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Inicio Enfermería Clínica (English Edition) Effectiveness of nursing interventions in the prevention of falls in older adult...
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Vol. 34. Issue 1.
Pages 4-13 (January - February 2024)
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Vol. 34. Issue 1.
Pages 4-13 (January - February 2024)
Original Article
Effectiveness of nursing interventions in the prevention of falls in older adults in the community and in health care settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCT
Efectividad de las intervenciones enfermeras en la prevención de caídas en adultos mayores en la comunidad y en entornos sanitarios: una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de ECA
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María Isabel Orts-Cortésa, María José Cabañero-Martínezb, Cristóbal Meseguer-Lizac, Claudia P. Arredondo-Gonzálezd, Carmen de la Cuesta-Benjumeae, Eva Abad-Corpaf,
Corresponding author
eva.abad@um.es

Corresponding author.
a Department of Nursing, University of Alicante, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Nursing and Healthcare Research Unit (Investén-ISCIII), CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
b Department of Nursing, University of Alicante, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
c Adjunct Professor of Nursing, University of Murcia, Nurse Murcia Health Service, Murcia, Spain
d Department of Health Care, San Juan de Dios Foundation, University Pontificia Comillas, Madrid, Spain
e University of Alicante, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
f University of Murcia, Nurse, Murcia Health Service, IMIB-Arrixaca. Murcia, Nursing and Healthcare Research Unit (Investén-ISCIII), CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Tables (5)
Table 1. Characterization of the studies included.
Table 2. Description of the sociodemographic characteristics of the studies included.
Table 3. Results of the ANOVAs (subgroup analyses) of the qualitative characteristics of the studies.
Table 4. Results of simple meta-regressions applied on continuous characteristics.
Table 5. Results of the analysis of the risk of bias domains of the Cochrane Collaboration.
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Abstract
Objective

To estimate the effectiveness of fall prevention programs in people aged 65 years and older involving nursing professionals.

Methods

We included available full-text randomized clinical trials on nurse-led prevention of falls in the community in people over 65 years of age and reporting the incidence of such falls. An extensive search was performed in 14 databases covering the period 2016–2018 for publications in English, French, Portuguese and Spanish.

The quality of the papers was assessed independently and blindly by reviewers working in pairs using the risk of bias dominios of the Cochrane Collaboration.

The hazard ratio was used as a measure of the effect size of the incidence of falls. A random-effects model was assumed for statistical analyses. The influence of moderator variables of the studies on the effect sizes was performed using ANOVAs and its 95% CI for each moderator category.

Results

A total of 31 randomized clinical trials were selected with 25,551 participants. The most frequent type of intervention was education (57.1%), followed by multifactorial models (37.1%). The probability of falling was significantly reduced by 13% in the intervention groups compared to the control groups (RR+=0.87). Multifactorial (RR+=0.89) and education-based (RR=+0.84) interventions significantly reduced the probability of falls by 11% and 16%, respectively.

Conclusions

Discarding publication bias prevention programs carried out by nurses produce a significant 10% reduction in falls. Education-based and multifactorial interventions are the most effective when conducted by nurses.

Keywords:
Accidental fall
Accident prevention
Nursing
Aged
Meta-analysis
Systematic review
Resumen
Objetivo

Estimar la efectividad de los programas de prevención de caídas en mayores de 65 años en los que participan profesionales de enfermería.

Métodos

Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados disponibles a texto completo sobre la prevención de caídas en la comunidad realizada por enfermeras en personas mayores de 65 años y que informaran de la incidencia de dichas caídas. Se analizaron 14 bases de datos en el período de 2016 a 2018 de publicaciones en inglés, francés, portugués y español.

La calidad de los artículos se evaluó de manera independiente y ciega por los revisores, que trabajaron en parejas usando para ello los dominios de riesgo de riesgo de la Colaboración Cochrane.

Se utilizó el cociente de riesgos cómo medida del tamaño de efecto. Se asumió un modelo de efectos aleatorios para los análisis estadísticos. La influencia de las variables moderadoras de los estudios sobre los tamaños de efecto se realizó mediante ANOVAs con un IC del 95% para cada categoría.

Resultados

Se seleccionaron 31 estudios con 25.551 participantes, donde la intervención más frecuente fue la educación (57,1%), seguida de los modelos multifactoriales (37,1%). La probabilidad de caídas se redujo significativamente en los grupos intervención (RR+=0,87). Las intervenciones multifactoriales (RR+=0,89) y basadas en la educación (RR=+0,84) redujeron significativamente la probabilidad de caídas.

Conclusiones

Descartando el sesgo de publicación, los programas de prevención llevados a cabo por enfermeras producen una reducción significativa del 10% de las caídas. Las intervenciones basadas en la educación y multifactoriales son las más efectivas cuando son llevadas a cabo por enfermeras.

Palabras clave:
Accidentes por caídas
Prevención de accidentes
Enfermería
Persona mayor
Metaanálisis
Revisión sistemática

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