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Inicio Enfermería Clínica (English Edition) Frailty, body composition and nutritional status in non-institutionalised elderl...
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Vol. 27. Issue 6.
Pages 339-345 (November - December 2017)
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Vol. 27. Issue 6.
Pages 339-345 (November - December 2017)
Original article
Frailty, body composition and nutritional status in non-institutionalised elderly
Fragilidad, composición corporal y estado nutricional en ancianos no institucionalizados
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Leonel São Romão Pretoa,
Corresponding author
leonelpreto@ipb.pt

Corresponding author.
, Maria do Carmo Dias Conceiçãob, Telma Martins Figueiredoa, Maria Augusta Pereira Mataa, Pedro Miguel Barreira Pretoc, Ester Mateo Aguilard
a Departamento de Enfermagem, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
b Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Murça, Vila Real, Portugal
c Serviço de Ortotraumatologia, Unidade Local de Saúde do Nordeste, Bragança, Portugal
d Departamento de Enfermería, Universidad de Almería, Almería, Spain
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Tables (3)
Table 1. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the elderly people.
Table 2. Body composition according to frailty status.
Table 3. Body mass index and nutritional status according to frailty status.
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Abstract
Objective

Frailty is a clinical syndrome characterised, among other signs, by involuntary weight loss and decreased muscle strength. The aim of this study was to analyse associations between frailty, body composition and nutritional status in non-institutionalised elderly people in the municipality of Alfândega (Braganza-Portugal).

Method

Observational, prevalence and association study involving 220 elderly (mean 75.8±6.8 years of age; 68.8% women). Frailty was assessed according to Fried criteria, body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis and nutritional status using the Mini Nutritional Assessment Short-Form.

Results

The prevalence of frailty was 23.6%. Frail participants had, on average, lower total muscle mass and lower segmental muscle mass (arms and legs) than pre-frail and non-frail (p<0.001). From the elderly at risk of malnutrition or undernourished (n=24), the majority (n=13) had frailty syndrome. It was observed that 41.2% of the elderly with low weight were frail. This syndrome prevailed only in 17.1% of the eutrophic persons, increasing again to 22.4% in the overweight group (p<0.001).

Conclusion

The phenotypic profile of frail elderly was characterised by lower muscle mass. The results of our study suggest that both underweight and overweight may be associated with frailty. There is the need to prevent and manage frailty, not only taking into account possible treatable medical causes, but also by intervening in important pillars, such as physical activity, dietary and nutritional problems.

Keywords:
Ageing
Frail elderly
Body composition
Nutritional status
Resumen
Objetivo

La fragilidad es un síndrome clínico caracterizado, entre otros signos, por la pérdida involuntaria de peso y fuerza muscular disminuida. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar asociaciones entre fragilidad, composición corporal y estado nutricional en ancianos no institucionalizados del municipio de Alfândega (Braganza-Portugal).

Método

Estudio observacional, de prevalencia y asociación cruzada en el que participaron 220 ancianos (edad media de 75,8±6,8 años; 68,8% mujeres). La fragilidad fue evaluada según el fenotipo de Fried, la composición corporal por impedancia bioeléctrica y el estado nutricional mediante el Mini Nutritional Assessment Short-Form.

Resultados

La prevalencia de fragilidad fue del 23,6%. Los participantes frágiles presentaban, en promedio, menor masa muscular total y menor masa muscular por segmentos (brazos y piernas) que los prefrágiles y no frágiles (p<0,001). De aquellos ancianos en riesgo de desnutrición o desnutridos (n=24), la mayoría (n=13) presentaban síndrome de fragilidad. Se observó que el 41,2% de los ancianos con bajo peso eran frágiles. Dicho síndrome prevaleció tan solo en el 17,1% de las personas eutróficas, aumentando de nuevo al 22,4% en el grupo con sobrepeso (p<0,001).

Conclusión

El perfil fenotípico de los ancianos frágiles se caracterizó por menor masa muscular. Los resultados de nuestro estudio sugieren que tanto el bajo peso como el sobrepeso podrán conducir a situaciones de fragilidad. Es fundamental prevenir y gestionar la fragilidad, no solo teniendo en cuenta las posibles causas médicas tratables, sino también interviniendo en pilares importantes, como la actividad física y los problemas dietéticos y nutricionales.

Palabras clave:
Envejecimiento
Anciano frágil
Composición corporal
Estado nutricional

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