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      "titulo" => "The role of behaviour problems in screening for mental ill-health in adults with intellectual disability"
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    "titulo" => "A model for the diagnosis of schizophrenia in speech perception"
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        "autoresLista" => "G&#46;P&#46; Georgiou"
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            "entidad" => "Department of General and Russian Linguistics&#44; RUDN University&#44; Moscow&#44; Russia"
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">While there has been much work on speech perception in typically developing individuals and some work in individuals with mild impairments &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a>&#41;&#44; less work has included individuals with severe disorders&#44; such as schizophrenia&#46; Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder that affects tens of millions of individuals worldwide and these individuals usually are characterized with inhibited language and communication functions&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The language comprehension profiles of people with schizophrenia were not investigated much&#46; For instance&#44; it has been shown that individuals with schizophrenia struggle to interpret long and grammatically complex sentences&#46; Some other studies indicate that these individuals cannot easily discriminate lexically ambiguous words within sentences&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In the phonological domain&#44; Cienfuegos et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> concluded that schizophrenic patients could discriminate the endpoint of the &#47;ba&#47;-&#47;da&#47; continuum equally as the typical controls&#44; but they differed in the perception of the intermediate forms of the continuum which were close to the center&#46; This clearly demonstrates a perceptual deficit for the group of schizophrenic patients&#46; Hinzen and Rossell&#243;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> argued that the left hemispheric dominance of phonology is impaired in schizophrenia and&#44; thus&#44; linguistic sound processing is damaged to some extent&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The question that arises is what kind of phonological deficit patients with schizophrenia are characterized with&#46; We still need more information about how speech is understood and particularly how phones are perceived by individuals with schizophrenia&#46; Given that schizophrenia leads to comprehension dysfunctions and that a phonological deficit might be apparent&#44; we hypothesize that individuals with schizophrenia might experience more difficulties than typically developing individuals in identifying acoustic cues&#46; This difficulty might appear in i&#46; native language phones that differ only in a small set of acoustic cues &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; allophones&#41;&#44; or ii&#46; nonnative language phones which are pronounced with similar acoustic characteristics to native phones&#46; We also propose that the identification accuracy might differ according to phone type &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44; consonants&#44; vowels&#41;&#44; phone position within the word&#44; speaking rate&#44; language&#44; etc&#46;</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">First&#44; we should investigate the kind of difficulties that individuals with schizophrenia might encounter with respect to the identification of speech&#46; This will allow us to better understand and classify these difficulties&#46; The participants will be called to complete psychoacoustic tests on speech processing software such as Praat&#44; which will run on a PC&#46; They will be listening to a phone embedded in word context and they will have to decide whether the phone is acoustically similar to one of the labels presented on the script&#59; by clicking on the appropriate label that will contain orthographical representation of the target phone&#46; The protocol will be similar to those applied in studies that investigated first or second language phone identification &#40;e&#46;g&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a>&#41;&#46; This tool will rely on <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">identification patterns</span>&#46; That is&#44; if a specific native or nonnative phone will be incorrectly matched with a particular phone by the majority of participants and if this matching differs from that of typically developing individuals&#44; this will constitute a specific pattern&#46; The identification of patterns can be based on the formula &#8216;if X pattern in schizophrenic individuals&#8239;&#61;&#8239;TRUE&#44; and if X pattern in typical individuals&#8239;&#61;&#8239;FALSE&#44; then X might be a pattern of schizophrenia&#8217;&#46; They will be examined consonants that differ in the place and manner of articulation and voicing&#44; and vowels that differ in height&#44; backness&#44; and roundness&#46; This model will be based on the notion that the representation of speech categories in the mind of individuals with schizophrenia is characterized with specific acoustic patterns&#46;</p><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Concluding&#44; such investigation may be helpful as a criterion for the diagnosis of schizophrenia&#46; By developing a detailed corpus with phone identification patterns that are present in patients with schizophrenia&#44; individuals can participate in diagnostic psychoacoustic tests to check if their patterns match those of the corpus&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Funding</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">There is not any funding source&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Ethical considerations</span><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This paper does not involve the use of human participants&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">None&#46;</p></span></span>"
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