simanjuntak" ] 1 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Tri Edhi Budhi" "apellidos" => "Soesilo" ] 2 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "DJoko M." "apellidos" => "Hartono" ] 3 => array:2 [ "nombre" => "Hasnawati" "apellidos" => "Amqam" ] ] ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130862119305005?idApp=UINPBA00004N" "url" => "/11308621/00000030000000S2/v2_202305161211/S1130862119305005/v2_202305161211/en/main.assets" ] "itemAnterior" => array:18 [ "pii" => "S113086211930498X" "issn" => "11308621" "doi" => "10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.11.005" "estado" => "S300" "fechaPublicacion" => "2020-03-01" "aid" => "1211" "copyright" => "Elsevier España, S.L.U." 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Most of the perpetrators of Domestic Violence in Merauke Regency, Papua Province, are male. In the process of reporting to the police station or police station, most wives reported cases of domestic violence. However, in the middle of the reporting road, it will be revoked because it is hit with customs and fear of not getting protection from the police.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">So that in handling cases of domestic violence, it is not enough just to pursue the fulfilment of criminal elements. Because Domestic Violence has a special scope because this case occurs in the household. For this reason, law enforcement officials in carrying out their responsibilities in the framework of enforcing Law Number 23 of 2004 are very important to prioritize aspects of justice for women victims of violence. everywhere cannot live without the law. The law itself is governing the joints of community life, because people are essentially social beings who always want to gather and connect with other humans. As a creature that always wants to interact certainly needed a common rule to be obeyed as a common guideline in running daily life. The rules can be either written or not. In achieving comfort and peace of life together there is certainly a unity of rules to be obeyed and obeyed together. Law is a need to keep the peace and protect the rights of other people. With the law, the community will feel safe without threats and disturbance from other communities.</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the background above, it is presented the formulation of the problem namely: Law is a “tool” that works in a particular legal system to achieve the “goal” of the state or the “ideals” of society.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Law No. 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence, in addition to regulating the prevention and protection and restoration of victims of domestic violence and obligations for law enforcement officers, to protect victims so that they are more sensitive and responsive in handling cases of domestic violence The stairs will then come to a discussion about how justice for women in handling cases of domestic violence through an integrated criminal justice system (study in Merauke district)?</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Method</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study is an empirical juridical legal research conducted by inventorying laws and regulations relating to the protection of women from violence. In addition, a literature study was carried out using literature which included the book and journal. The secondary data are then correlated with the primary data and analyzed so that it can be seen how justice for women in handling cases of domestic violence through the integrated criminal justice system.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Result and discussion</span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Factors for the occurrence of crime in domestic violence</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Various it is interesting to find out how a community handles cases of violence against women because of the way it is handled – which is the implementation of the legal rules constructed by the community – it can be seen how the position of women in their community. It will also be possible to explore how the community perceives women and men; not only from the context of their gender but also from their gender aspects, through the mechanism of resolving cases of violence against women.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">According to Abdulsyani, the factor of violence was focused more on internal and external factors. Internal factors include: the existence of mental disturbances experienced by the perpetrator, the unstable emotional condition of the offender or the temperament character of the offender, the perpetrator as a person with mental retardation or the perpetrator is in anomalous or confused condition. Whereas the causes of violence in terms of external factors include: economic factors (poverty, unemployment, and the influence of urbanization), religious factors (lack of knowledge, understanding, and religious teaching experience), reading and viewing factors or films that feature pornography and violence or sadism. In addition to these factors, there are also important things that can lead to acts of violence against wives in the household, namely legal aspects, in the form of content of law, law enforcement structures (structure of law), and legal culture in society (culture of law) turned out to be impartial towards the interests of women, especially in matters of violence (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>)<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The acts of violence against women in Papua in Merauke Regency were recorded in a total of 39 cases. This number has decreased from 16 cases that fell to 12 cases and 11 cases. However, this cannot be used as a benchmark for domestic violence that occurs in Merauke Regency because the crime of domestic violence is a hidden crime. There are several factors that trigger violence, especially economic factors. Heince, one of the members of the Integrated Service Center for Women and Children Empowerment (P2TP2A), said that violence usually starts triggered by husbands who are addicted to alcohol.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> In Merauke Regency, the alcoholic beverage circulated freely. There is no strict control even though there is already a Merauke Regency Regional Regulation Number 8 of 2014 concerning Control of Alcoholic Beverages in Merauke Regency. It is this alcoholic drink which is largely the main source of violence in Papua, especially in Merauke. There are also cases where the husband persecutes his wife for not giving money to buy alcoholic drinks and often cases of violence against women are almost never legally complete.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Handling cases of domestic violence against women as victims through the integrated criminal justice system</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Domestic Violence that occurs not only in forms of physical and non-physical violence. In this case the victim is still often blamed by law enforcement officials. Some cases show that law enforcement officials refuse to handle cases of domestic violence because they are considered private domains. Domestic violence has evolved from being seen as only a social problem towards what is seen as a criminal problem.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The lack of cases that have been processed by the Merauke Regional Police has caused weak legal protection to victims of domestic violence. The public is reluctant to report to the authorities because of patriarchal culture, or even does not know the existence of Law No. 23 of 2004. After the existence of this law, Violent in the Household is no longer the private sphere, but becomes the public sphere. Therefore, socialization to the community is still very necessary to continue. Providing legal counselling, and awareness of victims of violence.</p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There needs to be synergy between the government, and law enforcement officials. Moreover, the complaint of Article 44 paragraph (4) of Law Number 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence can be revoked.</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The table below is a comparison of the number of complaints of cases received and the number of cases resolved by the Merauke Regional Police Women's Protection Unit (PPA) (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Looking at the number of cases of domestic violence every year, legal assistance is needed for women victims of violence. Throughout 2016–2018, 39 cases were recorded in the Merauke Regional Police Station. Of the 39 cases that were resolved in two cases through the court, 16 cases were resolved through a mediation process and 21 cases were not developed because the reporter did not come to Merauke Regional Police to ask about the progress the case that was handled by the Merauke Regional Police's Women's and Children's Protection Unit, so it became arrears. The victim has made use of the services of the Women's and Children's Protection Unit and the Integrated Service Centre for Women's Protection and Ana, by coming directly to make reports or complaints.</p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This fact shows that the Protection Unit for Women and Children and the Integrated Service Centre for the Protection of Women and Children is easily accessible and very much needed so that more justice seekers come directly. Of the total cases of domestic violence in Merauke, 90% are physical violence and 10% are economic violence. The number of cases resolved by mediation and delinquency cases that have not been resolved by the Merauke Regional Police shows that there is no awareness of women that Domestic Violence is a crime and is no longer a private matter or disgrace, victims have not dared to resolve their cases and access justice through channels law.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When the victim chooses that the case he experienced is legally processed in accordance with the provisions that apply to the police institution in this case the Merauke Regional Police, many injustices obtained by the victims include: when the victim reported, the police were less sensitive to cases experienced by victims and the Police are less responsive and very slow to handle it, so that not infrequently the reports submitted by victims are only reports without a clear process.</p><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Fulfilling legal protection for victims, the effort that can be made is to provide opportunities for victims to be involved in the criminal justice system. But in reality in the practice of handling cases of domestic violence, victims have very little role in the criminal justice process.</p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">When the victim is not involved, it will still have an impact on law enforcement officials, among others, lack of comfort in carrying out their duties due to lack of cooperation with law enforcement officials, victims of crime and thus witnesses, said Steven M. Cav and John E. Wade in his book The Criminal Justice Network on Interaduction.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In dealing with domestic violence, there is a need for a gender approach which is an approach that is often used in resolving cases of domestic violence, one of the advantages of seeing cases of violence where women are victims. With this gender approach, it will provide firmness in resolving cases of domestic violence through legal channels. This perspective is also used by Law No. 23 of 2004, where the resolution of cases of violence must be carried out with legal touch and resolution of responsible institutions.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A sense of justice sometimes lives outside the law, which clearly laws will be difficult to compensate for. Similarly, the opposite of the law itself is felt to be unfair. The same thing was expressed by Sukarno Aburaera, when the people sought the law, it meant that the people demanded that living together in society be regulated fairly. The people ask that the actions taken are in accordance with a norm that is higher than the legal norms in the law. The higher norms can be equated with the principles of justice.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The suffering of victims is often ignored by law enforcers who handle cases of violence they experience. Then with the Integrated Criminal Justice System, korba will be positioned as the main actor (subject) not as a complement (object) that only his confession is taken, as a subject he has the right to hear his statement, get information on legal efforts that are running. Consider the sense of justice that he wants to get and restore his situation to the deprivation of his rights and the violence he experienced. These rights according to Van Boven can be categorized into three parts, namely: the right to get information; the right to justice; and the right to get recovery.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p></span></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Conclusion</span><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Based on the results and analysis of the research, concluding can be summarized as follows:</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Cases of Domestic Violence that place women as victims are almost never legally complete. This is evident in the majority of cases of violence against women, wives resolved through familial means. While a small part is solved by legal channels through the police and customs (customary law). So that the purpose of law enforcement officials who want to protect victims, the authorities even mediated to resolve cases of Domestic Violence.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Ironically, after mediation, there is no need to determine whether the violence has ended or not. Therefore, mediation must break the chain of violence. Because the emergence of violence against women in Merauke Regency was triggered by husbands who were addicted to drinking alcoholic beverages.</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the case of domestic violence victims who want to report their cases to the police are still very minimal. The lack of or still lack of desire from victims of violence to take legal proceedings. So that victims who did not report did not get the rights, especially in terms of recovery from injuries sustained. Making an integrated criminal justice system by putting the experience of women in contact with the legal system is one of the breakthroughs to obtain justice for victims and can be realized if all elements of law enforcement in handling cases of violence against women cooperate with a gender perspective.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1899034" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1642847" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Result and discussion" "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Factors for the occurrence of crime in domestic violence" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Handling cases of domestic violence against women as victims through the integrated criminal justice system" ] ] ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 7 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2019-05-29" "fechaAceptado" => "2019-07-15" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1642847" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Justice" 1 => "Handling" 2 => "Women" 3 => "Integrated criminal justice system" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Objective</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Domestic violence in the form of physical, psychological violence can have severe health effects if the victim does not report as a result of “submission” and does not get a recovery. The absence of special handling relates to the confidentiality of the victim. The victim's right to obtain compensation for his losses, both from the government which is obliged to provide protection for himself, causes a lack of police reports.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">This study is an empirical juridical legal research conducted by inventorying laws and regulations relating to the protection of women from violence. In addition, a literature study was carried out using literature which included the book and journal.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Victims who do not report will have an impact on the judicial process against perpetrators of violence continue to be free to commit violence both against their wives and other family members. So that it will haunt and frighten women. However, regardless of the issue, law enforcement officials should be required to handle cases of female violence in the integrated criminal justice system involving victims, religious leaders, traditional leaders, and Integrated Service Centers for the Protection of Women and Children. So the realization of a sense of justice for victims through the fulfilment of victims’ rights as stipulated in Law Number 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cases of Domestic Violence that place women as victims are almost never legally complete. This is evident in the majority of cases of violence against women, wives resolved through familial means.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:4 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Results" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Women and Societal Perspective on Quality of Life (WOSQUAL-2019). Full-text and the content of it is under responsibility of authors of the article.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 848 "Ancho" => 1485 "Tamanyo" => 68091 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Number of cases 2016–2018.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:2 [ "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Source</span>: Processed from Merauke Regional Police PPA Unit.</p>" "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">No. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Year \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Amount \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">1. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2016 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">16 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2017 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">12 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">3. \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2018 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Total \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">39 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] "imagenFichero" => array:1 [ 0 => "xTab3173531.png" ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Case that the Merauke Regional Police treated in accordance with Law Number 23 of 2004 concerning the Elimination of Domestic Violence.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Membangun Politik Hukum Menegakkan Konstitusi" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "M.M.D. Moh" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Libro" => array:2 [ "fecha" => "2011" "paginaInicial" => "17" ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Peran hukum adat dalam penyelesaian kasus-kasus kekerasan terhadap perempuan di Kupang, Atambua, dan Waingapu" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => "T.H. 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