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The effect of informational support on anxiety and satisfaction among patients’ family members in the emergency room using path analysis
Wiwin Winarti
Corresponding author
wiwin.winarti@upnvj.ac.id

Corresponding author.
, Arief Wahyudi Jadmiko
Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An emergency room &#40;ER&#41; is a special hospital unit designed for the management of patients experiencing life-threatening emergency conditions&#46; Bringing or sending a family member to the ER is a stressful experience that can often cause anxiety and even depression&#46; The ER staff&#39;s communication mode&#44; the time spent waiting for the patient to receive care&#44; and the perceived friendliness of the professional healthcare staff&#44; as well as their gestures during direct contact with the family and also their behavior where the family members are watching all that the staff is doing&#44; can each be a source of stress for the patient&#39;s family&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Research has suggested that the ability of a nurse to provide adequate patient-related information along with how well the nurse delivers this information&#44; including the nurse&#39;s proficiency in communicating accurate information and the empathy and emotional support&#44; may have a positive influence on the ability of a patient&#39;s family members to cope with the situational stress involved in an ER visit&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> Informational support is defined as the fulfillment of information needs in the form of advice&#44; direction&#44; or information that is important for individuals to facilitate making decisions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Meeting the need for adequate information serves to build patients&#8217; and family members&#8217; trust and satisfaction with information providers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Providing informational support to a patient&#39;s family has also been found from the previous study to have an impact on the family&#39;s ability to understand and better adapt to the patient&#39;s altered condition&#44; helping to alleviate family members&#8217; anxiety&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> The same study also showed that being better informed allows family members to have more realistic expectations regarding the patient&#39;s condition&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Moreover&#44; the information that staff delivers to family members waiting for a patient in the ER is also pivotal to reduce family stress and can significantly affect the family members&#8217; satisfaction&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Clear&#44; adequate&#44; and consistent informational support is crucial for patients&#8217; families&#46; However&#44; many relatives experience receiving varied information from different caregivers&#44; causing confusion and frustration&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Although doctors and nurses may appear&#8212;and most likely are&#8212;fully occupied in a critical situation&#44; family members still expect them to provide comprehensive and consistent medical information about the patient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Method</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study&#44; conducted under a cross-sectional design&#44; involved 74 respondents&#46; Participants were selected from the family members of patients in the Dr&#46; Adjidarmo General Hospital Emergency Unit using a purposive sampling technique that allowed the researcher to select participants based on a set of inclusion criteria&#46; Participants were selected based on the following criteria&#58; &#40;1&#41; at least 18 years of age&#44; &#40;2&#41; able to speak Bahasa Indonesian&#44; and &#40;3&#41; having a relative admitted to the ER&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Two instruments were used&#58; the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale &#40;HARS&#41; and a questionnaire&#44; rating the participants&#8217; satisfaction level&#44; that had been tested for validity and reliability&#46; The satisfaction questionnaire was divided into three parts to include questions related to three categories&#58; the informational support process&#44; which measures quality and quantity of the information given&#44; family satisfaction regarding services given&#44; and the decision-making process in the ER&#46; Path analysis was performed on the collected data to measure the direct&#44; indirect&#44; and total effect of the informational support on the levels of anxiety and satisfaction that family members of patients in the ER experienced&#46; This research protocol was approved by the ethics committee of University of Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In this study&#44; most of the family members who accompanied patients admitted to the ER were women &#40;71&#37;&#41;&#46; The age of most of the respondents was between 31 and 60 years old &#40;64&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#46; The mean score of family anxiety level &#40;HARS score&#41; was 29&#46;71<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;07&#44; while the average score for family satisfaction was 60&#46;42 &#40;SD<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;54&#41; &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#tbl0005">Tables 1 and 2</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a> shows that the period of informational support had a significant correlation on family members&#8217; anxiety and satisfaction &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05&#41; despite the absence of any significant correlation between the family&#39;s anxiety and satisfaction with ER services &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;065&#41;&#44; for which the magnitude of the effect was also shallow &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;046&#41;&#46; Although the correlation of the period of informational support was significant&#44; the magnitude of the effect was relatively low &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">R</span><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;153&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Path analysis of the data also suggests that the direct effect of the informational support on the family&#39;s satisfaction was superior &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;599&#41; to the indirect effect &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">&#946;</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;084&#41; &#40;see <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46; The indirect effect was the effect of informational support on the family&#39;s satisfaction through its impact on the HARS score as a mediator variable&#46; The p-value of the effect of the informational support on the family&#39;s satisfaction through the anxiety variable&#44; which is equal to 0&#46;000&#44; shows that the informational support significantly affected the satisfaction of the patients&#8217; family members regarding ER services&#46; The path analysis model of the effect of informational support on family anxiety and satisfaction can be seen in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Discussion</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Meeting the need that a patient&#39;s family has for informational support is crucial to reducing their stress and can help them in constructing effective coping mechanisms&#46; The most pivotal information required by the patient&#39;s family comprises facts about the patient&#39;s prognosis&#44; measures being taken&#44; and the reasons behind such measures&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Other factors demanding medical staff&#39;s attention in providing information to the family include the confusing nature of medical terms for laypersons as well as the ER situation itself&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> Research shows that patient&#39;s family members gave a moderate score to the informational support given by health workers &#40;mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>16&#46;82<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>2&#46;91&#41;&#46; This finding is in line with previous research&#44; which found that patients&#8217; families&#44; when properly informed&#44; tended to cooperate and to exhibit calm behavior toward services in the ED even when experiencing suffering and stress&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> In particular&#44; family members showed a good attitude toward health workers&#44; including not asking numerous questions in order to be allowed to stay longer with the patient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results also revealed that the patients&#8217; family members&#8217; anxiety score was at a moderate level &#40;mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>29&#46;71<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;07&#41;&#46; This result is in line with the work of Barreto&#44; Marcon&#44; and Garcia-Vivar&#44; who found that families experience feelings of sadness&#44; anxiety&#44; and fear when accompanying members who are treated in the ER&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> That research also revealed that family anxiety is sparked by the ER environment and the feeling of an unwelcoming approach on the part of health workers&#46;</p><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another study found that the anxiety of a family member who escorts the patient to the ER could stem from the patient&#39;s condition&#44; the ER situation&#44; and the decision-making process&#46; The stressor is higher for family members when they are required to render a decision regarding a complex treatment for the patient&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Even though a patient&#39;s family members feel anxiety and stress when in the ER&#44; this study found that satisfaction reflected a high score &#40;mean<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>60&#46;42<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#177;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>8&#46;54&#41;&#46; Previous research found that families facing critical situations in the ER were most in need of support&#44; communication&#44; participation&#44; and comfort&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> Another study found that families place value on communication with doctors and nurses as an important necessity for those who accompany another family member to the ER&#44; affecting their levels of stress and fear&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Informational support that provides full and accurate information should be given completely and understandably&#44; thereby supplying the knowledge level that patients&#8217; families need&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> Appropriate knowledge may result in a better understanding of the patient&#39;s situation and hence may decrease family members&#8217; anxiety&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> When nurses show compassion and empathy while supplying valid and honest information&#44; family members experience greater security and assurance about the situation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> When the family has positive feelings regarding the information they receive about the present medical situation and the possibility of supportive talks with team members&#44; their satisfaction level is high&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Thus&#44; when the patient&#39;s family&#39;s needs are met&#44; their anxiety subsides&#44; and the stress level is reduced&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Conclusion</span><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Having a family member admitted to the ER is a shocking situation&#46; This study shows that adequate informational support reduces family members&#8217; anxiety&#46; The analysis also suggests that delivering adequate informational support leads to a low anxiety level for a patient&#39;s family members&#46; However&#44; this study has not examined other factors that may influence the levels of satisfaction for the family members of a patient admitted to the ER&#44; in other words&#44; factors that might be confounding in this study&#46; Nor has this research assessed the kind of information requirements for the family that may affect their satisfaction&#46; For these reasons&#44; further research is needed&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest&#46;</p></span></span>"
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