Self-efficacy and parental commitment to prevent health risk behavior among adolescents in East Java
Ilya Krisnana
, Praba Diyan Rachmawati, Iqlima Dwi Kurnia
Corresponding author
Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
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"<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">Introduction</span><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Adolescence is a critical period in risky behaviour and lifestyle.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Peer influence has strongly affect to adolescents, because at this stage they begins to adapt to a new environment, as well as the pressure that comes from friends to engage in risky behaviour such as smoking and drinking alcohol.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0105"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> These risky behaviours can prevent adolescents from reaching the optimal stage.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0110"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> Data from WHO states that 1.2 million adolescents who died in 2015 due to a problem that can be prevented or overcome. Road accidents are the most significant cause of death among adolescents.</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Factors that cause smoking and drinking behaviour in adolescents are the environment, peers, family economic status, perceptions about smoking, cigarette advertising, psychological environment, and lack of parental interaction with children.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0115"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> Family environmental factors include parenting style, child communication with parents, socioeconomic status. Parenting style is a factor that influences health risk behaviour in adolescents.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0120"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> The previous studies of 744 adolescents showed there a significant relationship between smoking and drinking behaviour with the parent-child interaction.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0125"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Health behaviours are significantly influenced by the self-efficacy factor.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0130"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Prevention of health-risk behaviours in adolescents is the parents’ responsibility as caregivers and role models. To implement the behaviour, parents must have good efficacy and commitments. Yet, the relationship between parental knowledge and commitment to preventing health-risk behaviours in adolescents remains unexplained. The aims of this study was to analyse the relationship between self-efficacy and parental commitment in preventing health risk behaviour among adolescents.</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Methodology</span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Design</span><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The research design used was cross-sectional with correlation analysis.</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0055">Population and scope of study</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The population was parents who had adolescent children in East Java. The sample was selected based on inclusion criteria including; (1) parents of adolescents aged 15–19 years old, (2) parents of adolescents enrolled in Senior High School (SMA)/Vocational High School (SMK)/Islamic Senior High School (MA), (3) parents who can fill out online questionnaires, and (4) parents who are willing to be the respondents in this study. The researchers distributed online questionnaires for three months and obtained 704 respondents. An independent variable in this study was the self-efficacy of parents in preventing health-risk behaviours in adolescents. The dependent variable, meanwhile, is a parental commitment to preventing health-risk behaviours in adolescents.</p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The other variable in the same research project has been published on other Journal with the title “Factors Related to Parental Involvement in the Prevention of Health Risk Behaviors among Adolescents: A Cross-sectional Study in East Java Indonesia”.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a></p></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0060">Data collection</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Concerning the COVID-19 pandemic situation, the data collection was done through the spread of online questionnaires/social media application to the parents or guardians of high school students and high school teachers in Surabaya and East Java. Before filling out the questionnaire, respondents got a detailed explanation of the research. Then, if they agreed, the respondents gave the signature directly through the online media as proof of approval. Respondents who agreed then continued to fill out the questionnaire completely.</p></span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0065">Instruments</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Instruments for measuring self-efficacy refer to the Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE) scale questionnaire.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0135"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9,10</span></a> We modified “exercise” into “children’ oral health care.” The questionnaire to measure levels of self-efficacy consisted of 9 questions about the mother's confidence in carrying out activities to maintain oral health. The answer response is in the range of 0–10 to describe situations ranging from 0 (not confident) to 10 (very confident). The higher the score, the higher the self-efficacy of the mother.</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The commitment questionnaire used a shortened Committed Action Questionnaire (CAQ-8).<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0145"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a> The questionnaire was adapted and modified according to the topic of prevention of health-risk behaviours in adolescents. The commitment questionnaire consisted of 8 questions with answer responses; (1) “never true” with the score 0, (2) “very rarely true” with the score 1, (3) “rarely true” with the score 2, (4) “sometimes true” with the score 3, (5) “often true” with the score 4, (6) “almost always true” with the score 5, and (7) “always true” with the score 6. The greater the score, the higher the commitment that parents have in preventing health-risk behaviours.</p></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Data analysis</span><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The collected data were analysed using Spearman rank correlation statistical test with a level of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">α</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05.</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Ethical consideration</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This research was conducted with respect for human rights by applying ethical principles to human subjects. The researcher provides an explanation through an online questionnaire, if parents were willing, then they provide a signature on the online form. The identity of the respondent was kept confidential and anonymity, they only using the initials of the name. This research has obtained ethical clearance from the Health Research Ethics Commission of the Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Airlangga with certificate number 2057-KEPK.</p></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Results</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The results of the study showed that the number of children who attend high school is almost equal between females and males. Meanwhile, father's education has a high level of variation. More than a half of parents have Junior High School (50.7%). But there are also parents with an elementary education level. The most type of transportation used by children was motorbike (59.8%) and a few children take public transportation to school (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows that parental self-efficacy in preventing health risk behaviour among adolescents varies widely. The minimum self-efficacy score is nine which mean that there are parents who do not have any self-efficacy level at all. Parents with a very high level of self-efficacy and obtain a perfect answer score of 90. Also, there are parents who get 10 points (very confident) in every question.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Parents’ commitment to preventing health risk behaviour among adolescents is also varied, but there were no parents who did not commit at all or obtained a score of 0. In contrast, there is a maximum score of commitment, which is 48. Maximum score means that there are parents who have a very high commitment even perfect to preventing health risk behaviour in adolescents.</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The test results using the Spearman Rank Correlation showed that there is a significant relationship between self-efficacy and parental.</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Discussion</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Parents need a complete efficacy to form a commitment for preventing health risk behaviour in adolescents. WHO mentioned the risky behaviours are smoking, drinking, early pregnancy and childbirth, HIV, infectious diseases, mental health, violent behaviour, alcohol and drugs, injury, malnutrition and obesity, sports and diet, and adolescent human rights.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0150"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12</span></a> Parents need self-efficacy to carry out their roles properly to properly care for their children.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13,14</span></a> Self-efficacy can be defined as the belief to achieve a specific goal.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> Self-confidence will encourage parents to plan a series of tasks effectively.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">13</span></a></p><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Parents’ role is crucial to preventing health risk behaviour among adolescents.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> Naturally, parents certainly want to take action to prevent their children from engaging in dangerous behaviours, especially those related to health. Lack of self-efficacy can be an obstacle for parents to take preventive behaviours. The results showed that the level of parental confidence varied widely. There are even parents who do not have the confidence to take preventive action against health risk behaviours in adolescents. The lowest score is on the question item about parental confidence related to comfort in preventing health risk behaviour in adolescents. Parents will feel confident if the action does not disturb their comfort. Conversely, when parents feel confident in themselves, boredom will not arise.</p><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Parents are the determinants of adolescent behaviour.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0175"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Self-efficacy that is owned by parents is the basis for the growth of commitment to prevent risky behaviour in adolescents. High self-efficacy will also form a high commitment.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> The results showed that self-efficacy had a positive relationship with parental commitment. The higher the parental confidence level, the higher the parents’ commitment to preventing health risk behaviour in adolescents. Parents’ daily life involvement can prevent health risk behaviours such as smoking, drug abuse, and free sex.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Self-efficacy will determine parental commitment so that the behaviour displayed can be long-lasting.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> Through high commitment, parents have a sense of responsibility for adolescent behaviour, so even under stressful conditions, it does not hinder efforts to prevent health risk behaviour in adolescents. High commitment encourages parents to be highly motivated without knowing boredom in taking action.</p><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Parental self-efficacy has a strong relationship with a parental commitment to preventing the health risk behaviour of adolescent. When parents already have a high level of self-efficacy, boredom does not prevent parents from taking preventive action. Commitment owned by parents can maintain long-lasting preventive action.</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare no conflict of interest.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "xres1753078" "titulo" => "Abstract" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1544145" "titulo" => "Keywords" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Introduction" ] 3 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "sec0010" "titulo" => "Methodology" "secciones" => array:6 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0015" "titulo" => "Design" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0020" "titulo" => "Population and scope of study" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0025" "titulo" => "Data collection" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0030" "titulo" => "Instruments" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0035" "titulo" => "Data analysis" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0040" "titulo" => "Ethical consideration" ] ] ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0045" "titulo" => "Results" ] 5 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0050" "titulo" => "Discussion" ] 6 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0055" "titulo" => "Conflict of interest" ] 7 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "xack619476" "titulo" => "Acknowledgements" ] 8 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "fechaRecibido" => "2021-09-26" "fechaAceptado" => "2022-03-26" "PalabrasClave" => array:1 [ "en" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "clase" => "keyword" "titulo" => "Keywords" "identificador" => "xpalclavsec1544145" "palabras" => array:4 [ 0 => "Self-efficacy" 1 => "Commitment" 2 => "Substance abuse" 3 => "Health risk" ] ] ] ] "tieneResumen" => true "resumen" => array:1 [ "en" => array:3 [ "titulo" => "Abstract" "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Background</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The critical period for developing risky behaviours and lifestyle occurs during adolescence. Self-efficacy and parental commitment are factors in shaping prevention of risk behaviour in adolescents.</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Objective</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between self-efficacy and parental commitment in preventing health risk behaviour among adolescents.</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Methods</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The research design used a cross sectional approach to correlation study. The study population was parents of adolescents who attended high school in East Java. The sample size was 704 parents. The research instruments were CAQ-8 and self-efficacy questionnaires adopted from The Self-Efficacy for Exercise (SEE) scale. The online questionnaires were distributed via social media. The data were analysed using the Spearman Rank Correlation statistical test with a significance level of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">α</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.05.</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Results</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">It was found that there was a significant relationship between parental self-efficacy and commitment to prevent health risk behaviour among adolescents (<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>≤<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.001; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0.174).</p></span> <span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0030">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The higher the level of parental confidence, the higher the commitment they have to prevent health risk behaviour in adolescents.</p></span>" "secciones" => array:5 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0005" "titulo" => "Background" ] 1 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0010" "titulo" => "Objective" ] 2 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0015" "titulo" => "Methods" ] 3 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0020" "titulo" => "Results" ] 4 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "abst0025" "titulo" => "Conclusion" ] ] ] ] "NotaPie" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "☆" "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd Aceh International Nursing Conference (AINC). Full-text and the content of it is under responsibility of authors of the article.</p>" ] ] "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0005" "etiqueta" => "Table 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at1" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Characteristics \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">% \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Gender</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Male \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">303 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">43 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Female \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">401 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">57 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Father's education</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Elementary school (SD) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">71 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">10.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Junior high school (SMP) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">357 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">50.7 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Senior high school (SMA) \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">151 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">21.4 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Bachelor \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">125 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">17.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " colspan="3" align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Type of transportation</span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Escorted by parents \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">213 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">30.3 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Riding motorbike \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">421 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">59.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Taking public transportation \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">55 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.8 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Other \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">2.1 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Demographic characteristics of respondents <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>=<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>704.</p>" ] ] 1 => array:8 [ "identificador" => "tbl0010" "etiqueta" => "Table 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIATABLA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "detalles" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "at2" "detalle" => "Table " "rol" => "short" ] ] "tabla" => array:1 [ "tablatextoimagen" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "tabla" => array:1 [ 0 => """ <table border="0" frame="\n \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Variable \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Min–max \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Mean \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">SD \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n \t\t\t\t " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">r</span> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Self-efficacy \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">9–90 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">72.94 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">15.664 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"><0.001 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">0.174 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">Commitment \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">11–48 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">31 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="char" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t">7.701 \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n \t\t\t\t " align="" valign="\n \t\t\t\t\ttop\n \t\t\t\t"> \t\t\t\t\t\t\n \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table> """ ] ] ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">The relationship between self-efficacy and parental commitment to preventing health risk behaviour in adolescents.</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0015" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:20 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0100" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Relationships between parenting styles and risk behaviors in adolescent health: an integrative literature review" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "K. Newman" 1 => "L. Harrison" 2 => "C. Dashiff" 3 => "S. Davies" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "doi" => "10.1590/s0104-11692008000100022" "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Rev Lat Am Enfermagem" "fecha" => "2008" "volumen" => "16" "paginaInicial" => "142" "paginaFinal" => "150" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18392544" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0105" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Efektivitas Kecakapan Hidup Sebagai Pencegahan Penyalahgunaan Tembakau, Alkohol, dan Mariyuana" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "E.T. Santosa" 1 => "E.T. Atmodiwirjo" 2 => "N. Soetikno" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:5 [ "tituloSerie" => "Provitae Jurnal Psikologi Pendidikan" "fecha" => "2012" "volumen" => "5" "paginaInicial" => "73" "paginaFinal" => "92" ] ] ] ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0110" "etiqueta" => "3" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Pengaruh Gaya Pengasuhan dan Teman Sebaya Terhadap Perilaku Konsumsi Rokok Siswa SMA Di Kota Bogor" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:2 [ 0 => "Ratna Duhita Pramintari" 1 => "M.D.D. 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Also, the gratitude goes to the Directorate of Research and Community Service, Deputy for Strengthening Research and Development of the Ministry of Research and Technology/National Agency for Research and Innovation for funding this study.</p>" "vista" => "all" ] ] ] "idiomaDefecto" => "en" "url" => "/11308621/00000032000000S2/v1_202208030734/S1130862122000730/v1_202208030734/en/main.assets" "Apartado" => null "PDF" => "https://static.elsevier.es/multimedia/11308621/00000032000000S2/v1_202208030734/S1130862122000730/v1_202208030734/en/main.pdf?idApp=UINPBA00004N&text.app=https://www.elsevier.es/" "EPUB" => "https://multimedia.elsevier.es/PublicationsMultimediaV1/item/epub/S1130862122000730?idApp=UINPBA00004N" ]
