Nurses’ experiences in providing spiritual care to end of life patients
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Therefore, the patients are expected to have death with dignity and based on their own beliefs (Death with Dignity).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several problems frequently occurring are: (1) the physiological decrease which triggers the patients to use medical tools,<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> (2) conflict and emotional situation of patients, families, or the patients’ closest one, and (3) patients’ struggle for illness such as pain, the emotional situation related to the presence of families and relatives, and burden the families must incur when the patient dies. Consequently, the families feel confused and frustrated, and they depend on their hopes on the paramedic and nurses who take care of the patients.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several studies related to nurses’ experience of spiritual caring have been conducted in other countries. However, such a study has never been conducted in Indonesia, particularly in discussing nurses’ experience in giving spiritual nursing care to the patients at the end of life and nursing services management in providing the services.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research aims to investigate nurses’ experiences in providing spiritual care for the patients at the final stage of life.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Method</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research applied a phenomenological qualitative method. The selected data were analyzed by employing Colaizzi analysis.</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research received the ethic approval from the ethic committee of Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Indonesia Number 70/UN2.F12.D/HKP.02.04/2019. The researchers conducted the whole research process by applying and respecting ethical principles.</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This part explains the participants’ characteristics, research location, and the obtained themes.</p><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Participants characteristics</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The participants of this research are nurses who work in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) room in a hospital in Aceh. The inclusion criteria are ICU nurses, more than 30 years old, and more than 7 year of working experience to get richer experience from the participants. The participants are 8 female nurses and 2 male nurses. Their education is 8 bachelors of nursing and 2 diplomas of nursing.</p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Description of research location</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research is conducted in Aceh Province. The sharia is implemented in the structural services of hospitals. Spiritual care to the patients on the final stage of life is described in the policy which is released by the hospitals.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Nursing experiences in giving spiritual care to the patients on the last stage of life</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research revealed six themes: (1) The decline in the physiological condition of the patients in the final stage of life exists; (2) caring becomes an important aspect of caring; (3) Nursing process’ focuses on fulfilling basic needs, Henderson, comfort, and spiritual therapy; (4) nurses become an advocate in strengthening support system of families; (5) there is an inter-collaboration act in the provision of care; (6) the head of nurses takes the management functions, guidance, and control, but does not optimally plan and set them.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">The decline in physiological condition of the patients in the final stage of life</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this category, participants explain the situation of patients with helpless condition and awareness loss. This description is explained by Nurse Y and Nurse M.<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0005"><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“Patients in the ICU rooms are usually whom waiting for their death or sakaratul maut.” (Ns. Y, Nurse Practitioner, 12–year working period)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0010"><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“... Emm the basic condition of patients in the last stage of life are weak, usually defenseless, and helpless. (Ns. M, Head Nurses, 13–year working period)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0015"><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“... It has been tried to support ventilator, EKG is not stabil VT TF is repetitive, but there is no progress.” (Br. K, Nurses Practioner, 12- year working period)</p></span></p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Caring becomes an important aspect of care giving</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The second theme obtains 4 categories. They are mental experiences, unforgettable experience, empathy, and receiving positive appreciation from the patients.<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0020"><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“... It feels so happy to see the patients that we care are healed and go back to their houses.” (Ns. L, 13–year working period, Team Leader)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0025"><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“.. in treating patients, if the patients are old, emmm it just like we are caring our parents..” (Br. K, Nurses Practitioner, 12-year working period)</p></span></p></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Caring process focuses on the fulfillment of basic needs: henderson, comfort, and spiritual therapy</span><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The fulfillment of basic needs becomes the unique characteristic of caring in the final stage of life.<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0030"><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“... yeah, we really care to the patients’ needs in the last stage of life, including the hygiene., Nurses who do the personal hygiene make sure that our patients are not smell bad.” (Ns. Kr, working period 11 years, Team Leader)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0035"><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“... It is so pity to see the patients complaining of pain, especially when they are shouting. Therefore, do not leave them alone...” (Zr. D, working period 13 years, Nurses Practitioner)</p></span></p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nurse Y states the utilizing families as a pain therapy.<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0040"><p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">If there is no family, they will scream in pain. However, when the families come, they will be calm and healed. (Ns. Y, working period 12 years, Nurses Practioner)</p></span></p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Nurses as an advocate to strengthen family support system</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Several statements expressed by participants, such as:<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0045"><p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“... I try to invite the families to be involved in the therapy, because patients being calm when they are accompanied by the families...” (Br. K, working period 12 years, Nurses Practioner)</p></span><span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0050"><p id="spar0055" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“...families also ask explanation from the nurses related to the patients’ illness condition, whether it can be healed or not, etc. Thus, it is nurses’ duty to explain to them. Therefore, they will not be worried.” (Ns. M, 45 years, working period 13 years, Head of Nurses)</p></span></p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Head of nurses’ roles in management functions: guidance and control, but non-optimal plan and set plan</span><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The theme gains four categories: planning, setting, guiding, and controlling.<span class="elsevierStyleDisplayedQuote" id="dsq0055"><p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">“... That's right. Mrs. S has created the planning, and she joins training. However, ‘end life’ training has not conducted. Furthermore, there is no attention from the management. May be it is because we have IPI (Instalasi Pelayanan Islami –or Islamic Service Installation)...” (Ns. M, working period 13 years, Head of Nurses).</p></span></p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The thematic analysis is presented in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0060" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Discussion</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In the final stages of life, the condition of patients is very susceptible and becomes severe due to the process of the disease that requires control of the symptoms, stressors, and environment. Other various diseases may rise due to the decrease of the patients’ immune system.</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">At this time, a nurse is present to ensure that the patients receive appropriate treatments for their conditions. In the final stages of life, the main treatment goal is to improve the patients’ quality of life, and thus, it is possible to reduce or withdraw the doses of a certain medicine that does not provide maximum benefit for patients to enhance comfort.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Patients in their final stages of life have unique characteristics in nursing care. A principle frequently used in patient care, especially in the final stages of life, is “caring.” The caring concept was firstly introduced by Jean Watson in 1980 and is continuously renewed until now. A nursing process is an approach to implement nursing care given to patients in the form of a series of activities in nursing practice either directly or indirectly, and it is given in the health services by using a scientific approach based on ethical codes and standards of nursing practice.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In caring for the patients in their final stage of life, nurses are required to understand the code of ethics and scientific approach due to the critical situation that they possibly face in managing patient care at the last stage of life.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">One of the solutions related to nurses with low knowledge is continuing education or Continuing Professional Development (CPD). Yulia, Hamid, and Mustikasari, in their study state, that there are significant differences in nurses’ understanding before and after training.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In addition, support Continuing Professional Development by stating that the most influential career path in implementing variables on the implementation of pain management by nurses is continuous professional development.</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In order to perform maximal collaboration, the nurse must have the same level of education as that of doctors. Since generally, nurses do not have the same level of education as that of doctors, and they are frequently regarded as an extension of the doctor's hand.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6,8</span></a></p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Nurses have a role in each management cycle, starting from planning to control. In preparing planning related to caring for the final stages of life, nursing managers must have forecasting in planning the needs of the Human Resource Department both in quantity and quality.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Leadership is required at every level of the nursing hierarchy. In the organizational level, nursing managers contribute to the strategic decisions ensuring the adequacy of nursing resources needed. As a result, they can assure safe caring for the patients with optimal outcomes. At the department level, nurse managers at the headroom level are involved in daily operational decisions such as patient entry and staffing resources, quality improvement, and risk monitoring to maintain safe caring.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> As executors, nurses become advocates for patients and their families. Furthermore, nurses become multi-disciplinary teams who run the process of patient care every day to achieve positive results.</p></span><span id="sec0065" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Conclusion</span><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Every patient expects to feel comfortable, be free from pain, have a hygienic environment, receive ethical and compassionate treatment, gather with their families, and receive optimal spiritual support during their hospital treatment. Their expectation is in accordance with the goal of palliative treatment: achieving quality of life and facing death with dignity. In caring for the patients in their final stage of life, nurses are required to understand the code of ethics and scientific approach due to the critical situation that they possibly face in managing patient care at the last stage of life.</p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study recommends that the nursing sector should review the policy of patient care conducted by the family at the final stage of life. Considering the need to be accompanied and gathered with family is a basic need and becomes a focus for patients at the final stage of life. If the consideration is possibly applied, a private room will be more comfortable.</p></span><span id="sec0070" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1496447" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1358808" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Method" ] 4 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Results" "secciones" => array:8 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Participants characteristics" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Description of research location" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Nursing experiences in giving spiritual care to the patients on the last stage of life" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "The decline in physiological condition of the patients in the final stage of life" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Caring becomes an important aspect of care giving" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Caring process focuses on the fulfillment of basic needs: henderson, comfort, and spiritual therapy" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Nurses as an advocate to strengthen family support system" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Head of nurses’ roles in management functions: guidance and control, but non-optimal plan and set plan" ] ] ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0060" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0065" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0070" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 8 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack524156" "titulo" => "Acknowledgement" ] 9 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2020-09-15" "fechaAceptado" => "2020-09-21" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1358808" "palabras" => array:3 [ 0 => "Caring" 1 => "End of life" 2 => "Spiritual nursing care" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Spiritual care is an essential part in the end of life patients and provides a positive aspect for the quality of life. This study aims to explore nurses’ experience in providing spiritual care for patients in the end of their life in hospitals X. <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Colaizzi</span> analysis was utilized to derive 181 quotes, 36 subcategories, 12 categories, and six themes. This study reveals six themes: (1) changes in physiological functions in the end of life exist; (2) caring is an essential treatment in the end of life care; (3) the nursing process focuses on basic needs including personal hygiene, pain, ulcer care, need for comfort, and spiritual therapy; (4) nurses become advocates in strengthening family system support; (5) the acts of inter-collaboration in care; and (6) the head of ICU room performs management functions including direction and control but does not optimally plan and regulate. This study recommends that nurses increase their care competence through CPD and review hospital policies in terms of family assistance for end-of-life patients.</p></span>" ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 4th International Conference for Global Health (ICGH) in conjunction with the 7th Asian International Conference in Humanized Health Care (AIC-HHC). Full-text and the content of it is under responsibility of authors of the article.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1718 "Ancho" => 2508 "Tamanyo" => 534001 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0065" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Thematic analysis.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:10 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Nurses challenging to terminate irrelevant treatment prior to end of life patient" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "K. Yetti" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1016/S1130-8621(18)30167-0" "Revista" => array:7 [ "tituloSerie" => "Enferm Clin" "fecha" => "2018" "volumen" => "28" "numero" => "Suppl. 1" "paginaInicial" => "264" "paginaFinal" => "268" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30115346" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0060" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Critical care nurses’ lived experience of giving spiritual care to veterans. [Unpublished Thesis]" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => "S.S. 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