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Acute epidural haematoma as a presentation of hepatocellular carcinoma: Case report and literature review
Hematoma epidural agudo como presentación de carcinoma hepatocelular: a propósito de un caso y revisión de la literatura
Ana Delgado Maroto
Corresponding author
anadmgr@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, María del Moral Martínez, Carmelo Diéguez Castillo, Francisco Javier Casado Caballero
Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Digestivo, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
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Her laboratory tests revealed a previously unknown coagulopathy and abnormal liver parameters&#58; total bilirubin 8&#46;11<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#44; direct bilirubin 5&#46;85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#44; GOT 368<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;l&#44; GPT 137<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;l&#44; GGT 625<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;l&#44; AP 190<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>U&#47;l&#44; CRP 14&#46;39<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl and prothrombin activity of 53&#37;&#46; Twenty-four hours after admission&#44; she presented a sudden-onset intense holocranial headache and a rapid decline in consciousness &#40;Glasgow Coma Score &#91;GCS&#93; of 5&#41;&#44; with no focal neurological deficit&#46; The patient was transferred to intensive care&#44; where she underwent orotracheal intubation and a computed tomography &#40;CT&#41; scan of the head with intravenous contrast&#46; The CT scan &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>&#41; revealed the presence of a left-sided frontoparietal acute epidural haematoma &#40;AEH&#41; measuring 85<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>42<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm&#44; with associated intracranial expansion and hypertensive hydrocephalus in the contralateral ventricle&#44; probably secondary to an osteolytic cranial vault lesion&#44; suggesting a metastatic aetiology&#46; She underwent emergency neurosurgery&#44; with a left frontotemporal craniotomy&#44; evacuation of the haematoma and tumour resection&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The patient presented poor clinical progress&#44; maintaining a GCS score of 3&#8211;4 as well as anuria&#46; From a gastrointestinal point of view&#44; an abdominal ultrasound was performed&#44; showing liver cirrhosis with a focal heterogeneous lesion in segment II measuring 4<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#44; a partial portal vein tumour thrombus with a hepatofugal flow and mild ascites&#46; Her blood work up tested positive for the hepatitis C virus &#40;HCV&#41; antigen and antibody&#44; with raised alpha-fetoprotein &#40;2476<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>ng&#47;ml&#41;&#46; According to both clinical and analytical data&#44; she presented a Child-Pugh score of C14 and a MELD score of 24&#46; An anatomical pathology study of the skull lesion &#40;bone and epidural&#41; revealed the presence of epithelial tumour cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm&#44; prominent nuclei and a trabecular structure&#44; compatible with hepatocellular carcinoma &#40;HCC&#41; metastases&#46; In the end&#44; the patient died four days after surgery&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of HCC is less than 5&#37; and it is typically located in the lungs &#40;34&#8211;70&#37;&#41; and lymph nodes &#40;16&#8211;40&#37;&#41;&#46; Bone metastases make up 1&#46;6&#8211;16&#37;&#44; generally in the vertebrae&#44; pelvis and ribs&#44; being rare in the skull &#40;0&#46;4&#8211;1&#46;6&#37;&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">An AEH usually develops secondary to a traumatic brain injury&#44; but may arise spontaneously in the context of neoplastic diseases&#44; infections&#44; vascular malformations or coagulation disorders&#46; Intracranial haemorrhage secondary to metastasis is rare&#44; with an incidence of 0&#46;9&#8211;11&#37;&#46; They usually occur within a tumour or the brain itself&#44; and very rarely in the epidural area&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6&#8211;8</span></a> The formation of an AEH secondary to a HCC metastasis is very rare&#46; In the literature reviewed&#44; we found just eight published cases&#44; as set out in <a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#tbl0005">Table 1</a>&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2&#8211;9</span></a> According to this review&#44; they generally affect Asian males&#44; with or without a history of known liver disease&#44; who present with a headache and sharp mental decline&#46; AEH is diagnosed by CT&#44; although bone lesions are only observed in half of cases&#46; All patients undergo surgery and the prognosis is poor&#44; either due to the AEH itself or liver failure&#46; It should be noted that this is the first case reported in a female&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="tbl0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The literature review performed by Hsieh et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> gathers a total of 68 cases of skull metastases due to HCC&#46; The most common form of presentation is a subcutaneous mass&#44; although 10&#37; of patients present intracranial haemorrhagic events&#46; It is not known why these types of metastasis cause AEH&#44; although the most widely accepted hypothesis posits that it is due to the breakdown of vessel structures in the peritumoral tissue&#44; secondary to tumour growth&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRefs" href="#bib0050"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1&#44;9</span></a></p><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">In conclusion&#44; we should consider the existence of skull metastases in patients with HCC&#44; particularly if they present with neurological signs and&#47;or symptoms&#46; We should also keep in mind the risk of fulminating AEH&#46;</p></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Delgado Maroto A&#44; del Moral Mart&#237;nez M&#44; Di&#233;guez Castillo C&#44; Casado Caballero FJ&#46; Hematoma epidural agudo como presentaci&#243;n de carcinoma hepatocelular&#58; a prop&#243;sito de un caso y revisi&#243;n de la literatura&#46; Gastroenterol Hepatol&#46; 2019&#59;42&#58;177&#8211;179&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Head CT&#58; left-sided frontoparietal acute epidural haematoma&#46; Osteolytic cranial vault lesion of a probable metastatic aetiology&#46;</p>"
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          "leyenda" => "<p id="spar0015" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">AEH&#58; acute epidural haematoma&#59; HCC&#58; hepatocellular carcinoma&#46;</p>"
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                  <table border="0" frame="\n
                  \t\t\t\t\tvoid\n
                  \t\t\t\t" class=""><thead title="thead"><tr title="table-row"><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Authors and year of publication&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Age &#40;years&#41;&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Gender&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Origin&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Signs and symptoms&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Known history of HCC&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">CT findings&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Surgical findings&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th><th class="td" title="table-head  " align="left" valign="top" scope="col" style="border-bottom: 2px solid black">Clinical course&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</th></tr></thead><tbody title="tbody"><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Nakagawa et al&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0055"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a> 1992&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">52&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Japan&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Headache and sharp mental decline&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Acute epidural haematoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Haemorrhagic bone tumour&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Died two months later due to liver failure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Nakao et al&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0060"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> 1992&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">58&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Japan&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Headache and painful scalp mass&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Bone tumour and epidural mass&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Chronic epidural haematoma and bone tumour&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Died six months later due to liver failure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Hayashi et al&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0065"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> 2000&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">70&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Japan&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Headache and left-sided hemiparesis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Lentiform nucleus hyperintensity&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Bone tumour and epidural haematoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Died two months later due to liver failure and pneumonia&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">McIver et al&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0070"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> 2001&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">50&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">USA&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Headache and left-sided hemiparesis&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Osteolytic lesion and acute epidural haematoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Bone tumour and epidural haematoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No neurological deficit and treatment with palliative chemotherapy&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Kanai et al&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0075"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">6</span></a>&#44; 2009&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">56&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Japan&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Headache&#44; sharp mental decline and scalp mass&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Osteolytic lesion and acute epidural haematoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Bone tumour and epidural haematoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Died three weeks later due to liver failure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Woo et al&#46;&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0080"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">7</span></a> 2010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">46&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">South Korea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Headache and sharp mental decline&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Acute epidural haematoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Bone tumour&#44; epidural and subdural haematoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Died five days later due to multiple organ failure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Kim et al&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0085"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">8</span></a> 2010&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">53&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">South Korea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Sharp mental decline&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Acute epidural haematoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Bone and dural tumour&#44; and epidural haematoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Vegetative state&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">Kim et al&#44;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0090"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">9</span></a> 2016&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">41&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Male&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">South Korea&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Headache&#44; sharp mental decline and vomiting&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Yes&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Osteolytic lesion and acute epidural haematoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Bone tumour and acute and chronic epidural haematoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Died four months later due to liver failure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr><tr title="table-row"><td class="td-with-role" title="table-entry ; entry_with_role_rowhead " align="left" valign="top">This case&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="char" valign="top">59&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Female&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Thailand&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Headache and sharp mental decline&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">No&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Osteolytic lesion and acute epidural haematoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Bone tumour and epidural haematoma&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td><td class="td" title="table-entry  " align="left" valign="top">Died four days later due to multiple organ failure&nbsp;\t\t\t\t\t\t\n
                  \t\t\t\t</td></tr></tbody></table>
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0010" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">Summary of published cases of patients with a spontaneous AEH due to HCC metastasis&#46;</p>"
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      "titulo" => "References"
      "seccion" => array:1 [
        0 => array:2 [
          "identificador" => "bibs0015"
          "bibliografiaReferencia" => array:9 [
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              "identificador" => "bib0050"
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            1 => array:3 [
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              "etiqueta" => "5"
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                    0 => array:2 [
                      "titulo" => "Metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma presenting as epidural hematoma&#58; case report"
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                          "etal" => false
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es en pt

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