Scientific letter
Granulomatous gastritis induced by onychophagia: First case report
Gastritis granulomatosa inducida por onicofagia: primer relato de caso
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Nunes, Elisabete Rios, Susana Rodrigues, Guilherme Macedo" "autores" => array:5 [ 0 => array:4 [ "nombre" => "Rui" "apellidos" => "Morais" "email" => array:1 [ 0 => "rui_morais20@hotmail.com" ] "referencia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">*</span>" "identificador" => "cor0005" ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Amadeu C.R." "apellidos" => "Nunes" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 2 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Elisabete" "apellidos" => "Rios" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">b</span>" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] ] 3 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Susana" "apellidos" => "Rodrigues" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] 4 => array:3 [ "nombre" => "Guilherme" "apellidos" => "Macedo" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etiqueta" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSup">a</span>" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] ] ] ] "afiliaciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "a" "identificador" => "aff0005" ] 1 => array:3 [ "entidad" => "Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal" "etiqueta" => "b" "identificador" => "aff0010" ] ] "correspondencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "cor0005" "etiqueta" => "⁎" "correspondencia" => "Corresponding author." ] ] ] ] "titulosAlternativos" => array:1 [ "es" => array:1 [ "titulo" => "Gastritis granulomatosa inducida por onicofagia: primer relato de caso" ] ] "resumenGrafico" => array:2 [ "original" => 0 "multimedia" => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1129 "Ancho" => 1500 "Tamanyo" => 808018 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Gastric mucosa with epithelioid granulomas (A – H&E stain, ×100; B – H&E stain, ×200). In the PAS staining a foreign body, highlighted by the circle, was detected in one of the granulomas (C – PAS stain, ×200; D – PAS stain, ×400).</p>" ] ] ] "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Granulomatous gastritis (GG) is a rare entity that is characterized by the presence of granulomas within the gastric mucosa or submucosa.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> Common causes of GG include disseminated infections (such as tuberculosis, fungal infections), Crohn's disease, underlying malignancies or foreign bodies.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> When these conditions have been excluded, the diagnosis of idiopathic granulomatous gastritis (IGG) can be made. Nevertheless, most authors have been able to relate gastric granulomas to a particular etiology and the existence of the idiopathic form has been questioned.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a></p><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A 27-year-old woman was referred to the Gastroenterology outpatient clinic due to post-prandial vomiting for 10 months with associated weight loss (6<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>kg). Her past medical history was irrelevant and her usual medication was omeprazole 20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg/day due to occasional symptoms of epigastric pain with years of evolution. An upper endoscopy did not reveal lesions, but multiple biopsies of the gastric mucosa were taken. Gastric biopsies revealed chronic inflammatory process with formation of lymphoid follicles and evidence of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Helicobacter pylori</span> infection. Additionally, multiple well-defined and non-necrotizing epithelioid granulomas with multinucleated giant cells were found (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>A and B). In one of the granulomas it was identified a birefringent material compatible with a foreign body (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig. 1</a>C and D). No acid-fast bacilli (Ziehl–Neelsen stain) or fungal microorganisms (PAS and PAS-D stains) were observed. No additional microbiological studies were performed. A diagnosis of GG, related to a probable foreign material was made.</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After a careful clinical history, the patient reported the habit of biting and ingesting nails since childhood. She denied history of onychomycosis, use of nail polish or other nail beauty item lately. The patient had recently begun her work as a teacher and denied contact with chemicals products in her job or at home. Nevertheless, she underwent a colonoscopy and videocapsule endoscopy that excluded Crohn's disease. She was referred to the Infectious Diseases outpatient clinic and tuberculosis was excluded with chest X-ray, Mantoux test and QUANTIFERON<span class="elsevierStyleSup">®</span>-TB Gold test.</p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">After six months of avoiding nail ingestion, the patient became asymptomatic. She underwent a subsequent upper endoscopy. Multiple gastric biopsies were undertaken and disclosed moderate chronic <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H. pylori</span> gastritis but no granulomas or foreign material were seen, confirming resolution of GG (<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0010">Fig. 2</a>A–C).</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0010"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Granulomatous gastritis is an uncommon pathological finding, with a reported incidence of 0.08–0.35% in the gastric biopsy samples.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,5</span></a> The most common cause of GG in the western countries is Crohn's disease accounting for approximately half of the cases.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,6</span></a> Other more rare causes include gastric tuberculosis, sarcoidosis, parasitic infections, foreign body reactions, Whipple's disease and adenocarcinoma.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> Miyamoto et al. also described a possible association with <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H. pylori</span> infection with two reported cases of granulomatous gastritis resolution after successful eradication therapy for <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H. pylori</span>.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> Nevertheless there is still controversy in relation to the role of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H. pylori</span> as a causative factor in GG, with larger studies unable to conclusively associate <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H. pylori</span> infection with granuloma formation.<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4,9</span></a> In our case, since the patient presented with disabling symptoms and weight loss our priority was to exclude Crohn's disease and tuberculosis. The presence of foreign material in the biopsies, granulomatous gastritis and habit of nail ingestion suggested this association. Since the role of <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H. pylori</span> in the development of GG is still controversial, we decided not to eradicate <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H. pylori</span> and evaluate the clinical and histological response to suspension of nail ingestion. In our patient, it is likely that the symptoms of epigastric pain with years of evolution may be related to the habit of nails ingestion. The continuous exposure of the gastric mucosa to a foreign body material probably lead to the development of a granulomatous process with subsequent symptomatic aggravation. Given that the patient became asymptomatic and there was an evident histological improvement, we can conclude that nails ingestion (onychophagia) was the cause of GG in this case.</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">No conflicts of interest to declare.</p></span></span>" "textoCompletoSecciones" => array:1 [ "secciones" => array:2 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "sec0005" "titulo" => "Conflicts of interest" ] 1 => array:1 [ "titulo" => "References" ] ] ] "pdfFichero" => "main.pdf" "tienePdf" => true "multimedia" => array:2 [ 0 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0005" "etiqueta" => "Figure 1" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr1.jpeg" "Alto" => 1129 "Ancho" => 1500 "Tamanyo" => 808018 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Gastric mucosa with epithelioid granulomas (A – H&E stain, ×100; B – H&E stain, ×200). In the PAS staining a foreign body, highlighted by the circle, was detected in one of the granulomas (C – PAS stain, ×200; D – PAS stain, ×400).</p>" ] ] 1 => array:7 [ "identificador" => "fig0010" "etiqueta" => "Figure 2" "tipo" => "MULTIMEDIAFIGURA" "mostrarFloat" => true "mostrarDisplay" => false "figura" => array:1 [ 0 => array:4 [ "imagen" => "gr2.jpeg" "Alto" => 1252 "Ancho" => 1667 "Tamanyo" => 458720 ] ] "descripcion" => array:1 [ "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Gastric mucosa with moderate chronic gastritis (A – H&E stain, ×200; B – H&E stain, ×400). <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">Helicobacter pylori</span> microorganisms were identified (C – modified Giemsa stain, ×400).</p>" ] ] ] "bibliografia" => array:2 [ "titulo" => "References" "seccion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "identificador" => "bibs0005" "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:9 [ 0 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0050" "etiqueta" => "1" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Isolated granulomatous gastritis: its relationship to disseminated sarcoidosis and regional enteritis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:4 [ 0 => "H.D. Fahimi" 1 => "J.J. Deren" 2 => "L.S. Gottlieb" 3 => "N. Zamcheck" ] ] ] ] ] "host" => array:1 [ 0 => array:1 [ "Revista" => array:6 [ "tituloSerie" => "Gastroenterology" "fecha" => "1963" "volumen" => "45" "paginaInicial" => "161" "paginaFinal" => "175" "link" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "url" => "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14051727" "web" => "Medline" ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] 1 => array:3 [ "identificador" => "bib0055" "etiqueta" => "2" "referencia" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "contribucion" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "titulo" => "Granulomatous gastroenteritis. Case report with comparison to idiopathic isolated granulomatous gastritis" "autores" => array:1 [ 0 => array:2 [ "etal" => false "autores" => array:3 [ 0 => "M.J. Zuckerman" 1 => "M. Al-Samman" 2 => "D.A. 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| Year/Month | Html | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 November | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 2024 October | 21 | 5 | 26 |
| 2024 September | 34 | 6 | 40 |
| 2024 August | 28 | 3 | 31 |
| 2024 July | 22 | 3 | 25 |
| 2024 June | 15 | 6 | 21 |
| 2024 May | 20 | 9 | 29 |
| 2024 April | 10 | 6 | 16 |
| 2024 March | 16 | 7 | 23 |
| 2024 February | 15 | 3 | 18 |
| 2024 January | 25 | 1 | 26 |
| 2023 December | 58 | 5 | 63 |
| 2023 November | 32 | 5 | 37 |
| 2023 October | 16 | 1 | 17 |
| 2023 September | 8 | 0 | 8 |
| 2023 August | 4 | 1 | 5 |
| 2023 July | 12 | 1 | 13 |
| 2023 June | 8 | 7 | 15 |
| 2023 May | 12 | 2 | 14 |
| 2023 April | 11 | 3 | 14 |
| 2023 March | 6 | 1 | 7 |
| 2023 February | 14 | 1 | 15 |
| 2023 January | 10 | 9 | 19 |
| 2022 December | 17 | 5 | 22 |
| 2022 November | 34 | 6 | 40 |
| 2022 October | 14 | 12 | 26 |
| 2022 September | 12 | 4 | 16 |
| 2022 August | 22 | 12 | 34 |
| 2022 July | 13 | 11 | 24 |
| 2022 June | 9 | 6 | 15 |
| 2022 May | 10 | 12 | 22 |
| 2022 April | 19 | 12 | 31 |
| 2022 March | 18 | 5 | 23 |
| 2022 February | 23 | 5 | 28 |
| 2022 January | 31 | 7 | 38 |
| 2021 December | 23 | 11 | 34 |
| 2021 November | 30 | 8 | 38 |
| 2021 October | 33 | 15 | 48 |
| 2021 September | 28 | 13 | 41 |
| 2021 August | 35 | 6 | 41 |
| 2021 July | 24 | 8 | 32 |
| 2021 June | 20 | 6 | 26 |
| 2021 May | 22 | 10 | 32 |
| 2021 April | 17 | 5 | 22 |
| 2021 March | 13 | 9 | 22 |
| 2021 February | 8 | 5 | 13 |
| 2021 January | 10 | 5 | 15 |
| 2020 December | 15 | 4 | 19 |
| 2020 November | 13 | 2 | 15 |
| 2020 October | 9 | 2 | 11 |
| 2020 April | 1 | 0 | 1 |
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