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Scientific letter
Bowel obstruction secondary to an incarcerated Morgagni hernia in an adult patient: a rare complication
Oclusión intestinal secundaria a hernia de Morgagni incarcerada en un paciente adulto: una complicación infrecuente
José Antonio Casimiro Pérez
Corresponding author
Casimiro.ja@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Natalia Afonso Luis, María Asunción Acosta Mérida, Carlos Fernández Quesada, Joaquín Marchena Gómez
Servicio de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrín, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A Morgagni hernia &#40;MH&#41; is a very rare form of congenital diaphragmatic hernia &#40;2&#8211;3&#37; of all diaphragmatic hernias&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> This hernia defect is found in the anteromedial portion of the diaphragm&#44; behind the sternocostal insertions&#46; The presence thereof may give rise to the herniation of abdominal viscera &#40;omentum&#44; stomach&#44; colon&#44; liver and small intestine&#41; toward the chest cavity&#46; The hernia defect is usually small and clinically asymptomatic in the majority of patients&#44; often being diagnosed incidentally in adults&#46;</p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We report the case of a 54-year-old male patient with no significant personal history who attended the Emergency Department with abdominal pain lasting 24<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h&#44; located in the epigastrium&#46; The onset was sudden&#44; continuous&#44; intense and accompanied by nausea and vomiting&#44; as well as tightness in the chest when lying down&#46; Upon physical examination&#44; the abdomen was found to be distended&#44; tympanitic and painful&#44; with guarding on palpation of the epigastrium&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The chest X-ray revealed colon distension in the right hemithorax &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#41;&#46; Computed tomography &#40;CT&#41; was requested&#44; revealing findings compatible with transverse colon herniation through a diaphragmatic orifice of around 3<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm in the anteromedial portion of the right hemidiaphragm &#40;Morgagni hernia&#41;&#46; This led to a large-bowel obstruction with a competent ileocecal valve &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>B&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient underwent emergency laparoscopic surgery and the findings described on the CT scan were confirmed&#46; The incarcerated transverse colon and omentum were then reduced&#44; both of which proved viable and showed no signs of ischemia or perforation&#46; Apposing the edges of the hernia defect was difficult and presented tension&#44; so repair with a low-density condensed polytetrafluoroethylene mesh &#40;Omyra<span class="elsevierStyleSup">&#174;</span> Mesh&#41; was decided upon &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig&#46; 2</a>A and B&#41;&#46; Oral tolerance was initiated 12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>h post-surgery&#44; with a positive clinical evolution&#44; and the patient was discharged on the third day without complications&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of congenital diaphragmatic hernias is very low &#40;1 in 2000 to 1 in 5000 live newborns&#41;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> where MH represents less than 2&#8211;3&#37;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> The majority of cases relating to MH are diagnosed and repaired in childhood&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#44;3</span></a> MH has been linked to other congenital abnormalities such as congenital heart diseases&#44; chest wall deformities&#44; intestinal malrotation&#44; omphalocele and chromosomal anomalies &#40;trisomies 13&#44; 18 and 21&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> A small number of these hernias &#40;5&#37;&#41; are diagnosed as an incidental finding during chest X-rays on asymptomatic adult patients&#46; Most authors recommend that they be surgically repaired due to the potential risk of incarceration&#44; even in asymptomatic patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> However&#44; incarcerated hernias are rare&#44; with very few cases reported in the literature&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a> In general&#44; surgical correction is recommended&#44; although there are disputes regarding the approach&#44; hernia sac resection and the use of meshes&#46;</p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Thoracotomy and&#44; more frequently&#44; laparotomy&#44; were traditionally the standard surgical approaches&#46; However&#44; after Kuster et al&#46; used laparoscopic surgery to repair a MH for the first time in 1992&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> minimally invasive surgery &#40;including single-port and robot-assisted procedures&#41; has been gaining ground and become the first-choice approach&#44; since it is feasible&#44; fast&#44; safe and enables the patient to recover quickly and be discharged early&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3&#44;8&#8211;10</span></a> In urgent cases of incarcerated MH or in the presence of comorbidities&#44; laparoscopic surgery is practicable&#44; the patient&#39;s clinical and hemodynamic status permitting&#46;</p><p id="par0035" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Some authors state that the transthoracic approach provides better exposure and a more optimal view of the phrenic nerve&#44; with a safer hernia sac resection&#46; However&#44; most surgeons prefer to carry out the procedure via the transabdominal route since it is less invasive&#44; as well as being quicker and easier&#46;</p><p id="par0040" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Another point to consider is whether or not the hernia sac requires resection&#46; Excision of the sac may result in a reduced recurrence rate&#44; but can also be linked to a greater risk of complications &#40;lesions of the pericardium&#44; pleura&#44; phrenic nerve and bleeding&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Hernia sac resection is not currently deemed necessary in the majority of patients and should only be considered in specific cases&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> As regards the closure of the hernia defect&#44; this differs in children and adults according to the series published on each of them&#46; In the former&#44; most authors consider repair using non-resorbable suture material with interrupted stitches to be the technique of choice&#44; with low recurrence rates &#40;2&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> In adults&#44; the current tendency is to perform a tension-free closure using a mesh&#44; with good results&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0095"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a></p><p id="par0045" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A case review of 298 adult MH patients shows thoracotomy to be the most widely used approach &#40;49&#37;&#41;&#44; although laparoscopic repair is gaining popularity&#59; the hernia sac is not removed in 69&#37; of cases and a mesh is inserted in 64&#37; of patients&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0100"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">10</span></a></p><p id="par0050" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; we believe that the laparoscopic approach in patients with an incarcerated congenital diaphragmatic hernia offers notable advantages for both the surgeon &#8211; due to the excellent exposure of the surgical field &#8211; and the patient&#44; with a low complication rate and early hospital discharge&#46;</p></span>"
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