Asynchronous electronic consultation between primary care and specialized care proved effective for continuum of care for viraemic hepatitis C patients | Gastroenterología y Hepatología (English Edition)

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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Hepatitis C virus &#40;HCV&#41; infection is a global health problem and one of the leading causes of chronic liver disease and liver-related deaths worldwide&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0155"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Direct-acting antivirals have shown high rates of sustained viral response&#44; and a strong impact on the prevalence of HCV infection&#44; the progression of liver fibrosis&#44; and late presentation&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0160"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> For this reason&#44; the World Health Organisation has set global targets for HCV elimination as a public health threat by 2030&#46; These goals include a reduction of new infections by 90&#37;&#44; a reduction of liver-related mortality by 65&#37;&#44; and treating 80&#37; of treatment-eligible individuals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0165"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A conceptual framework to establish efficient HCV micro-elimination tasks has been created&#46; The strategies are centred on harm-reduction programmes and screening policies&#44; removing treatment restrictions&#44; linkage-to-care circuits&#44; diagnosis&#44; and awareness of HCV status&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0170"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4&#44;5</span></a> For instance&#44; in our health care area&#44; care for high-risk populations for HCV infection&#44; such as patients attended to at drug addiction centres&#44; has been approached by facilitating diagnoses by dried blood spot testing and linkage to care by telemedicine<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0180"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> and in those lost to follow-up&#44; by increased HCV awareness and improved referral by implementing electronic alerts in medical records&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0185"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7&#44;8</span></a></p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another strategy&#44; such as treating patients in primary care &#40;PC&#41; settings or a task-shifting of care to non-specialists&#44; has been proposed because a decentralized and multidisciplinary care approach may be essential to improving access to testing&#44; linkage-to-care&#44; and treatment&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0195"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> PC is the gatekeeper&#44; and most cases of undiagnosed HCV infection or patients lost to follow-up are attended to by general practitioners&#59; therefore&#44; it has been suggested that PC should be enabled to not just diagnose&#44; but to treat patients to avoid losses in the cascade of care&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0200"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a> However&#44; although this strategy could reduce the number of steps to initiating treatment&#44; the need for additional education and training in HCV management&#44; inadequate reimbursement in some scenarios&#44; overload in care&#44; time commitment and complexity of some patients may make it difficult to use this strategy in all settings&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Alternatively&#44; care circuits between PC and specialized care have been established based on telehealth to simplify the pathway&#46; Electronic consultation &#40;EC&#41; or e-consult&#44; also called remote or virtual consult&#44; is a pathway based on a computer tool integrated into the health system affording general practitioners direct&#44; asynchronous&#44; and interdisciplinary communication&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0210"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">12&#44;13</span></a> It has proven to be effective in reducing consultations&#44; unnecessary procedures&#44; costs&#44; and waiting time in different fields&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0220"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">14</span></a> However&#44; its effectiveness in micro-elimination tasks&#44; specifically in the HCV cascade and continuum of care&#44; is unknown&#46; Thus&#44; this study aimed to assess the efficacy and predictive factors of drop-outs in the HCV cascade of care in a care circuit between PC and specialized care based on EC&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0070">Patients and methods</span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0075">Study design</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Since 2012&#44; primary care physicians established contact with gastroenterologists by texting the reason in a free text box within the electronic medical platform that includes PC and specialized care for this purpose&#46; A reply by the specialist is expected before 48<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#46; The specialist may then ask for more information&#44; discharge the patient&#44; or schedule an appointment for further evaluation&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We retrospectively evaluated the total contacts by EC between 54 PC centres and the Gastroenterology Department of the Hospital Universitario de Canarias from February 1st&#44; 2018 to December 31st&#44; 2019&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">From the electronic medical record system&#44; we manually reviewed and identified ECs related to HCV infection&#44; that is&#44; where there was a request by the general practitioner for evaluation based on a positive hepatitis C antibody test or a positive RNA test&#46; The reflex HCV RNA testing was implemented at July 2018 in our system&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After excluding deaths&#44; duplicated cases&#44; or those with incomplete information&#44; we registered the age&#44; sex&#44; nationality&#44; tobacco&#44; alcohol&#44; previous history of human immunodeficiency virus serology or hepatitis B&#44; obesity&#44; arterial hypertension&#44; diabetes&#44; and dyslipidaemia status of the patients&#46; Regarding HCV infection&#44; we registered the risk factors for HCV infection&#44; liver-related complications &#40;clinical ascites&#44; hepatic encephalopathy&#44; variceal bleeding&#44; hepatocarcinoma&#44; jaundice&#41;&#44; date of first and subsequent HCV serology requests&#44; date of RNA request and result&#44; identity of primary care physician and primary health care centre&#44; additional specific reason for referral &#40;abnormal liver function tests&#44; high viral load&#44; presence of symptoms&#44; signs of chronic liver disease&#41;&#44; presentation for the referral appointment&#44; prescription of HCV treatment in patients with detectable RNA and sustained virological response assessment&#46;</p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We additionally registered Fibroscan &#40;Echosens&#44; France&#41; value if available and calculated biomarkers of liver fibrosis &#40;FIB-4 score&#44; APRI&#44; Forns index&#41; of patients at the time of EC contact based on alanine aminotransferase&#44; aspartate aminotransferase&#44; platelet levels&#44; total cholesterol&#44; and gamma-glutamyl transferase&#46; We used previously validated cut-off values of serological fibrosis markers to stage fibrosis&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0305"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">15</span></a> and stage<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>F3 &#40;APRI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;5&#44; FIB-4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#46;25&#44; Fibroscan<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kPa&#41; was considered late presentation or advanced fibrosis&#46; Stage F2 &#40;APRI<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;5&#44; FIB-4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#46;45&#44; Fibroscan<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>7&#46;0<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kPa&#41; was considered significant fibrosis&#46; Stage F4 or cirrhosis was defined by a Fibroscan value<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>12&#46;5<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kPa&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0080">Statistical analysis</span><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Categorical variables were expressed with absolute frequencies and percentages&#44; while continuous variables were expressed with means and standard deviations or medians and interquartile ranges&#46; The chi-square test or Fisher&#39;s exact test was used to compare categorical variables and Student&#39;s <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">t</span>-test or Mann&#8211;Whitney <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">U</span> test for continuous variables&#44; as appropriate&#46; Independent predictors for attending the appointment were estimated using logistic regression&#46; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> values<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;05 were considered statistically significant&#46; We used SPSS 25&#46;0 &#40;IBM SPSS Statistics for Mac&#44; Version 25&#46;0&#46; Armonk&#44; New York&#58; IBM Corp&#46;&#41; for statistical analysis&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0085">Ethical aspects</span><p id="par0055" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The study was conducted following the ethical principles of the Helsinki Declaration of October 2013&#46; Data were handled confidentially in an encrypted database that could only be accessed by the involved researchers&#44; under the current law &#40;Organic Law of Protection of Personal Data 03&#47;2018&#41;&#46; Ethical approval was obtained on 26th December 2018 by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the Hospital Universitario de Canarias and by the Ethical Committee of Primary Care Management&#46; Both committees knew about the study&#39;s ethical&#44; legal and methodological aspects and the informed consent was waived by ethical committee&#46;</p></span></span><span id="sec0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0090">Results</span><span id="sec0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0095">Characteristics of patients</span><p id="par0060" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">During the study period&#44; we registered 8098 EC of 6356 patients &#40;median age&#44; 56&#46;5&#59; range 43&#46;6&#8211;69&#46;4 years&#59; men 42&#46;3&#37;&#41;&#46; After excluding deaths &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>123&#41; and cases with duplicated EC &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1216&#41; and incomplete information &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>383&#41;&#44; 138 contacts &#40;20 EC were repeated&#41; by EC for 118 patients &#40;median age&#44; 50&#46;7&#59; range 43&#46;1&#8211;56&#46;4 years&#59; men 74&#46;6&#37;&#41; were related to HCV &#40;1&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#46; The EC were performed by 89 out of 306 &#40;29&#37;&#41; general practitioners &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0065" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In particular&#44; the presence of a positive anti-HCV test without symptoms was the reason for contact in 109 patients &#40;92&#46;4&#37;&#41;&#44; of which only 23 &#40;21&#46;1&#37;&#41; were newly diagnosed with HCV infection&#46; In this group of asymptomatic patients&#44; the majority of contacts asked to return for follow-up &#40;35&#46;7&#37;&#41;&#44; requested evaluation after being newly diagnosed with HCV infection &#40;27&#46;5&#37;&#41;&#44; had abnormal transaminases &#40;25&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#44; and in a minority &#40;10&#46;2&#37;&#41; the reason was a pathological imaging test&#44; asking for sustained virological response status or a positive RNA-HCV test&#46; Nine patients showed symptomatic disease related to complications of chronic HCV infection&#46;</p><p id="par0070" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">All 118 referred patients had a positive anti-HCV test&#44; but only 22&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>26&#41; were newly diagnosed &#40;&#60;6 months&#41; with HCV infection &#40;median 10&#46;1&#44; range 6&#8211;20&#46;7 days&#41;&#46; The remaining 78&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>92&#41; had a positive anti-HCV test result long before the EC &#40;median 9&#46;26&#44; range 5&#46;68&#8211;12&#46;86 years&#41;&#46; A positive HCV RNA result was available for 51 patients &#40;43&#46;2&#37;&#41; and HCV RNA was requested for another 33 patients&#44; been the rest RNA negative&#46; Overall&#44; 71 patients &#40;60&#46;2&#37;&#41; tested positive &#40;median time after antibody HCV positive&#44; 7&#46;73 months&#59; range 0&#46;3&#8211;82&#46;8&#41;&#46; In our cohort&#44; 31 patients &#40;26&#46;3&#37;&#41; showed late presentation at the moment of the referral&#46; <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a> shows the characteristics of included patients&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia></span><span id="sec0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0100">Continuum of care</span><p id="par0075" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a> shows the cascade of care for the 118 referred patients&#46; One hundred and five &#40;89&#37;&#41; patients required assessment by a specialist&#44; and 13 &#40;11&#46;9&#37;&#41; did not need further assistance due to undetectable RNA &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>9&#41;&#44; being on follow-up &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>3&#41;&#44; and negative anti-HCV test &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>1&#41;&#46; Among the 105 patients scheduled for an appointment with the hepatologist&#44; 86 &#40;82&#37;&#41; presented for the appointment&#44; 66 &#40;62&#46;8&#37;&#41; were prescribed direct-acting antiviral therapy&#44; 65 &#40;61&#46;9&#37;&#41; initiated treatment&#44; and 60 &#40;57&#46;1&#37;&#41; completed treatment&#46; All the patients evaluated achieved sustained virological response&#44; and 11 patients were not available for sustained virological response assessment&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0080" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Concerning the cascade of care for viraemic patients&#44; 93&#37; of viraemic patients presented for the appointment &#40;66 of 71&#41;&#44; 91&#46;5&#37; initiated treatment &#40;65 of 71&#59; in one pregnant patient&#44; treatment was postponed until after delivery&#41;&#44; and 84&#46;5&#37; completed treatment &#40;60 of 71&#41;&#44; that is&#44; 98&#46;4&#37; of viraemic patients who were present for the appointment with the hepatologist initiated treatment &#40;65 of 66&#41;&#46; Only five viraemic patients were not present for the appointment&#44; and four patients remained without treatment 2&#46;6 years after the EC contact&#46; Two of them were referred to the specialist by EC again&#44; but only one was present for the appointment and completed treatment&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0105">Patients&#8217; adherence to appointments and characteristics</span><p id="par0085" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall"><a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0010">Table 2</a> shows characteristics of patients who attended the appointment compared with those of patients who did not attend the appointment with the hepatologist&#46; Patients who were present for the appointment had older ages &#40;52&#46;3 vs 44&#46;4&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;005&#41;&#44; higher rate of active infection &#40;76&#46;7&#37; vs 26&#46;3&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; and late presentation &#40;31&#46;4&#37; vs 15&#46;8&#37;&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46; However&#44; in the logistic regression analysis only having a late presentation was an independent predictor of being present for the appointment &#40;OR 1&#46;93&#44; 95&#37; CI 1&#46;71&#8211;1&#46;99&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41; &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0015">Table 3</a>&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0010"></elsevierMultimedia><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0015"></elsevierMultimedia></span></span><span id="sec0045" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0110">Discussion</span><p id="par0090" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study shows that a significant proportion of HCV viraemic patients referred from PC to specialized care after establishing contact through EC were successfully linked to care without substantial losses along the cascade of care&#46; Furthermore&#44; EC allows for relinking of patients who were lost to follow-up as the majority of patients were long diagnosed before the referral&#46;</p><p id="par0095" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Despite the desire to eliminate HCV by 2030&#44; it would only be a reality if screening efforts are associated with linkage strategies with provision of broad and full access to antiviral therapies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0225"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">16</span></a> In this matter&#44; some authors identify PC to be a unique setting for an expanded role in HCV treatment and the implementation of linkage-to-care programmes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0230"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">17</span></a> Several studies have shown that decentralization and a simplified model in PC independently of specialists could reduce gaps and barriers in the health system&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0235"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">18</span></a> In addition&#44; HCV treatment administered by general practitioners is as safe and effective as that provided by hepatologists&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0240"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">19</span></a> Alternatively&#44; a co-localized approach with shared responsibilities to improve hepatitis C cascade of care has been proposed&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0245"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">20</span></a> However&#44; these studies still point out significant attrition rates along the cascade of care and a need for a consolidated structure between levels of health care to improve linkage to care&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0205"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">11&#44;15</span></a></p><p id="par0100" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The communication pathway between PC and specialized care in our health care area is based on asynchronous EC&#46; It represents an effective tool for improving access to specialists&#44; reducing waiting time&#44; reducing inappropriate in-person visits&#44; lowering burden on limited health system resources&#44; time and costs to patients and providers&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0255"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">21</span></a> It also has an advantage compared to other telehealth resources of teleconsultation being asynchronous&#44; which facilitates the communication between levels of care and optimizes time&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0260"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">22</span></a></p><p id="par0105" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our results argue for maintaining the current pathway based on EC as most of the viraemic patients in need of treatment were successfully evaluated by the hepatologist&#46; Thus&#44; our data does not support the need for task-shifting from specialized to PC at least concerning treatment to accomplish HCV micro-elimination&#46;</p><p id="par0110" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The 18&#37; no-show rate in our study is in keeping with the average no-show rate across studies evaluating the attendance of patients to scheduled appointments&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0265"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">23</span></a> Some studies argue that the most frequently reported causes of missed appointments by patients are family commitments&#44; forgetting the appointment&#44; and transportation difficulties&#46; It is known that missed appointments are associated with existing prior follow-up or comorbid conditions including mental health issues or history of substance abuse&#44; such as tobacco or alcohol abuse&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0270"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">24</span></a> However&#44; this was not the case in our cohort of patients where not having a late presentation was the only factor associated with not being present for the appointment&#46;</p><p id="par0115" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Previous studies have shown that over 50&#8211;75&#37; of screened patients are unaware of their HCV RNA status&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0275"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">25</span></a> In a recently published paper by our group&#44; we found PC testing request to be a predictor of non-RNA request after testing positive for HCV antibodies&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0280"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">26</span></a> In our cohort&#44; 71&#37; of patients were tested for HCV RNA before the EC &#40;43&#46;2&#37; positive&#41; and this increased to 91&#37; &#40;59&#46;3&#37; positive&#41; after the EC&#44; increasing the proportion of viraemic patients by 16&#46;1&#37;&#46; Overall&#44; only five viraemic patients were not linked to care&#44; and so 93&#37; of viraemic patients underwent specialized care assessment&#46; We considered these figures difficult to improve&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0285"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">27</span></a> though we have to take into account that seven patients who were not present for appointments did not have RNA requests&#44; which may have led to an overestimation of our optimistic results&#46;</p><p id="par0120" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">As expected&#44; our findings show that 92&#37; of patients who initiated direct-acting antiviral therapy completed the full prescribed course of treatment&#44; although 25&#37; of viraemic patients with completed treatment were absent from the appointment for checking for sustained virological response&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="par0125" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Interestingly&#44; only 24&#46;8&#37; of general practitioners referred patients infected with HCV during the study period&#44; which was less than expected&#46; The lack of awareness of HCV among PC physicians may account for this&#46; In this regard&#44; media campaigns&#44; deployment of resources to increase HCV testing&#44; and interdisciplinary meetings should be planned to improve referrals&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0190"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8&#44;29</span></a> In addition&#44; although appropriate clinical care pathways and referral systems are needed&#44; we also considered the need for improvement in strategies for screening as only 20&#37; of patients were newly diagnosed with HCV infection&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0290"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">28</span></a></p><p id="par0130" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Our study has certain limitations&#46; First&#44; the socioeconomic status and relationship with being absent from appointments could not be considered due to our retrospective design&#46; Second&#44; we considered that urban-rural disparities may account for the no-show rate&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0300"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">30</span></a> however&#44; these differences are not so evident in our setting&#46; Third&#44; we considered that number of EC could be decreased after the implementation of reflex HCV RNA testing&#46;</p><p id="par0135" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; contact between PC and specialized care by EC is effective for referring viraemic patients without significant losses in the cascade of care&#46; Nevertheless&#44; the referral of patients with HCV infection has a low rate&#44; is heterogeneous&#44; deficient in new diagnoses&#44; and late as almost a third of patients are at risk of late presentation&#46; Therefore&#44; policy plans and screening strategies in PC setting are urgently needed to accomplish timely HCV elimination plans&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0050" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0115">Funding</span><p id="par0140" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study was supported in part by grants from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs1">Fondos FEDER</span>&#46; Dr&#46; M&#46; Hern&#225;ndez-Guerra is the recipient of a Grant from <span class="elsevierStyleGrantSponsor" id="gs2">Instituto de Salud Carlos III</span> &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleGrantNumber" refid="gs2">PI19&#47;01756</span>&#41;&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0055" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0120">Conflict of interest</span><p id="par0145" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Dr&#46; M&#46; Hern&#225;ndez-Guerra has received research grants from AbbVie and Gilead&#46; Dr&#46; D&#46; Morales-Arr&#225;ez has received a research grant from Gilead sponsored by the Spanish Association for the Study of the Liver &#40;AEEH&#41;&#46; All other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Introduction</span><p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">It has been proposed that primary care diagnose and treat hepatitis C virus &#40;HCV&#41; infection&#46; However&#44; a care circuit between primary and specialized care based on electronic consultation &#40;EC&#41; can be just as efficient in the micro-elimination of HCV&#46; It is proposed to study characteristics and predictive factors of continuity of care in a circuit between primary and specialized care&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0015">Methods</span><p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">From February&#47;2018 to December&#47;2019&#44; all EC between primary and specialized care were evaluated and those due to HCV were identified&#46; Variables for regression analysis and to identify predictors of completing the care cascade were recorded&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0015" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0020">Results</span><p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">From 8098 EC&#44; 138 were performed by 89 &#40;29&#37;&#41; general practitioners over 118 patients &#40;median 50&#46;8 years&#59; 74&#46;6&#37; men&#41; and were related to HCV &#40;1&#46;9&#37;&#41;&#46; Ninety-two patients &#40;78&#37;&#41; were diagnosed<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#62;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>6 months ago&#44; and 26&#46;3&#37; met criteria for late presentation&#46; Overall&#44; 105 patients required assessment by the hepatologist&#44; 82&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>86&#41; presented for the appointment&#44; of which 67&#46;6&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>71&#41; were viraemic&#44; 98&#46;6&#37; of known&#46; Finally&#44; 61&#46;9&#37; &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>65&#41; started treatment&#46; Late-presenting status was identified as an independent predictor to complete the care cascade &#40;OR 1&#46;93&#44; CI 1&#46;71&#8211;1&#46;99&#44; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#46;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0020" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0025">Conclusion</span><p id="spar0020" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Communication pathway between Primary and Specialized Care based on EC is effective in avoiding significant losses of viraemic patients&#46; However&#44; the referral rate is very low&#44; high in late-stage diagnoses&#44; heterogeneous&#44; and low in new diagnoses&#46; Therefore&#44; early detection strategies for HCV infection in primary care are urgently needed&#46;</p></span>"
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            "titulo" => "Introduction"
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        "resumen" => "<span id="abst0025" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0035">Introducci&#243;n</span><p id="spar0025" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Se ha propuesto que atenci&#243;n primaria diagnostique y trate la infecci&#243;n por virus de la hepatitis C &#40;VHC&#41;&#46; Sin embargo&#44; un circuito asistencial entre atenci&#243;n primaria y especializada basado en la consulta electr&#243;nica &#40;CE&#41; puede ser igual de eficiente en la microeliminaci&#243;n del VHC&#46; Se propone estudiar caracter&#237;sticas y factores predictivos de la continuidad asistencial en un circuito entre atenci&#243;n primaria y especializada&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0030" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0040">M&#233;todos</span><p id="spar0030" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Desde febrero&#47;2018 y diciembre&#47;2019 se evaluaron todas las CE entre atenci&#243;n primaria y especializada&#44; y se identificaron aquellas por VHC&#46; Se registraron variables para an&#225;lisis de regresi&#243;n e identificar factores predictores de completar cascada de atenci&#243;n&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0035" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0045">Resultados</span><p id="spar0035" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">De un total de 8&#46;098 CE&#44; 138 realizadas por 89 &#40;29&#37;&#41; m&#233;dicos generales de 118 pacientes &#40;mediana de 50&#44;8 a&#241;os&#59; 74&#44;6&#37; varones&#41; fueron por VHC &#40;1&#44;9&#37;&#41;&#46; Noventa y dos pacientes &#40;78&#37;&#41; fueron diagnosticados hace m&#225;s de 6 meses&#41;&#44; y el 26&#44;3&#37; cumpl&#237;a criterios de presentaci&#243;n tard&#237;a&#46; En total&#44; 105 pacientes requirieron valoraci&#243;n por el hepat&#243;logo&#46; El 82&#37; &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>86&#41; se presentaron a la cita&#44; de los cuales el 67&#44;6&#37; &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>71&#41; eran vir&#233;micos&#44; el 98&#44;6&#37; de los conocidos&#46; Finalmente&#44; el 61&#44;9&#37; &#40;n<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>65&#41; inici&#243; tratamiento&#46; El estado de presentaci&#243;n tard&#237;a se identific&#243; como un factor predictivo independiente para completar la cascada de atenci&#243;n &#40;OR&#58; 1&#44;93&#59; IC 95&#37;&#58; 1&#44;71-1&#44;99&#59; p<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#60;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>0&#44;001&#41;&#46;</p></span> <span id="abst0040" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0050">Conclusi&#243;n</span><p id="spar0040" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">La comunicaci&#243;n entre atenci&#243;n primaria y especializada basada en la CE es eficaz para evitar p&#233;rdidas significativas de pacientes vir&#233;micos&#46; Sin embargo&#44; la tasa de derivaci&#243;n es muy baja&#44; elevada en diagn&#243;sticos en fase tard&#237;a&#44; heterog&#233;nea y escasa en nuevos diagn&#243;sticos&#46; Por tanto&#44; se necesitan con urgencia&#44; estrategias de detecci&#243;n precoz de infecci&#243;n por VHC en atenci&#243;n primaria&#46;</p></span>"
        "secciones" => array:4 [
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            "titulo" => "Introducci&#243;n"
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            "identificador" => "abst0035"
            "titulo" => "Resultados"
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            "identificador" => "abst0040"
            "titulo" => "Conclusi&#243;n"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0045" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Flowchart of patients with hepatitis C viral infection referred through electronic consultation&#46;</p>"
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        "etiqueta" => "Figure 2"
        "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0050" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Cascade of care after electronic consultation between primary and specialized care &#40;percentages are related to the baseline number of patients&#41;&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0060" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">ALT&#58; alanine transaminase&#59; APRI&#58; aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index&#59; AST&#58; aspartate transaminase&#59; BMI&#58; body mass index&#59; CI&#58; confidence interval&#59; EU&#58; European union&#59; FIB-4&#58; fibrosis-4&#59; GGT&#58; gamma-glutamyl transferase&#59; HBV&#58; hepatitis B virus&#59; HCC&#58; hepatocarcinoma&#59; HDTU&#58; Hospital Detoxification Treatment Unit&#59; HDV&#58; hepatitis D virus&#59; IQR&#58; interquartile range&#59; <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span>&#58; number of patients&#46;</p>"
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                  \t\t\t\t">44 &#40;20&#8211;80&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">AST &#40;UI&#47;L&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">34 &#40;22&#8211;54&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">GGT &#40;UI&#47;L&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">37 &#40;22&#8211;89&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">175 &#40;147&#8211;202&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">231 &#40;189&#8211;275&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " colspan="2" align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleVsp" style="height:0.5px"></span></td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Prior follow-up &#38; Department</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">77 &#40;65&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">44 &#40;37&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Internal Medicine&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">7 &#40;5&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Infectious Disease&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">6 &#40;5&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HDTU&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;2&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Addiction Care Centre&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">22 &#40;18&#46;6&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Cirrhosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">14 &#40;11&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Jaundice&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HCC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">2 &#40;1&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hepatic encephalopathy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Ascites&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;4&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HBV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">4 &#40;3&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>HDV&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1 &#40;0&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Significant fibrosis or worse &#40;&#8805;F2&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">73 &#40;61&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Late presentation &#40;&#8805;F3&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">31 &#40;26&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Liver cirrhosis &#40;F4&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">21 &#40;17&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Blood transfusion before the 90s</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;56&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;629&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">52 &#40;60&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;280&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Reason for referral</span></td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;072&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">27 &#40;31&#46;4&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Hypertransaminasemia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">25 &#40;29&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">3 &#40;15&#46;8&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>New HCV diagnosis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;42&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Symptomatic&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">8 &#40;9&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Other&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">9 &#40;10&#46;5&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Prior follow-up &#40;n&#44; &#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">56 &#40;65&#46;1&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;63&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Previously requested RNA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">55 &#40;63&#46;9&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">12 &#40;63&#46;2&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Viraemic patients&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">66 &#40;76&#46;7&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">5 &#40;26&#46;3&#37;&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Timing of first anti-HCV &#40;months&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">89&#46;0 &#40;74&#8211;104&#46;1&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;336&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>Timing of first RNA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">77&#46;2 &#40;22&#46;5&#8211;131&#46;9&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;812&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">98 &#40;40&#46;7&#8211;155&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;366&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">ALT &#40;UI&#47;L&#41; &#40;median&#44; IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">73 &#40;56&#8211;90&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">76&#40;37&#8211;115&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;887&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">GGT &#40;UI&#47;L&#41; &#40;median&#44; IQR&#41;</span>&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">71 &#40;31&#8211;111&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;689&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">n</span><span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#61;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>105&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">OR&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-head\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">95&#37; CI&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black"><span class="elsevierStyleItalic">p</span> value&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Sex &#40;male vs female&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;0&#46;66&#8211;20&#46;4&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Age<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#8805;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>52 years &#40;yes vs no&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;57&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;0&#46;59&#8211;11&#46;3&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;211&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">New diagnosed HCV infection &#40;no vs yes&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;0&#46;07&#8211;2&#46;57&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;342&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Known viraemia before EC &#40;yes vs no&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">2&#46;19&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttop\n
                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;0&#46;54&#8211;8&#46;89&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;272&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Abnormal liver function tests &#40;no vs yes&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;66&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;0&#46;17&#8211;2&#46;65&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;559&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Prior follow &#40;no vs yes&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;75&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;0&#46;13&#8211;4&#46;26&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">0&#46;749&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Late presentation &#40;yes vs no&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">1&#46;93&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\ttable-entry\n
                  \t\t\t\t  " align="left" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;1&#46;71&#8211;1&#46;99&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t  " align="char" valign="\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#60;0&#46;001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">Parenteral drugs users &#40;yes vs no&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                  \t\t\t\t">&#40;0&#46;25&#8211;4&#46;08&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
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                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
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                            3 => "L&#46;G&#46; Santiago-Guti&#233;rrez"
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                          "etal" => false
                          "autores" => array:2 [
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                      "titulo" => "Hepatitis C virus media coverage favorably impacts on antibody testing in the non-interferon era"
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                          "etal" => true
                          "autores" => array:6 [
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                            1 => "M&#46; Hernandez-Guerra"
                            2 => "F&#46; Diaz-Flores"
                            3 => "Y&#46; Nieto-Bujalance"
                            4 => "J&#46; Garcia-Dopico"
                            5 => "A&#46; Jimenez"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "doi" => "10.1093/pubmed/fdz149"
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