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Inicio Gastroenterología y Hepatología Lesiones del tracto digestivo superior causadas por la ingestión de cáusticos
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Vol. 24. Issue 4.
Pages 191-195 (January 2001)
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Vol. 24. Issue 4.
Pages 191-195 (January 2001)
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Lesiones del tracto digestivo superior causadas por la ingestión de cáusticos
Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Injury by Ingestion of Caustic Substances
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8922
E. García Díaz, M. Castro Fernández*, M. Romero Gómez, L. Castilla Higuero
Servicio de Aparato Digestivo. Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme. Sevilla
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Fundamento

Determinar la localización, extensión y gravedad de las lesiones producidas por la ingestión de cáusticos en el tracto digestivo superior y su relación con el tipo de cáustico ingerido, motivo de la ingestión (accidental/voluntario), así como con sus secuelas y mortalidad.

Pacientes Y Método

Se estudiaron 158 pacientes (74 varones y 84 mujeres) con una edad media de 47 años (rango, 14- 97 años) que acudieron a nuestro hospital por ingestión de cáusticos durante el período 1993-1999, y que fueron valorados mediante endoscopia oral en las primeras 24 h. La gravedad de las lesiones se valoró mediante la clasificación de Showkat et al.

Resultados

En 84 casos (53%) se ingirió lejía, en 21 (13%) agua fuerte, en 43 (27%) mezclas o diversos productos y en 10 (6%) no pudo ser aclarado el tipo de cáustico ingerido. Las lesiones fueron de grado I en 51 casos (32%), de grado II en 33 enfermos (21%), de grado III en 20 pacientes (13%) y no se hallaron lesiones en 54 casos (34%). El estómago estaba afectado en 91 casos (57,5%), en 72 (45,5%) el esófago y el duodeno en 28 (18%). La ingestión fue voluntaria en 62 casos (39%), accidental en 80 (51%) y no pudo ser aclarada en los 16 restantes (10%). Las lesiones resultaron más graves en las ingestiones de agua fuerte que en las de lejía (p < 0,0005) y en las voluntarias que en las accidentales (p < 0,0005). Fallecieron 8 pacientes (5%), 10 casos (6,3%) requirieron cirugía durante el ingreso y otros 7 pacientes (4,4%) desarrollaron estenosis esofagogástricas que precisaron tratamiento quirúrgico o endoscópico.

Conclusiones

El cáustico ingerido con mayor frecuencia era la lejía. En un porcentaje alto de pacientes (66%) no se produjeron lesiones o éstas eran leves. Las lesiones más graves y con mayores secuelas y mortalidad se produjeron con las ingestiones voluntarias y de agua fuerte. El tramo digestivo afectado con mayor frecuencia, tanto con la ingestión de álcalis (lejía) como de ácidos (agua fuerte), fue el estómago.

Background

To determine the distribution, extension and severity of injuries produced by the ingestion of caustic substances in the upper gastrointestinal tract, and to assess the relationship of these factors with the type of caustic substance ingested, whether intake was accidental or deliberate and the appearance of strictures or death.

Patients and Method

Between 1993 and 1999, 138 patients (74 males and 84 females) who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in our unit within the first 24 hours after ingestion of caustic substances were included in the study. Mean age was 47 years (14-97 years). The severity of caustic injury was evaluated using the classification of Showkat et al.

Results

The type of caustic substance ingested was as follows: lye in 84 patients (53%), nitric acid in 21 (13%), different caustic mixtures in 43 (27%) and unknown in 10 patients (6%). Lesions were grade I in 51 patients(32%), grade II in 33 (21%) and grade III in 20 (13%). No lesions were seen in 54 patients (34%). Of the 158 patients, gastric injury was found in 91 (57.5%), esophageal burn in 72 (45.5%) and duodenal injury in 28 (18%). Ingestion was accidental in 80 patients (51%) and voluntary in 62 (39%); the reasons for ingestion were unclear in 16 patients (10%). Voluntary ingestion and acid use were associated with greater severity of lesions (p < 0.0005). Eight patients (5.0%) died, 10 patients (6.3%) required emergency surgery, and 7 (4.4%) developed esophageal-gastric strictures that required surgery or endoscopic treatment.

Conclusions

The most common type of caustic substance ingested was lye. In 66% of the patients, lesions were absent or superficial. The more severe injuries, producing strictures and higher mortality, were related to voluntary and nitric acid ingestion. The part of the digestive tract most frequently affected after lye and acid ingestion was the stomach.

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Copyright © 2001. Elsevier España, S.L.. Todos los derechos reservados
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