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Vol. 34. Issue S2.
Jornada de Actualización en Gastroenterología Aplicada
Pages 36-42 (October 2011)
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Vol. 34. Issue S2.
Jornada de Actualización en Gastroenterología Aplicada
Pages 36-42 (October 2011)
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Avances en patología gastrointestinal asociada a antiinflamatorios no esteroideos y ácido acetilsalicílico
Advances in gastrointestinal disorders associated with non-steroidal antiinflammatory agents and aspirin
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Ángel Lanas
Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, España
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD)
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Resumen

Los pacientes que presentan factores de riesgo gastrointestinal y reciben antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINE) o terapia antiagregante con ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS) deben recibir estrategias de prevención. Se ha señalado que las bajas tasas de prescripción publicadas hace algún tiempo están mejorando progresivamente en varios países europeos. Esta actitud terapéutica debiera reflejarse en una reducción de los ingresos hospitalarios por complicaciones del tracto gastrointestinal alto, pero no del inferior. Los datos más recientes continúan señalando que celecoxib es una terapia válida en este contexto, asociada a una frecuencia de toxicidad intestinal menor que la de los AINE tradicionales. El AINE que más frecuentemente se encuentra hoy en día involucrado en los ingresos por complicación gastrointestinal es el AAS y, por tanto, los pacientes con factores de riesgo deben también recibir coterapia con antisecretores. La coterapia con IBP en pacientes que reciben doble antigregación es alta en España, lo cual se ha asociado a una tasa baja de complicaciones gastrointestinales por lesiones de la mucosa gastroduodenal y a un desplazamiento de las mismas al tracto gastrointestinal inferior, fundamentalmente originadas en lesiones preexistentes de tipo vascular. Otra herramienta terapéutica preconizada para reducir complicaciones asociadas al tratamiento con AAS es la erradicación de Helicobacter pylori. Los datos más recientes señalan que la erradicación de H. pylori en pacientes con hemorragia por úlcera péptica que continúan tomando AAS reduce el riesgo de recurrencia en tasas muy similares a las de la población general, sin otros factores de riesgo, que toma AAS por patología cardiovascular.

Palabras clave:
Antiinflamatorios no esteroideos
Ácido acetilsalicílico
Úlcera péptica
Abstract

Patients with gastrointestinal (GI) risk factors who require non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or aspirin must receive gastropreventive therapies. According to some recent surveys, the low prescription rates of these therapies reported some prescripyears ago are progressively improving in several European countries, which should be accompanied by a subsequent decrease in the frequency of hospitalizations due to complications of the upper GI tract, but not of those located in the lower GI tract. The most recent data confirm that celecoxib has a better GI safety profile both in the upper and lower GI tract than traditional NSAIDs. The NSAID most frequently involved in admissions for GI complications is aspirin and consequently at-risk patients receiving this drug should also receive antisecretory agents. Cotherapy consisting of proton pump inhibitors with double antiplatelet therapy is highly frequent in Spain, which has been associated with a low incidence of upper GI bleeding, and a growing incidence of patients with lower GI bleeding usually due to pre-existing vascular lesions. Another therapeutic tool that has been proposed to reduce the occurrence of upper GI bleeding in patients taking aspirin is Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. The most recent data show that eradication of H. pylori infection in patients with a previous peptic ulcer bleeding episode who continue to take aspirin reduces the recurrence rate of this complication to levels observed in patients without a history of ulcer bleeding history who take aspirin for cardiovascular disease.

Keywords:
Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs
Aspirin
Peptic ulcer
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Copyright © 2011. Elsevier España S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
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