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Scientific letter
Abscess secondary to complicated peptic ulcer managed by endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage with a lumen-apposing metal stent
Absceso secundario a úlcera péptica complicada resuelto mediante drenaje guiado por ecoendoscopia con prótesis de aposición luminal
Gonzalo Hijosa,
Corresponding author
gonzahijos@gmail.com

Corresponding author.
, Daniel Abada, Viviana Laredoa, Enrique Alfaroa, Pablo Cañamaresb, Sandra Garcíaa, Raúl Velamazána, María Hernándeza, Nuria Sauraa, Carlos Sostresa
a Hospital Clínico Universitario Lozano Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
b Hospital San Jorge, Huesca, Spain
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    "textoCompleto" => "<span class="elsevierStyleSections"><p id="par0005" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">We present the case of a 67-year-old female patient with no relevant medical history or history of smoking or alcohol or substance abuse&#46; She was admitted to Gastroenterology with a six-day history of epigastric pain&#44; for which she had already visited the Accident and Emergency Department five days earlier&#44; but had been discharged home as investigations were normal &#40;lab tests&#44; abdominal ultrasound&#41; and good pain control was achieved with analgesia&#46; On this occasion&#44; analyses showed slight elevation of liver enzymes &#40;AST 64 U&#47;l&#44; ALT 104 U&#47;l&#44; GGT 143 U&#47;l&#44; alkaline phosphatase 187 U&#47;l&#41; and elevation of acute phase reactants &#40;<span class="elsevierStyleSmallCaps">C</span>-reactive protein &#62;350<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;l&#44; fibrinogen 1000<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mg&#47;dl&#41;&#44; but abdominal ultrasound was normal once again&#46; During her stay in hospital&#44; good pain control was achieved&#44; the patient&#39;s general condition remained good and to complete the tests&#44; an abdominal computed tomography &#40;CT&#41; scan was requested&#44; which she had on day four&#46; The CT scan showed an intra-abdominal collection with a high air-fluid level &#40;12<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>14<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>cm&#41; in contact with the left lobe of the liver and gastric antrum &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>A&#8211;B&#41;&#46;</p><elsevierMultimedia ident="fig0005"></elsevierMultimedia><p id="par0010" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">A gastroscopy was performed to make a differential diagnosis between abscess of biliary or gastroduodenal origin&#46; In addition to an image of extrinsic compression of the gastric antrum&#44; the duodenal bulb was found to have oedema and inflammation and&#44; on its anterior surface&#44; a small 5-mm ulcer covered with fibrin with spontaneous drainage of purulent content through a 2-mm hole in the interior&#44; suggestive of perforation &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>C&#41;&#46; As the patient was virtually asymptomatic and there were no signs of alarm&#44; we opted for non-surgical management and endoscopic ultrasound was performed&#44; again visualising the collection &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>D&#41; and placing a Hot-Axios&#174; 10<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>&#215;<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>20<span class="elsevierStyleHsp" style=""></span>mm lumen-apposing stent at the level of the antrum which enabled drainage of abundant purulent material &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>E&#41;&#46; Due to its large size&#44; easy access&#44; and low output from the orifice of the fistula&#44; we decided to drain the collection&#44; as we considered that conservative management would not resolve the problem and would substantially prolong hospital admission&#46; A repeat gastroscopy was performed a week later&#44; showing a collection containing no purulent material &#40;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#fig0005">Fig&#46; 1</a>F&#41;&#44; covered with granulation tissue&#46; Two weeks later&#44; the stent was removed after complete resolution of the condition&#46; As regards the aetiology of the ulcer&#44; biopsies taken to rule out <span class="elsevierStyleItalic">H&#46; pylori</span> came back negative&#44; and it was assumed that the ulcer was related to the patient taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs &#40;NSAID&#41; prescribed for joint pain weeks prior to admission&#46; The patient had been started on treatment with proton pump inhibitors &#40;PPI&#41; at diagnosis&#44; with subsequent follow-up endoscopies showing the ulcer to have completely healed&#46;</p><p id="par0015" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">Endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage&#44; less invasive than percutaneous or surgical&#44; is a procedure increasingly used in a range of indications&#46; Lumen-apposing stents are shorter than conventional metal stents and have wider ends&#44; which reduces the risk of migration&#46; They are currently one of the most widely used stents for endoscopic ultrasound-guided drainage of infected encapsulated pancreatic necrosis&#44; with data suggesting that they may be superior to drainage with plastic stents&#44; although as yet there is a lack of solid evidence&#46; These stents have a big enough diameter to facilitate adequate drainage and even perform endoscopic necrosectomy through them&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0005"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">1</span></a> They have also been used successfully for endoscopic drainage of the bile duct &#40;choledochoduodenostomy&#41;&#44; treatment of acute cholecystitis in patients with high surgical risk &#40;cholecystogastrostomy&#41; and to perform gastroenteroanastomosis in patients with gastric outflow tract obstruction or other indications &#40;enable endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography &#91;ERCP&#93; in patients with Roux-en-Y anatomy&#41;&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0010"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">2</span></a></p><p id="par0020" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The incidence of admissions for peptic ulcer is declining&#46; The most common complication is gastrointestinal bleeding&#46; Perforation is less common&#59; it usually manifests as an acute abdomen with a CT finding of pneumoperitoneum and requires urgent surgery in most cases&#46; Less often&#44; if the perforation is contained by neighbouring organs or if concomitant treatments interfere with its clinical course&#44; it can present in a more latent form&#44; giving rise to an intra-abdominal abscess&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0015"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">3</span></a> We have presented a case of intra-abdominal abscess secondary to a perforated duodenal ulcer with an atypical clinical presentation&#44; which we were able to completely resolve by inserting a lumen-apposing stent&#46; There is very little evidence on the use of this technique for the drainage of non-pancreatic intra-abdominal collections&#46; It has mainly been used for post-surgical collections&#44; with good outcomes&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0020"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">4</span></a> A Spanish series of 18 intra-abdominal abscesses&#44; which were neither pancreatic nor postoperative&#44; recently reported high technical and clinical success rates &#40;both 88&#46;9&#37;&#41; for endoscopic ultrasound drainage&#44; including eight lumen-apposing stents and ten conventional metal or plastic stents&#46;<a class="elsevierStyleCrossRef" href="#bib0025"><span class="elsevierStyleSup">5</span></a> Although controlled studies are required&#44; using our case as illustration&#44; we believe this technique could be useful for the management of intra-abdominal abscesses&#46;</p><span id="sec0005" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0005">Conflicts of interest</span><p id="par0025" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest&#46;</p></span><span id="sec0010" class="elsevierStyleSection elsevierViewall"><span class="elsevierStyleSectionTitle" id="sect0010">Funding</span><p id="par0030" class="elsevierStylePara elsevierViewall">This study has received no specific funding from public&#44; private or non-profit organisations&#46;</p></span></span>"
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        "nota" => "<p class="elsevierStyleNotepara" id="npar0005">Please cite this article as&#58; Hijos G&#44; Abad D&#44; Laredo V&#44; Alfaro E&#44; Ca&#241;amares P&#44; Garc&#237;a S&#44; et al&#46; Absceso secundario a &#250;lcera p&#233;ptica complicada resuelto mediante drenaje guiado por ecoendoscopia con pr&#243;tesis de aposici&#243;n luminal&#46; Gastroenterol Hepatol&#46; 2021&#59;44&#58;128&#8211;130&#46;</p>"
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          "en" => "<p id="spar0005" class="elsevierStyleSimplePara elsevierViewall">A-B&#41; Abdominal CT images showing a large hypodense collection with an air-fluid level compatible with abscess&#44; showing contact with the left lobe of the liver and with the gastric antrum&#46; C&#41; First gastroscopy&#46; Duodenal bulb ulcer with a hole in its interior suggestive of perforation&#46; D&#41; Endoscopic ultrasound image of the abdominal collection from the gastric antrum&#46; E&#41; Moment of placement of the Hot-Axios&#174; lumen-apposing stent with drainage of purulent material&#46; F&#41; Check-up after one week&#59; open stent allowing access to a cavity now free of purulent material&#46;</p>"
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